CFD Prediction of Cooling Tower Drift in an Urban Environmentmeroney/PapersPDF/CEP06...the Chalk...
Transcript of CFD Prediction of Cooling Tower Drift in an Urban Environmentmeroney/PapersPDF/CEP06...the Chalk...
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CFD Prediction of Cooling Tower
Drift in an Urban Environment
R.N. Meroney
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Drift
• Water droplets entrained in the air stream as it passes through a cooling tower are referred to as DRIFT.
• Droplets vary from a few to several thousand microns in diameter.
• Drift contains the minerals of the makeup water and often contain water treatment chemicals…some of which may be toxic or corrosive.
• Drift eliminators strip most of the water from the discharge stream….but some escapes.
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Concerns About Drift
• Salt deposition on agricultural areas
• Icing and fog
• Legionnaires disease
• Corrosion inhibitors can cause cancer
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Natural Draft Cooling Towers
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Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower
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0 400 8 0 1200 1400 2000
Droplet Diameter (µm)
Liq
uid
Ma
ss
Em
iss
ion
(g
m/s
ec)
10
-41
0-3
10
-21
0-1
1
Drift
emission variation
MAX
AVG
MIN
Parameters which affect prediction of drift deposition
• Drift particle exhaust distribution (~300% at 50 ::::m up to 2400% at 1000 ::::m)
• Particle median diameter (microns)..(~25%)
• Drift emission rate (g/sec)………….(~42%)
• Exhaust velocity (m/s)……………...(~13%)
• Exhaust temperature (T oC) ………...(~4.5%)
• Wind velocity (m/s)…………………(~15%)
• Wind temperature (humidity) (T oC, %)
– Web, Wheeler and Moore (1978), “Variations in
the Chalk Point Cooling Tower Effluent
Parameters and Their Influence on Drift Transport Modeling Results,” Cooling Tower
Environment –1978, Proceedings of
Symposium , May 2-4, 1978, Univ. of Maryland,
pp. 42-53.
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Percentage variation in deposition
rate due to parameter changes
• Exhaust velocity (3.9 to 5.1 m/s)… …...""""20%
• Wind velocity (3.4 to 4.6 m/s)…………...""""20%
• Exhaust air temp (35.8 to 39.2oC)…… ..""""20%
• Air temp (23 to 27 C)………… ………….""""20%
• Source droplet spectrum (min to max)– From 0 to 1 km …………………………. """"1500%
– From 1 to 10 km…………………………… """"200%
– Beyond 10 …………………………………""""50%
– Web, Wheeler and Moore (1978), “Variations in the Chalk Point Cooling Tower Effluent Parameters and Their Influence on Drift Transport Modeling Results,” Cooling Tower Environment –1978, Proceedings of Symposium , May 2-4, 1978, Univ. of Maryland, pp. 42-53.
0.1 1 10 100
Distance (km)
Dep
osit
ion
Flu
x (
kg
/km
2/m
o)
1
10
10
210
310
4
Effect of drift droplet size
Max
Avg
Min
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Drift Diameter Distribution
• Data from Marley Cooling Tower Publication 2002
• Rosin-Rammler distribution
– Cum mass fraction = Yd = exp[ -( d/dmean)n ], where
– dmean = 0.0001 m,
– Shape parameter, n = 1.0
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Drift Animation 2-d Stack
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Particle Drift from 2d Cooling Tower
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CFD Conditions• 2d domain x=400 ft, y= 100 ft
• Velocity inlet & Outflow conditions, Ceiling symmetry
• Cooling Tower located at x=100 ft
• Cooling Tower dimensions, w=30ft, h=25ft
• Fan with pressure drop to produce internal flow
• Cooling Tower interior includes two porous fill regions
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Flow Field Conditions• Velocity inlet = 3 m/s
• Turbulence inlet = 10%, L=25 ft
• DP across fan = 200 pascals
• Droplet injections of water from fan exit– Droplet sizes ranged from 0.0001- 0.01ft (0.03-1.5 mm)
• Droplet trajectories with stochastic Lagrangian model
Stream Function (kg/sec)
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Static Pressure (pascals)
Velocity Magnitude (mph)
Turbulent Intensity (%)
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Particle Diameter = 0.03 mmSmall drift effect
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Particle Diameter = 0.30 mmLarge Drift Effect
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Particle Drift with Diam
D=1.52mm D=0.30mm
D=0.15mm D=0.03mm
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Drift Validation Exercise
Chalk Point Cooling Tower Dye
Experiment July 1977
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Chalk Point Power Plant
• Hyperbolic Cooling towers are 400 ft (124 m) tall by 374 ft (114 m) diameter base by 90 ft (27.4 m) diameter exit.
• Drift loss ~0.002%
• Plume temperature = Tvp = 315.3 oK
• Ambient temperature = Tve = 295.3 oK
• Exhaust velocity = Vs = 4.5 m/s
• Measurements at night during 93% humidity, so negligible droplet evaporation.
• Rhodamine WT (fluorescent dye) source strength = 1.86 g/sec.
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Chalk Point Fluent Results
Velocity Magnitude
Contours
Log K concentration Contours
Velocity Magnitude
Profiles
Turbulence Intensity Profiles
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Accretion Results
Accretion Nodal Contours
Accretion Face
Contours
1000 m
500 m
Particle Tracks: RR
Time (seconds)
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Accretion Comparison
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CONCLUSIONS
• CFD successfully predicted cooling tower plume rise above the Chalk Point cooling tower.
• CFD predicted similar center-line cooling tower plume dilutions to the ISC plume algorithms.
• CFD predicted similar cooling tower plume ground level concentrations to those calculated from the ISC plume algorithms.
• The Discrete Particle Method with a Lagrangian stochastic option appears to be a satisfactory calculation technique for drift estimation.
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Drift in an Urban Setting
Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower
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Cooling Towers in an Urban Setting
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Cooling Tower Vapor Clouds
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Wind Tunnel Model (1:240)
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Visualization
• U = 7.5 m/s
• α = 160o, 180o, 210o, & 240 o
• U = 5.0 m/s
• α = 130o
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Isolated Tower CFD Conditions
• 3d domain: 2000 ft x 1000 ft x 500 ft
• Wind directions from 160o, 180o, 230o, & 240o from North
• Approach wind speed = 3 m/sec @ 10 m
• Approach turbulence = 10% , Hydraulic diameter = 25 m
• Cooling Tower Exhaust Velocity = 8.5 m/sec
• Cooling Tower H20 concentration = 0.01
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Islolated BHHS Results
Static Pressure (pascals) Velocity (m/s)
Velocity Vectors (m/s) Turbulence Intensity (%)
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Isolated BHHS Results
Log Kconc factorParticle tracers colored by Surface ID
Particle tracers colored by Surface ID Particle tracers colored by Surface ID
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Isolated BHHS CT Results
Particle tracers colored by track time (sec) Contours of DPM deposition (kg/m2-sec)
Contours of DPM deposition (kg/m2-sec)Contours of DPM deposition (kg/m2-sec)
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Drift in an Urban Setting
Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower
Wind Directions 160-240 degrees
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Urban CFD Conditions• 3d domain: 2000 ft x 1000 ft x 750 ft
• Wind directions from 160o, 180o, 230o, & 240o from North
• Approach wind speed = 3 m/sec @ 10 m
• Approach turbulence = 10% , Hydraulic diameter = 25 m
• Cooling Tower Exhaust Velocity = 8.5 m/sec
• Cooling Tower H20 concentration = 0.01
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BHHS 160 deg
Pressure Coefficients, Cp Velocity Magnitude (m/s)
Velocity Vectors Magnitude (m/s) Turbulence Intensity (%)
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BHHS 160 deg
Log Kconc factor Log Kconc factor
Concentration Surface colored by Velocity Magnitude (m/s)
Concentration Surface colored by Velocity Magnitude (m/s)
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BHHS 160 deg dpm
d = 0.0002 m
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160o
BHHS 220 deg dpm
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BHHS 220 deg dpm
230o
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BHHS 240 deg dpm
240o
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Zonal Deposition Rates
• Divide downwind region
into 250 ft wide
deposition zones.
• Accumulate accretion
rates (kg/sec) in each
zone for cooling tower
with/without surrounding
buildings.
• Calculate multiplying
(or amplification) factors
by taking ratio of
accretion rates with and
without buildings
present.
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Multiplying Factors
Zonal Deposition: 160 degrees
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
0-250 250-500 500-750 750-1000 1000-1250
Distance Zones (feet)
Mu
ltip
lic
ati
on
Fa
cto
r
U= 2.5 mps
U = 5.0 mps
U = 7.5 mps
Zonal deposition Multiplication Factors (MF) for a 160o wind orientation
in downwind zones for approach wind velocities at 52 m of U = 2.5, 5.0and 7.5 mps.
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Zonal Deposition: 240 degrees
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
0-250 250-500 500-750 750-1000 1000-1250
Distance Zones (feet)
Mu
ltip
lic
ati
on
Fa
cto
r
U = 2.5 mps
U = 5.0 mps
U = 7.5 mps
Zonal deposition Multiplication Factors (MF) for a 240o wind
orientation in downwind zones for approach wind velocities at 52m of U = 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mps.
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Zonal deposition Multiplication Factors (MF) in downwind zones for wind
orientations of 160o, 180o, 220o, and 240o.
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Average zonal deposition in terms of Average Multiplication Factors (AMF) for wind orientations of 160o, 180o, 220o, and 240o
in downwind zones for approach wind velocities at 52 m of
U = 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mps.
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CONCLUSIONS
• Buildings significantly deflect water vapor and water droplet distributions.
• Building turbulence draws particles to ground at a more rapid rate, but in some cases spreads them over a greater lateral distance.
• Particle sizes which intersect buildings and grounds downwind are primarily in diameter range from 0.001 to 0.0001 m.
• Multiplying factors ranged from 0.3 to 9.0 depending on wind direction and downwind distance.
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Thank you for your attention!