CFI Workshop 5 Core Topic 10 Risk Management for Flight Instructors October 1, 2011

Federal AviationAdministration

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CFI Workshop 5

Core Topic 10

Risk Managementfor Flight Instructors

October 1, 2011

2Federal AviationAdministration

FAASTeam CFI Workshop 5, Core Topic 10

October 1, 2011Downloaded from www.avhf.com

A Crosswind Accident?

The pilot lost control after the aircraft touched down on one wheel, swerved sharply, hit several runway lights, left the runway, and came to rest in the airport boundary fence. The winds were at 60-degree crosswind to the runway at 32 kts with gusts to 40.

What caused this accident?




2010 Joseph T. Nall Report

“Accidents occurring during takeoff, climb, maneuvering, descent, approach, and landing tend to result more directly from deficient airmanship, though it may have been faulty decision-making that placed the pilots in situations beyond their skills.”




NTSB CEN09FA393

Probable Cause:

The pilot’s poor judgment/decision making in

attempting the no-flap takeoff, his failure to

comply with weight limitations, and his failure

to calculate the airplane’s performance under

existing conditions.




Risk Management: A Definition

The part of the decision-making process that relies on•Situational awareness•Problem recognition, and•Good judgment

to reduce risks associated with each flight.




Teaching Risk Management

• Identifying hazards • Assessing risk• Understanding its

time-critical nature• Including risk-

management controlsin training




Teaching Judgment

We’re trying to answer the enduring questions:•“Can you teach judgment?”•“If yes, how?”




Analogous to Checklists

Think of (and teach) risk-management as another aircraft system or phase of flight with a checklist/procedure to follow.•5 Ts•GUMPS

Run the risk-management checklist at important phases of flight (including preflight) and whenever the situation changes or new information arrives.




Risk Management

Before you make decisions, you must:

1. Identify risk factors (hazards)

2. Assess their likelihood

3. Evaluate their severity




Defining Terms: Hazard

• A present condition, event, object, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event such as an accident.

• Is it a source of danger?




Defining Terms: Risk

The future impact of a hazard that is not controlled or eliminated.

1. Future uncertainty created by the hazard.

2. If it involves skill sets, the same situation may yield different risks.

3. Could also be described as the “degree of uncertainty.”




Types of Risk

• Total Risk: The sum of identified and unidentified risks.

• Identified Risk: Risk that has been determined.• Unidentified Risk: Often identified only after an

accident.• Unacceptable Risk: Can’t be tolerated. Must be

eliminated or controlled.• Acceptable Risk: Identified but managed.• Residual Risk: Remains after mitigation attempts.




Risk Management

• The method used to control, eliminate, or reduce hazards.

• Unique to each individual based on skills, knowledge, training, and experience.

• A decision-making process designed to systematically identify hazards, assess risk, and determine the best course of action.


FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 26, 2009 chg 1


Risk Assessment Matrix




Risk Thresholds




Risk Assessment

3 SM visibility—is it a risk?• For a student pilot?• 100 hr VFR-only private pilot?• 500 hr IFR pilot flying in the mountains• 1,000 hr IFR pilot with 5 hr experience in a glass

cockpit?• 1,500 hr ATP pilot flying in busy airspace?

Photo AOPA Gallery




A Simple Test

Ask three basic questions:•Is it safe?•Is it legal?•Does it make sense?




Where to Land?

• Flying west at 10,500MSL• To Portland, Oregon• Cessna 172 (TAS 110 KIAS)• Snow showers and reduced visibility• 5:35 pm local time• Fuel remaining is about 90 minutes.

What will you do?

VFR-Only

200-hr private pilot




10,500MSLCessna 172 5:35pm local time90 minutes fuel




5:35pm local time60 minutes fuel

Time Critical Framework




5:35pm local time90 minutes fuel

What Would You Do?




ADM DEFINED

Aeronautical Decision Making is a systematic approach to the mental process use by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.




Risk Management Controls

1. Identify hazardous attitudes.

2. Recognize and cope with stress.

3. Develop risk-assessment skills.

4. Use all available resources.

5. Evaluate effectiveness of decisions.




Hazardous Attitudes and Antidotes

Anti-authority – Don’t tell me.– Follow the rules, they are usually right

Impulsivity – Do something – do it now.– Not so fast, think first

Invulnerability – It won’t happen to me.– It could happen to me.

Macho – I can do it.– Taking chances is foolish.

Resignation – What’s the use?– I can make a difference.




Risk Identification

PAVE Checklist:•Pilot •Aircraft •enVironment•External Pressures

www.skyvector.com




Evaluating Pilot’s Risk Management

Assess the potential risk associated with planned flight during preflight planning and in flight.

•Explain risk elements with the given scenario and how each was assessed.

•Use a tool, such as PAVE to assess the risk elements.

Pilot – Aircraft – enVironment – External Factors




D.E.C.I.D.E. 3P

D = Detect Perceive

E = Estimate Process

C = Choose Perform

I = Identify (Continuous Loop)

D = Do

E = Evaluate

Photo: Quest Kodiak 100




Evaluating Pilot’s Decision Making

• Use a decision-making process (such as the DECIDE model) when making decisions that affect the outcome of the flight. Pilot should be able to explain factors and alternatives.

Detect – Estimate – Choose – Identify – Do – Evaluate

• Recognize and explain any hazardous attitudes that may have influenced a decision.

• Decide and execute an appropriate course of action to handle any situation and lead to a safe and successful conclusion of the flight.




Including Risk Management inFlight Training

• Situations to stimulate decision making• Practice problem solving • Create circumstances that make unsafe

judgments look appealing




Do You Teach ADM? Seen this?




Scenarios

According to the Aviation Instructor’s Handbook (p. 2-26), a good scenario:

1. Has a clear set of objectives.

2. Is tailored to the needs of the student.

3. Capitalizes on the nuances of the local environment.




Scenario Database

At 7:00PM, after an exhausting 3-day business meeting, you load the rental plane and file VFR for a 2-hr flight. You discover your only pair of reading glasses was left back at the hotel. You have no problem seeing distance but can’t read panel gauges or a chart very well. Weather is 3,500 ceiling, 5SM visibility with 15 kt crosswinds at your designation. If you depart in the next 20 minutes you can land before dark. You decide to:

A. Depart and fly to land before dark. Purchase a new pair of glasses at your destination.

B. Call the hotel, if they have your glasses go get them and takeoff late this evening.

C. Call the hotel, if they do not have your glasses, spend the night. Tomorrow purchase a new pair and fly takeoff.

D. Call the hotel, if they have your glasses, go get them, spend the night and takeoff in the morning. From: www.avhf.com




Sources of Scenarios

• FAA-Industry Training Standards (FITS)• The generic syllabi at the FITS website include a variety of

scenarios for VFR and IFR pilots.• You can easily modify and adapt them for your students and

customers.• http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/training/fits/training/




FITS Website




I’M SAFE Checklist




FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5Risk Management

Questions?

Comments?

Ideas?

Quiz time




Risk Management Question #1

Which of the following are hazardous attitudes?

a) Tormenter

b) Macho

c) Recluse

d) Quarrelsome





Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks.

True or False?





Is it a “Hazard” or a “Risk” that is a present condition, event, object, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event such as an accident?





An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is the D.E.C.I.D.E model. What are the six attributes of the model?

a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate

b) Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate, Exacerbate

c) Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate

d) None of the above

Answers follow ~





Which of the following are hazardous attitudes?

a) Tormenter b) Macho c) Recluse d) Quarrelsome

Answer ~

b) Macho – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge





Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks.

True or False?

Answer ~

True – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge





Is it a “Hazard” or a “Risk” that is a present condition, event, object, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event such as an accident?

Answer ~

“Hazard” – Risk Management Handbook





An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is the D.E.C.I.D.E model. What are the six attributes of the model?


b) Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate, Exacerbate

c) Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate

d) None of the above

Answer ~





Regulatory, Policy, and Publications Changes and Updates




FAASafety.gov




Official Sources from FAA

FAA Website:•Air Traffic Plans and Publications

– AIM– Pilot/Controller Glossary

•Flight Standards Information Management System (FSIMS)

– FAA inspector’s handbook with links to regs and other documents




AIM Updates




FSIMS




Industry Groups

• SAFE (Society of Aviation and Flight Educators): www.safepilots.org

• NAFI (National Association of Flight Instructors): www.nafinet.org

• AOPA Flight Training: http://flighttraining.aopa.org/




FIRC

• AC 61-83G, which outlines requirements for FIRCs, is in the draft stage.

• Includes significant updates to the FIRC process (including online courses) and content.

• Organizations like SAFE are working with FAA to refine the FIRC process to make it more effective and relevant.




Updated FIRC Content (Draft)Required Core Topics:Navigating in the 21st Century: Pilotage to GPS

Safety Trends in GA

Security-Related Special Use Airspace

Pilot Deviations

Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and CFIs

How to Make the Best Use of the FAASTeam and the Pilot Proficiently WINGSProgram

How to Teach Effectively and Build a Culture of Safety

Regulatory, Policy, and Publications Changes and Updates




This completes

CFI Workshop Module #5CFI Workshop Module #5

See you for Module #6

CFI Workshop 5 Core Topic 10 Risk Management for Flight Instructors October 1, 2011

Documents

Transcript of CFI Workshop 5 Core Topic 10 Risk Management for Flight Instructors October 1, 2011