CFCAS the Skys the Limit

8/3/2019 CFCAS the Skys the Limit

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c fu

clm amph s

T e n Y e a r s o f a c h i e v e m e n T s


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iii


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Canadian Foundation for

Climate and Atmospheric Sciences

T e n Y e a r s o f a c h i e v e m e n T s


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Acknowledgements

CFCAS acwgs t sppt t Gmt

Caaa tagt sac wat a cimat tg

t Fati, a t scitic pmt, cati

a taiig tis as ma pssib.

It wam tas Pt Cisti witig t tt tis

b a s qt cig t imptac a bts

t w a t patsips wic CFCAS as a t

pptit t sppt.

Bt tis w a b pssib witt t p-

tis, sis, itcta ig a faggig cmmitmt a

st scitists, sacs, tcicias, stts, amiista-

ts a pic-mas, m a scts a m acss t

ct. T Fati as b piig t w wit

t cmmit i t aacmt a appicati w

wg wat, cimat a cas. Tis b

is a cbati ti accmpismts.

T Caaia Fati Cimat a Atmspic Scics(CFCAS) acs Caaasscitic capacit b ig tgati a issmiati wg i cimat a

atmspic scic aas atiaimptac a pic ac,tg cs sppt ctisit-bas sac.


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c o n c lu s i o n : questions remaining44 selected references46 PHoto credits48 indeX50

2 tHe drougHts12

5 tHe ice and water24

8 tHe sky36

1 tHe storms8

4 tHe nortH20

7 tHe oceans32

3 tHe cities16

6 tHe land28

9 tHe world40

contentsi n tr o d u c ti o n : tHe searcH for answers4


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4

Ten yeArS AGo, t cati t CaaiaFati Cimat a Atmspic Scics(CFCAS) was ac i a a bgt spc tats at tims i a aig c:

Ma mista, sai t ac miist. I w a tsccss tac cimat cag, i w a t ct csts abst pctiit, i w a t tasm ss it tw a i t ca g, t w a tmp bit t si a wg w pssss.

T iitab csqc cag is a gwigmb qstisw? w? wat s it ma?a t tim a cm t s Caaa was a a it t asws.

CFCAS as b t ti tis sac tpast ca, wig t mp bit t sia wg w pssss. As Caaas pmi igagc isit-bas cimat a atmspicsac, CFCAS as p scitists acss t ctas a asw t qstis tat matt t Caaiasqstis abt t wat, t cimat, a t ai tatact s.

In T he Sky, no ThInG IS SIM Ple: wat is a cmpicat ai bw tmpat,

wi, a miit, wi cimat is t g-tm aag wat a pacpat a it icat

gb-spaig sstm tat is t cig cas, t ats ascaps, t cmis-

t ai, a t pciaitis bit.

T wat awas cags, bt ts as, t cimat is cagig ast, t. Ts cags a

cmpicatig tigsactig tig m t ai w bat a t cps w gw t

cmic pptitis a cags.

CFCAS as b tacig tis atig cmpit tg its sppt pct sac

cabatis, bigig tgt aig pts m amg 436 Caaia scitists i zs

it sm mtg t mai cmist, m psics t am scic.

Tg sac gats ttaig m ta $117 mii at 37 Caaia isitis a m

ta $150 mii i cas a i-i sppt m pat gaizatis, CFCAS as tw

z Caaa-wi sac tws a m ta 170 maj scitic pjcts. It is wi-agig

w tat as a imptat isigts it tig m stms a gts t ai pti,

wat casts, a cimat cag.

Itcti

tHesearcHforanswers


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5

I jst 10 as, t qstis asw b CFCAS-sppt scic a ma a ic

t t is Caaias: t a pig ts sp t ti wamig ascap; ta pig paii ams ppa sps a ai t wst cts bii-a

gts; t a qipp pp i t Maitims t aticipat Atatic stms tat t

batt casta cmmitis.

A ti CFCAS sac sppt$30 miias b t t t nt, pig t

a t mstis s iig actic sa ic, mtig pmast, actic pti, a t mtig

Caaas t a wst gacis. Amst -t$20 miias sppt w

tat ms istict ba wat a cimat, stabisig ca is btw ai qait, atm-

spic cmist, a ca wat.

JuST AS CAnAdA as s gat cimat a wat cags ta ma t atis

a t w, sm t mst pssig qstis si , t.

As t pats sc agst ct (b aa) wit s pct its sts a g sttcs

casti, Caaa is stwa t gat ata ccs a sts cab ii a t

gs gass. Mawi, Fa nt as a spcia ifc t ws cas a its

cimat. hw ts tigs a maag wi a a astig impact t bt i t pats

t pat as w.

Wi 10 as CFCAS-sppt sac as qipp scitists a pic mas wit

t imati t t btt maag ts scs, t t is a m ctai. o

cagig cimat mas w scic t p s aapt bt as t p s ta aatag

t w pptitis iati a asip tat iitab accmpa cag. Tats

w a a CFCAS ig as p sppt a tai m ta 1,500 gaat stts,

pst-gaat stts, pst-cta ws, tcicias a ts t cat t t gati w-cass cimat scitists.

GIven The IMPorTAnCe ata scs t ct a bcas t sit

cimat, asip is t a matt cic Caaa, sai t miist b acig

t a s t ac CFCAS i 2000.

T as at, t gmts statmt is ss t. Wi tis b is a bac at t past

ca CFCAS asip a accmpismts i wat, cimat, a atmspic scic i

Caaa, it is as a wa.

T st t is ma cimat pzzs s; bt m ais a. rcgizig ts

qstis a ctiig t as tm is ita t t. M ta , w t w CFCAS t p Caaas bst cimat scitists wig tgt t asws.

Changing Canadaaul tptu d pptt d m pa f caaa g he 20h ey.

caaa expee w t t glbl g he mg ey wh he geae

wamg he A.

Befe he f he ex ey, a mem mae ea pe wt t g at wll b

7 clu w. We w be 3 4 ce wame oa a he Qebe a ab

2.5 ce wame aa Bh cmba.

su wg btw 2.5 d 3.5 ce expee ve m f caaa. (the Pae a hee f Bh cmba w be wame ha h aveage a he A a w be e.)


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6

ten years of cfcas

fbuy 28, 2000

T a bgt

amas $60 mii

si as t cat t

Caaia Fati

Cimat a Atmspic

Scics (CFCAS). T

ga t atms

ati is t ac

Caaas scitic capacit

b ig t gati

a issmiati

wg i aas

atia imptac a

pic ac, tg

cs sppt

ct isit-bas

sac i cimat a

atmspic scics.

2003

CFCAS cis a t

$50 mii m t

a gmt,

bstig t atis

bgt t $110 mii

a tig its i t

Mac, 2011.

2007

T Ft Assssmt

rpt t

Itgmta Pa

Cimat Cag

(IPCC) is as.

Ju 2, 2010

CFCAS s a sssi

at t jit ottawa

mtig t Caaia

Mtgica a

ocagapic Scit

(CMoS) a t

Caaia Gpsica

ui (CGu). T

sssi is tit CFCAS

Achievements The First

Decade, a igigts t

impacts CFCAS-

sac cimat,

wat patis,

pic pmt a

cisi-maig.

1993

T Caaia Cimat

rsac ntw bgis

patis.

Db 11, 1990

T a gmts

G Pa ics

s wat is

w w as t

Mtgica Sic

Caaa, t stabis aw Caaia Cimat

rsac ntw t

ciat isit

a gmt cimat

scic acss t ct.

apl 29, 1998

Caaa is amg t

st m ta 180

ctis t sig t

kt Ptc. F

as at, Paiamt

atis t agmt,cmmittig Caaa t

c gs gas

missis b si pct

m 1990 s.

2001

T Caaia Cimat

rsac ntw

cti sbsm b

CFCAScia css

its s. CFCAS attais

caitab stats.

July 2006

T bgt CFCAS

sac gats is

cmmitt. (Gats

at 2006 a

pai tg a

itst CFCASistmts.)

sptb 2009

T a gmt

gats a -a, -cst

tsi t CFCAS m

Mac 2011 t Mac

2012. n w sac

s a pi, bt ttsi aws CFCAS

tws a pjcts t

cti ti w ti

Mac 31, 2011.


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7

canadasworld-leadingclimate scientistsCaaa is a at t t cimat a atmspic

scic i t w, sas daw Cwa. Caaia sac-

s a bcm as i ti s cmpa t ti ps

m sw.

As cti ict CFCAS sic its a as a ca

ag, Ms. Cwa as a a t-w sat watcig Caaia

sacs ta ct stag i itatia ts t -

sta wat a cimat a t app scitic imati

t Caaia s. Fw t ctis a b as sccss-

at sig ti bst mis a tacig t ws mst

pssig imta pbm.

It mas Caaa t s its i i isiig -

ciss at t t W Cimat rsac Pgamm

t Itatia Cci Scic t iitiatis,

Ms. Cwa sas. It as mas wig agsi tw as i amst aa tis imptat sac.

Ma CFCAS-sppt Caaia scitists, istac, pa-

ticipat t Itgmta Pa Cimat Cag,

wic was awa t 2007 nb Pac Piz jit wit

m u.S. ic-psit A G. Ma CFCAS-

sacs a as b wit t itatia

a atia accas.

F amp, rica Pti w as t Pa Cimat Stabi-

it ntw (s Capt 4) was awa t 2010 Bw Awa

a Piz Acimt i Scic (t aig u.S. piz i

scic ics a $250,000 ps). Mawi, t cai t

CFCAS Ba Tsts, G McBa, was ict as a

mmb t o Caaa i 2010. Sa t CFCAS

tw a pjct istigats a b cgiz tg

t scic awas, a ma pstigis Caaa rsac

Cai psitis at ti spcti isitis.

I sm cass, CFCAS- sac pgams p attact

ts aig scitists t ti Caaia isitis i t st

pac. I t cassa paps mst imptatt bst

pcmig cimat sacs gt ti stat a w mt

wi wig CFCAS-sppt tws a pjcts.

o t mst imptat tigs w as a Fa-

ti as b t p tai t t gati cimat a

atmspic scitists, sas Ms. Cwa.

M ta 50 cts CFCAS sac a as g

twa taiig spptig amst 1,500 gaat agaat stts, pst-cta ws, sac assciats, a

tcicias. Accig t a 2009 iw CFCAS cti-

btis t Caaas ig qai pp (hQP), CFCAS

sppt ppaig Caaas t wat a cimat

sacs was pct t tp $58 mii b 2010.

o 700 pp tai tg 87 cmpt CFCAS iitia-

tis ig t Fatis st as, a qat wt

t ta sac jbs wit t a gmt

(eimt Caaa, Fisis a ocas Caaa,

nata rscs Caaa, tc.), wit ist, wit

isitis. M ta a ti cti ti cati,

psig t isit gs.

I 2007, t a gmt as its scic a

tcg statg cgizig tat tat, si, cati

pp a t mst citica mt a sccss atia

cm t g tm. Ta, tis ca t cat a

atia wg aatag is spcia imptat

Caaa, as ast-cagig cimat cats w a t

pct pptitis a cags.

F t ast ca, CFCAS as asw tis atia

imptat cag b attactig, spptig, a stig

cimat a atmspic scitists w a sc t

a t w.

dig t past 10 as, m ta $58 mii CFCAS sac sppt as ctibt t t taiig

amst 1,500 gaat a gaat stts,pst-cta ws, sac assciats, a tciciast ig qai pp Caaa s t sp t tpptitis a cags cagig cimat.


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1tHestorms


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9

no one knows better than the people o Pangnirtung, Nunavut that Canadianstorms are not what they used to be.On June 8, 2008, black clouds and high winds rolled over the Ban Island town, unleashinga downpour as erce as it was strange. The rain and the unseasonably mild temperatures melted

hilltop snow so quickly it lled the Duvall River, sending a wall o water surging into the hamlet.

A 10-metre channel quickly carved itsel through town, deep into the permarost and down

to the bedrock. A road collapsed. Huge sinkholes appeared. Two bridges teetered as the torrent

eroded their oundations then they toppled altogether.

It is something that is new to us, said Ed Zebedee, director o Protection Services or the

Government o Nunavut. Were actually looking very careully at it. Were talking to our exper ts.

The unusual storm took everyone by surprise, battering the little town with an estimated

$5 million in damage . Many people were without water or sewage or days. Ocials declared

a local state o emergency, and hunters used reighter canoes to erry bewildered residents through

the churning brown water.

WelCoMe To The neW norMAl, sas ta stm-watc a uisit

Maitba pss J hasia. Wat w ig is, ga, a icas i

m its stms i t Actic.

rsacs ca it tm watbiza fas fs, s ai stms, bizzas,

tas, ai, a at was. Atg azas wat is tig w t Caaias,

Findings of the CFCAS-supported

Storm Studies in the Arctic

network are helping forecasters

better predict sudden arctic

blizzards and stormsdangerous

weather that can sometimes claim

lives in the North.

Banff National Park, Alberta.


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10

tm wat is t astatig bcas it is t t

ia a pct. A, tas t cagig cimat,

its bcmig m s a m cmm, t jst i t

Fa nt, bt acss Caaa a i t pats t w.

F ma, tm wat is i t aga gba

wamig: i sw cimat cags ws cts ma t

b t as, ags stag wat is cagig

Caaias wa ittig tm w t i.

A 11-a- b, istac, was i at a at camp

w tas swpt tg dam, otai i 2009a

t tat stat ma a otai Pmi dat

McGit t ca btt wat waigs. A wi wi

tat it vac i 2006 amst a t st i t

cits w-ams S ta Pa. S Maitba fs i

2009 at pit c m ta 700 sqa imts.

Bgt abt b cimat-sstm-at sits i stm tacs

a gica ccs, tm wat is as cstig s

m. Accig t gba isac giat Mic r, t

mb maj wat-at catastps wwi as

tip sic t a 1980s. Wat isasts cas m

ta uS$750 bii i sss btw 2000 a 2008 a.

T t, accig t t Itgmta Pa Cimat

Cag, i pmiss m cstsa m qstis.

T a a t ws, sas d. hasia.

CFCAS h AS Been FundInG SCIenCe t gt t

t bttm ts tm wat ws t btt

pat a ca. CFCAS-sppt sac tws a

pjcts a stai imp staig watsbi s stms a t t--t-ia wat

tg sac it ts as ai as bizzas i t Actic,

stms ag ma i casts, gts i t Paiis, a

at was i Caaas maj citis.

Ts CFCAS- iitiatis a scib t pcsss

bi s stms a amiiaiz a w w ga-

ti scitists wit wat tms. Mst imptat,

t p p ts tat casts a ms

ca s t wa Caaias b wi, azas wat

s pts s at is.

T CFCAS- Strm Studies in the Arctic (STAr)tw, amp, is a -a (2005-2010), $3 mii

scitic tw a b d. hasia a is uisit

Maitba cag r Stwat.

T twiig zs scitists a gaat st-

ts m isitis a a a titia gmts

acss Caaacmbis bsatis sw, wi, sa ic,

a a tpgap wit t ata stms gat m

wat istmts a sac figts a Pagitg

a t nat capita Iqait i at 2007 a a 2008.

T st, sas hasia, as b a pct -

staig t pcsss a sstms at w bi ag-s actic wat. Ca masmts t sap a siz

sw cstas, amp, as a wat mas sm

Researchers with STAR and

members of the community

of Iqaluit collaborate to

make extreme weather more

manageable in the North.

Maj wat-at catastps a tw cas m ta uS$750 bii i ttasss btw 2000 a 2008, accig tisac giat Mic r.


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2tHe

drougHts


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13

By August 2002, farmer

Brad Lockhart and his wife, Sandy,

realized their crops were lost for

the second year in a row. The

third-generation farmer from

Youngstown, Alberta, was hard-hit

by the ve-year drought between

1999 and 2004.

By July 2002, drought had Alberta rancher Jay Fenton (lower right) against the ropes.The beleaguered armer realized that the parched pastureland on his century-old amily arm twohours southeast o Edmonton could no longer eed his 1,200 cattle. He was let with no choice:all but ewer than 200 o the generations-old herd had to be sold at auction.

It is a amily heirloom You hand it down rom generation to generation, he told reporters

at the time. This is going to be a challenge that weve never, ever experienced.

Mr. Fenton and his amily were not alone on unamiliar, heartbreaking ground. By the time o

the cattle auction, arms throughout the Canadian Prairies were reeling rom almost three years

o drought. Another two years o severe dry weather were yet to ollow.

AlThouGh 40 drouGhTS hAve hIT wst Caaa i t past tw c-

tis, t -a sp btw 1999 a 2004 as b ca t mst psi

ata isast i Caaia ist. B 2001 a 2002, wat stags w big t

igt acss t ct, a sm paii gis w sig m a gt m

s ta atig t a s i a ct.

racs i M. Ft, ag wit wat ams acss Sasatcwa a Abta,

stgg t p ti patis ai. ha a catt w sipp m as a

ast as Pic ewa Isa.

Ts qsti it was a t ib tim ma pp, sas uisit Maitba

scitist a ggap r Stwat.

Drought left Alberta rancher

Jay Fenton with a diminishing

stock of feed and no choice but

to sell most of his cattle.


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14

Wats ws, paps, is its ptt t t. Accig

t t Itgmta Pa Cimat Cag, ma

Atmsp-oca Ga Cicati Ms sw gis

i t mi atitsicig t Caaia

Paiisbcmig icasig i t smms (pc-

tat b a bt its ais) a m i t b it

b gt. Sm a cimat cags ma sw t t

iti pais n t Amica it ai scba tats

pttia t pac catt cps.

Tats w CFCAS cms i.

ThAnk S To CFCAS -SuPP orTed sac t-

ws a pjcts, scitists w a a btt sta-

ig wats bi t cimat sits a pcipitati

pattsicig ti itactis wit sis, cps, a

t atmsptat a t pg sps. T -

sac as c acts abt w a w Caaia

gts app a w t pct tmsigicat

iscis i wat is a spisig itt-sti a p

st pm.

T Drught Research Initiative (drI) is a $3.2 mii

CFCAS-sppt tw tat ami i tai ttaia gt 1999-2004, a cisis tat as t

b cmpa t t dpssi-a gt t dit

Titis. T sac is 15 isit istigats a

scs a a picia cabats pstig a a-

it iscipis m acss Caaa. Ti w as cat

a pct i-pt pict t cs a acts

i i tat astatig pi.

The Prairies parched pastAe he Pae he way bak he fe? sme mae wahe fea ee mae hage may ga a e pe he pa whe wee caaa

wa fa me ee-ke ha ay. sx mea ag, f ae, a e f e a pa f he sakahewa, pae gaa gew fahe

h a ea, a may pae ake ba he wae a a.

ueag hee eae mae be a apag wha mgh happe ex. cFcAs ppe Ba cmmg a he eeahe a Qee

uvey y pxy e f pa ghg he evey a agg bak 6,000 yea. the eam pe e f ake-bm eme

k a he appe he ema f ge-ee gam ae am. Beae ffee am pee epee a vaey f mae-eveag

(e.g., ake ay), he eeahe wee abe e mae hage a evea me ae.

the e f ha he eavey m pae mae f ay may be a yg a 1,700 yea he a f a may a hee ga mae hf

6,000 yea. they a f mae ee have aee he eae a wee eg f he Pae mewha ffeey hgh hy.

Equine rancher John Ruzicka said

feed costs for his Percheron horses

would top $100,000 after the

pasture land at his farm in Killam,

Alberta withered during a 2002

drought.

Scientists predict that drier weather

on the Prairies will nevertheless be

punctuated by occasional severe

rainstorms. During several days of

torrential June rain in 2010, oods

washed across parts of southern

Manitoba, Saskatchewan (above),

and Alberta, inundating homes,

washing out bridges, and closing

the Trans-Canada Highway.


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15

T m w sta gt a w t [castig] ms ma a ai, t m w

ca a cc i btt picti t t, sas d. Stwat, w is c-a drI wit

J Pm t uisit Sasatcwa.

B cmpaig t 1999-2004 gt t g-tm ata a t stis t p is,

drI is aig mts bi t mcaics gt tat casts ca s t btt

pict ai stas a t pi ams wit a m iab wat t. T w

as as p t a sigicat gap i itatia gt scic ccig t

a-s cags, agicta a tiig pactics, a t mcaics gt. I 2011, a

spcia iss Caaas scitic ja Atmosphere-Ocean is pct t at mc tis

g-baig drI sac.

SoMe CFCA S neTWor kS hAve exP lore d t mstis gt i t

ctts. Amg ts, t Western Canadian Cryspheric Netwr (WC2n) spt as

cmtig t st timt tt gacis i t mtai ags B itis Cmbia

a Abta a w cags t tis mtaitp ic wi act wat a g ccs. T gacis

a imptat t pw t Wst Cast (s Capt 5), bt t a as a sigicat sc

mt-wat t is sppig Abta amas, spcia ig t pis at smm.

Simia, t CFCAS-sppt tw w as Imprved Prcesses and Parameterisatin

r Predictin in Cld Regins (IP3) as p t scib a btt sta t itac-

tis wat ccs a t atmsp i c gis sc as t rc Mtais a t

titisitactis tat as act aaiab wat t wstam ams, istis, a tws

(s Capts 4 a 5).

ot sma CFCAS-sppt pjcts tagt ats paii gt a wat stags at

bt gba a gia scas. e ni cimat ccs, istac, a i t cig gt

citis i t nt Amica Miwst. Tats w CFCAS- scic as b pigwas t btt pict e nis a t sta w ts cimat ts ifc cags i

stam fws tgt wst Caaa.

CFCAS pjcts a as w t btt pjct t aaiabiit wat, t sta t

si mist, t btt pict ai, a ai, a t s wat, a t gag t

amt wat ap i t ai sig Gba Psitiig Satit (GPS) sigas.

The drought of the centurythe yea 1999 2004 wee make by eve blw-g

d w ll may eg he Pae.

sevea aea expeee he m evee gh

t tuy. i 2001, f exampe, saka wa a h

e ha ay yea e 1891.

f pdut plutd by ab $3.6 b 2001-2002,

bg a $5.8 b p caaa G dme

P (GdP).

M f he e e he 2002 ea, wh $2 b

fam e bg a $3.6 bll ll GDP.

i 2001-2002, me ha 41,000 ppl f hemeve f

wk he Pae a a e f he gh.

nt w gt z f evea pve f he

me 25 yea. (A egave e fam me e P.E.i.

f 2001, sakahewa f 2002, a a ze e fam me

wa epe f Abea 2002.)

cae a he vek he ha be ld lugtd,

epeay Abea.

impa ha ake dd lg t fm

e a he amage by w e, a eea

f gaa.

By 2001, dugt t w lt t uty, wh wae-

e e pae Bh cmba, e w ake eve he Gea lakes. lawee rve yem, a 50-100 pee

p e Pe Ewa ia.

T CFCAS-sppt dgt rsac Iitiatistai ptait t wst paii gt i a gatiis pig casts sta w a gt wi stia w g it migt ast. A Jaa 2010 wsp gat a a picia gmts a sta att picti pws tis gbaig sac tatc sa miis i am sss.

CFCAS-funded researchers with the IP3 network study ice, water and

weather systems in the Rocky Mountains and the western Arctic.


20/60

3 tHecities


21/60

17

By improving the ability of

meteorologists and forecasters to

predict unique city weather, such

as smog and urban heat islands,

the CFCAS-funded EPiCC network

has created tools to help health

workers and municipal ofcials

prevent heat stroke and other

weather-related illnesses from

affecting millions of city-dwelling

Canadians.

Brianna Nudds learned how righteningly dierent city weather can be while shewas driving through Hamilton, Ontario on July 26, 2009.Ms. Nudds, her sister, and her sisters two young children met a severe thunderstorm as theyentered the city, and very soon their compact car ploughed headlong into a fooding underpass.

Rushing rainwater swept the vehicle to the bottom o the asphalt gully, and the women and

children narrowly escaped by climbing through the car windows.

It was really scary, Ms. Nudds told reporters. I was terried or the lives o my amily.

The colossal summer storm had eectively stalled over the heavily developed western end o

Lake Ontario, and the city o Hamilton, in particular, was being pummelled by rain and lightning.

The tempest knocked out power or thousands and a growing deluge fooded more than 7,000

homes and businesses with insurance losses o between $200 and $300 million. Radar estimates

suggest 109 millimetres o rain ell in just two hoursone o the most intense short-duration

rainalls on record in Canada, according to Environment Canada.

CI Ty W eAThe r BehAveS dIFFer enT ly, sas uisit Wst otai

cimat scitist Jams vgt. Jst abt caactistic tat w s t wat

cimat is at b ba sacs.

rai, stms, wi, a at a a ifc b t ci it wat impacts

aspat, cct, a sscaps. S is t qait t ai w bat. Citis casw a wat t cag c gwt. T ca p sp s ai a


22/60

18

tstms, t ca gat a pm wam, m pt, a t i ai tat

its ascaps wwi.

Cit wat is as cs cct t pp. F t Caaias i i ba aas,

a wat cts tasptati a bsisss ca a sis cmic a scia impacts.

Mawi, ai pti i citis acts t at miis a, a t actiitis cit

ws act t cimat as ts ba gs gass it swa.

yt, spit a tis, ba ics a a p acct i Caaia wat a

cimat ms. T sta, mawi, mas a sigicat gap i t wat casts tat mi-

is pp p .

Tats w CFCAS- sacs a b taig a a at ba imts a

ti atisip t t s.

CFCAS -Su PPo rTed reSeArC h as c t cmp citscaps a

g ccs i ifcig ca a gia wat, cimat, a ai qait. Tas t CFCAS-

scic, gmts a casts a t ata t t p ma cimat ms

m accat a t pt ba imts t wat castig map.

TEnvirnmental Predictin in Canadian Cities (ePiCC) tw, amp, is a -

a, $1.4 mii sac iitiati amiig w pamt, biigs, a ba g spacs

itact wit t ai a t atmsp vac a Mtatw it Caaia

citis wit qa isticti cimats.

d. vgt is picipa istigat t tw, wic is abt 20 scitists m t i-

sitis a a a picia agcis. T st ics t ts m ta a-a-z

gaat stts a pst-cta sacs.

Ti w ss pct amts atam wat tws, bas, spciaiz

ass, a t i stmtst cct tmpat, miit, a wi masmts

Our share of bad airthe caaa-u.s. A Qay Ageeme

beame a eaa evmea

e y g afe wa ge

1991. the Ageeme egze ha a

pmh f fm ba aeae

epe aa bae; pa

eeae e e f he be a eay

bw may me he he. Afe beg

eebae f eg a a he 1990,

he Ageeme wa expae 2000 hep

-be mg.

the y pbem wa gg whe ba

a wa whe.

the cFcAs-fe eeah f uvey

f t pfe Geg Eva ha hepe

ave a a awe. ug hgh-e

meaeme, aa me a

fma ab he mp a gf abe pae, Eva a h eeahe

f a way gh a caaa

p fm he pae ha fe fm

he ue sae g epe f ba a

caaa e.

the e have bee mpa he

e a py make wh e

m a evep he b-aa a qay

ageeme hgh baa ep a. the

eeah a hepg y wee beahe a

e eae bh e f he be.


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19

t bsatis sa g, at cag, apati,

a cab ii ccig. T sacs t s tis

cmp sit imati t mi a tst a spisti-

cat castig m st p i Fac.

It ss cmpicat, bt ePiCC sac is tssaig a itt-w w wat, ai qait, a

g tat as a p ct Caaia citisa

sac batg tat wi p casts a scitists

pict cit at was, s ba wps, cags i

ai qait, a w t sp t pti, icig

tic spis as.

Tis is smtig tat psts t stat t at,

sas d. vgt.

WhIle loCAl ClIMATe IS IMPorTAnT t t

25 mii Caaias w i i a citis, s is t qa-it t ai t bat. Tats w CFCAS-sppt t-

ws a pjcts a as b wig t sta t

pcsss tat act smg (aib patics a g-

z) a its itacti wit wat a cimat pcsss.

T Multiscale Air Quality Mdellingnetwr,

amp, was a -a, $4-mii t tat s ata a

cmpts t sccss m t bai atmspic

ass (s Capt 8). T w is big s t pict

cags i ai qait at a gba sca bt as gis a

citis. T tws m is pig scitists a pic

mas wit t Mtgica Sic Caaa a p-icia miistis t imt ci w t sp

w ai pti bcms a s is tat t t at

Caaias iig i citis.

Mawi, CFCAS- sac as ctibt t t

eimt Caaa- Pacifc 2001 pjct t btt -

sta w aib patics ba t Fas ri va

i Bitis Cmbia (s Capt 8).

Sma CFCAS-sppt pjcts a sti ai qait

tg sac qstis as ai as w as patics

act cs, w aib st taspts tic cmicas,

w am aib cmicas a patics m a gw,w as aa ca a patts pti miig i t

ai, w ptats mi t ba cimat, a w

sts a citis act as ts psistt gaic ptats

(s Capt 6 siba).

Cities feelthe heatFy-egh e caaa

have me ha 100,000

ee. Tt d

mtl t uty

lgt, wh 2.5 a 1.6

m pepe epevey.

ct glly

w a me key

be affee by mg ha

-ba evme.

i a wame fe mae,

hee w be a eae

k f me ee, me

feqe a lg-ltg

t w.

A pheme kw

a t ub t ld

mea e a be p

10 ce he ha he

g ye

me mae.

Heah caaa emae

ha t-t xpu

t pllut be

1,800 pemae eah

he y evey yea.

A aa 4,200

caaa e pemaey

eah yea e he g-

em effe f expe

a p.

(Top) A CFCAS-funded team

working with the Meteorological

Service of Canada developed an

easy-to-use system for forecasting

snow and rain. The system,

known by its acronym MAPLE,

allows city managers to dispatch

snow-clearing equipment before

a snow storm arrives or to d rain

wastewater reservoirs before

heavy rain causes an overow.

A similar CFCAS-supported

technology, HAILCAST, warns

farmers and others when crop-

crushing hail is on the way.

A heat wave that scorched Toronto

in July 2010 sent Ty Lewis, 8, ( right)

and Ryan Chase, 7, to cool off in

the fountains of Dundas Square.

(Bottom) Doppler Weather Station

in Montreal.


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nortH


25/60

21

Work in the Far North by the

CFCAS-funded Canadian Network

for the Detection of Atmospheric

Change (CANDAC) has tracked

changes to air quality that provide

valuable information to efforts to

cut toxic emissions in Canada.

Canadas commitment to the

Arcticto its sovereignty,

its development, and its

environmentwas outlined in the

governments Northern Strategy

in July 2009. In December 2009,the Senate Standing Committee

on Fisheries and Oceans called

for the creation of an arctic affairs

cabinet committee, chaired by

the prime minister. In August

2010, the Canadian government

announced that a world-class

arctic research station would be

built in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut.

Just a year ater the small arctic community o Salluit in northern Quebec celebrated theopening o its re station, Paul Okituk and other residents watched in amazement as the newlybuilt hall sank into the ground.There is permarost beneath us, and its changing, said Mr. Okituk.

With buckled roads, cracked oundations, and sunken buildings, Salluit is just one o many

towns and villages throughout the North eeling the eects o melting permarost. Since the

1980s, temperatures at the top o the Arctics once-permanently rozen ground have increased

by up to 3 Celsius, and the maximum area covered by seasonally rozen earth has decreased

by about seven percent throughout the Northern Hemisphere since 1900.

Salluitwhich only recently decided against plans to relocate the entire villageis locating

any new buildings and housing kilometres away rom the downtown, ar rom the sotening tur.

Other arctic areas and towns are seeing roadways used by mining and oil industry trucks sag or

become impassable.

The thawing and shiting ground is threatening other developments as well. Some worry about

possible buckling or shearing aecting oil and gas pipelines, including the long-planned $16 billion

pipeline project along the Mackenzie Valley.

The ArC TIC IS ChA nGI nG. o wamig cimat is tasmig t Fa nt

m ta a t gi t pat. o t past 20 as, actic tmpats a

b isig amst twic as ast as t gba aag.


26/60

22

T accat cags a aig a amatic impact t

is pp a wiia istc iq ti t

a ascap c a ic. T impact s t stp t:

cimat sits a ca cags i t Fa nt a a

sigicat ifc wat a cimat sstms sw

a t w.

T mtig sa ic t Actic oca, istac,

is casig a maab cas s-ca cimat bac.

Miis sqa imts bigt wit ic capab

fctig wam sigt bac it spac is big st a

pac b t a sa tat absbs sa at. T at is

cagig t ca cimata ag as t ampiwamig i t Acticbt tmpats, wat sstms, a

cas w a act.

Wamig pmast, mawi, is at w. T

t pmast gi16 pct t pats g

cctais a t ws si-tapp gaic cab

a mst tis (88 pct) is st p i pia z

g. T tawig at c c tis g at cab

sts, asig cab ii t t atmsp. It

c as as g mtaa m

pw gs gas.

T cags acig tis gat, ast a a paticaimptat t Caaa. As t sc agst pa ati i t

w, Caaa is stwa t ast aas ta, pa sa, a

tsas actic isas. ustaig t cags taig

pac ab t 60t paa40 pct Caaas a

massis ita t t pig cmmitis, istis a

csstms i t Actic bt as t impig w w -

sta wat a cimat cags a t gb.

Pp gt at cs b t act tat atg t

Actic gi is a sma acti t aa t pat, it as

a tta ispptiat impact gba cimat i ga,

sas uisit Tt psicist rica Pti.

For The PAST 10 ye ArS, aswig t tg

wat a cimat qstis acig Caaas Fa nt as

b a pi it CFCAS. M ta $30 mii CFCAS

scitic igamst a ti t Fatis sac

spptas p scitists m acss t ct imp

staig sbjcts as is as actic sa ic, mt-

ig pmast, actic pti, pa stms, a cimat c-

ctis t t pats t pat.

F istac, t Plar Climate Stability Netwr (PCSn)

is a -a, $5-mii sac tw tat ss cs abt

cimat aiati m t past t p m cags t tm-

pats, cas, sa ic, a actic a gacis it t t.

d. Pti as t tw, wic ics 14 mai is-

tigats a zs t sacs m 11 isitis

a gmt agcis acss Caaa. Ts scitists a

pig t Actics cimat past a t b stig

Actic oca sab simt, ic cs, t igs, a ata

m wat istmts as w as cimat ms

spcmptsicig t mst pw cmpt i

t ct at t uisit Tts Sc int aciit.

I 2009, PCSn sac was t sbjct spcia isss i tw

aig cimat scic jas, t Canadian Journal o Earth

Sciences a t itatiaJournal o Climate.

I Caaa is gig t ma a ctibti t cimat scic

t its ata tat w cs t gi tat as t

t mst impacts t gba cag pcss, sas d. Pti.

Th e CANAD IAN NETWoRk r the Detectin

Atmspheric Change (CAndAC; s Capt 8) is at

CFCAS- tw wig i t hig Actic, tis tim

t p t actic atmsp, icig t z

a t aib cmicas cimat a ai qait. T

tw ss satit ata a t masmts cct

at a mt t sac stati at ea esm

Isa (s siba: PeArl wism).

The CFCAS-supported Crater Lake

Project in Pingualuit in northern

Quebec provided a rst-time

look at how organisms once

lived in lakes locked under the

ice of glaciers. The project has

attracted international interest

and revealed secrets of arctic

climate history going back more

than 100,000 years.


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23

ot CFCAS-sppt tws p itactis t cimat a t ascap

cags t t a mtai gacis, a stms a s actic wat. A $2.5-miitw scitists m igt isitis, gmts, a piat ist m acss

Caaa w as IP3st Imprved Prcesses and Parameterisatin r Predictin

in Cld Reginsis stig gacis, wat, a wat i t wst Actic a t t

rc Mtais (s Capt 5).

Mawi, t $3-mii Strm Studies in the Arctic (STAr) tw as as its s

t Fa nt. STAr is pig scitists a ts btt sta a pict t bizzas

a s stms tat a bcmig m cmm i t cimat-cag nt (s Capt 1).

Amst tw z sma CFCAS-sppt pjcts a b picig tgt t pats

t cimat a wat pzz i Caaas Actic. rsacs a w t stimat t

tt actic pmast mt ig t t ct; t mas a m t mati

ic cs itig a bwig sw; t cstct past actic cimat aiabiit a sa

ic cags; t cacat t cimat impact sw c t ta, cpig gtati

cags a t t-i, t i spp i t Actic oca; a t st cab cag

a imta cags i t Actic at t Ta ecsstm rsac Stati (TerS) at

daig la, ntwst Tit is.

CFCAS-sppt ts a as p scitists btt sta t ca a cimat

impact Ga gaci mt-wat as pat t itatia Ga Fw distti

epimt (GFd). ot pjcts a ami actic ai qait a z, icig stis

mc i t Actic, sac it actic az a t impact bmi z, a t

pjcts t m actic ai qait.

PEARL of wisdomHgh e f caaa m hey awhee m-we empeae aveage

a be-hg -38 ce a mme may baey eep abve feezgep

cFcAs-ppe eeahe have bee bavg he bae, aape f he ake f a

eveag vew f mae a amphee ha a be ee y fm he p f he w.

the cFcAs-fe cd ntwk t Dtt atp cg (cAndAc)

a $5.7-m pjewh aa fae, fay a ga pp fm he

caaa Fa f iva, he naa see a Egeeg reeah c,

a feea epame ae a he Pa Evme Amphe reeah labay

(PEArl) eme Eemee ia, j 1,100 kmee fm he nh Pe. the eme

hey a pve e wh eeah ppe ha a be f aywhee

ee Eah, h a a qe a ak a vaae aa fm pag aee beg

e m amphe hage.

Heae by dahe uvey phy Jame dmm ag wh cAndAc eeahe

fm eve vee a feea a pva agee, he ewk ha pe he pa

ve yea eveag he myee f a mae, ze, a p. the wk expe hw

abe p fm he h ape a hgh he a amphee, hw

ma a abe e ya affe hea afe fm he , a hw hema ze

hage he amphee a hee ma p: he eep we, a he beg g

abve he hz aga, a he pg.

On thin ice

i 2009, e fm caaa, ag wh eage nway, ra, a he ue sae, eeae he ep fm

he A Mg a Aeme Pgamme (AMAP)

eag hage g he ee f yea he Fa nh.

T ld: Pemaf wamg fa a hawg a mag,

awg pa gw me vgy a eey. i ra, he

ee e ha mbe fhe p h a ma by ab 10

mee evey yea.

su : the aea vee by mme ea e 2007 wa

ee ab w-h he ze f he 1979-2000 aveage.

saee aa a gge mh he. F he me

exg e, bh he nhwe a nhea paage wee

e-fee mme 2008.

Gld: the Geea e hee ha e me he

pa f yea wh mme empeae ey abve

he g-em aveage e he m 1990. i 2007, he aea

expeeg me wa 60 pee geae ha 1998.

W wt: i 2007, me e-fee aea wee a mh a

5 ce wame ha he g-em aveage. A x f wame

wae fm he Pa a Aa, mbe wh he f

eeve, whe ea e, appea be he ae.

st: Bak ab, , w ag he wamg f he

A by eag a haze whh abb gh a ake he

-eeg whe f he w.

5 tHe


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ice andwater


29/60

25

Work by the CFCAS-supported

Western Canadian Cryospheric

Network provided a rst-ever

inventory of Canadas almost

15,000 western glaciers and

documented how fast they are

changinginformation critical

to the water-ow forecasts

used by BC Hydro, which

generates 90 percent of

its power from hydro dams.

canadas chances o honouring its side o a crucial water pact with the United Statesmay be literally melting away.There is just a high degree o uncertainty, says Frank Weber, leader o the BC Hydro RunoForecasting Team. Glacier runo is a conc ern at t his point, but we dont quite know what the

impact will be.

In 1961, Canada and the United States signed the Columbia River Treaty to jointly manage

the shared, 2,000-kilometre river and its capacity or producing power. The agreement obliges

British Columbia to control the rivers downstream fowmost o it in the United Statesby

holding back some thousands o millions o cubic metres o water in three storage dams near the

rivers mountain origins.

The problem is that decades o melting by Br itish Columbias mountain glaciers means the water

eeding the reservoirs is dwindling. Runo fowing into the Columbia River system was expected

to be about 14 percent below normal or the rst eight months o 2010the third lowest

amount in hal a century.

And the uncertainty is growing just as the treaty approaches an important milestone: 2014 will

be the rst opportunity or Canada or the United States to announce that they plan to back out

o the treaty or change it by the 60th anniversary o its ratication in 2024.

Its signicant, says Dr. Weber. The Columbia River Treaty is a key international agreement

or Canada.


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26

CAn AdAS Mou nTAIn a t gacis a amg

t cts mst spctaca a imptat a ats. T

t ts ast ic s is citica t itatia biga-

tis t Cmbia ri Tat, bt t as pa a

as a sc s wat a wab g. T a ita t

t sia cmmitis a st csstms tgt

t Wst a nt.

I Bitis Cmbia, ic caps a ic s c abt

100,000 sqa imtsamst -tt t pics

amassa gaci ps gat t 90 pct

t pics cticit tat cms m ams. Gacia

mt-wat is as imptat ig a cig t stams

a is spsib sam, wii, a cmmitis.

Ma ic caps i t ast rc Mtais, mawi,

i ba at-smm i igati wat t Abta

ama. A t m ta 150,000 sqa imts

a gacis i t Caaia Actic a sstia t t i-

mt a t fctig sigt a mitigatig wamig.

yt, Caaas ic is mtig.

I Bitis Cmbia, t aa c b gacis sa b

10 pct btw 1985 a 2005, wi t aa c b

Abtas ic sts was w b a qat i t sam pi.

oa, t at gaci ic-ss was abt a a a pct

ac a acss t gi.

Mawi, wat m gacis as b sgig i

Abta, twst Bitis Cmbia, a t y, aig

masab amts t t ws isig sas. Fat st,

t siig gacis a w pcig ss wat ta t

s t, imitig t wat aaiab pw ams.

ra, its a gat w, sas Bia Ms t

uisit n t Bitis Cmbia. uti ct,

w pp w ig at tis.

CFC AS-S uPP orTed r eSe ArCh as b tacig

tis gat w amst a ca. CFCAS tws

a pjcts acss t ct a c cs t tpast, pst, a t gacis i Caaapiig a

st- gimps at t tt a imptac t cts

ic sts a t sp cags cas b gba wamig.

T Western Canadian Cryspheric Netwr (WC2n),

amp, is a -a, $2.1-mii scitic tw

a b d. Ms ag wit sacs m si

Caaia a tw Amica isitis, as w as m g-

mt a piat scts. usig satit a istic pt-

gaps as w as t cs, WC2n sacs a b ab

t pic tgt t pis witt st t past,

pst, a t t atis wst gacis.

B t w WC2n, amp, a a ca

ia t siz a cag Caaas stimat 15,000

wst mtai gacis. ntw sacs w ab t

cmt t stat t gacis ta a, sig icm t past, ti siz a tt gig bac amst 400 as.

T pac mtig t c was aamig: gacis

i twst Bitis Cmbia a Aasa a a st

abt 42 cbic imts ic a t past

cas, aig abt miimts t ca s a

t w a aig t aa c b ic jst t-qa-

ts t siz it was 25 as ag.

T tw sacs w ab t s ti staig

past a pst cags t m gia ic st cags

it t t. Ts ms a sti big p, bt t

aa pa a iaab scitists a pic mast aticipat w mtig ic wi act t abiit t gat

pw i wat m gacia -.

The IMPo rTAnCe oF ICea t wat it

isis t imit t t mtais Bitis Cmbia.

W b t CFCAS-sppt tws a scitic

pjcts as a w cags t t g at aas a

a sa ic sw i Caaa migt as act t wat,

wat, a cimat ita t pp a cmmitis.

IP3 is t st am a tw ca Imprved Prcesses

and Parameterisatin r Predictin in Cld Regins(s Capt 4). W b IP3 sacs is cmtig

w a gacis i t wst Actic a t t

The CFCAS-funded IP3 network

collects data on water andenergy cycles in several research

locationsdata that will help

improve models of weather and

water resources.


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27

rc Mtais act wat ccs, wat, a cimat i t gi. T $2.5 mii tw

is scitists m igt isitis, m gmts, a m piat istis acss Caaa.

IP3 sac is big s b casts a pic mas t imp pictis abt t

aaiabiit wat m ts t a mtaitp scs. T casts a ccia t

pp iig i t basis t nt Sasatcwa ri, t St Sasatcwa ri,

a t Cmbia rit sbjct t Caaa-u.S. tat a a sc wat ma

pp iig i wst Caaa a t uit Stats.

Mawi, stis a a sa ic i t Actic a ctibtig t t w t Plar Climate

Stability Netwr (PCSn) as sacs c ic past cags t t cimat a s tis

t m cts cig t ic t cimat t t (s Capt 4).

ot sma CFCAS scitic pjcts a at gacia ic a wat m t p-

spctis. CFCAS-sppt sacs a s simt as m upp Aw lai Bitis Cmbia t st a m t Cmbia ri t past 1,000 as.

ots a cct ic past cimat cags tapp i t massi esm Isa

ic , a at CFCAS-sppt pjct a t tt t cimat-at

siig actic as a ps.

Shrinking glaciersGae a e hee e ab 70 pt t wld wt, f whh eay 97 pee

e he age e hee f Aaa a Geea.

Ma gae epee e ha 0.5 pt t ttl lu b ppy feh wae

m f pepe wh heavy ey he me wae.

the gae f wee caaa a Aaka have eeae e he e f he le ie Age he

eeeh ey. the e hee abze a may have gw he m-20h ey,but ud

kg t 1980.

re f gaa hage he eae caaa A ae amg he ge exee, wh may

g t 40 y.

Btw t 1960 d t d-1980, age a gae hak y ghy. M f he hkage

affee mae a me weey gae.

the pae f gaa hkg he A ha d t 1980.

Revelstoke Dam,

located on the upperColumbia River.

Is hydro green?the hg wae f eam a vefe by

a meg e a w fe e a

caaa awe gee eegy. Few e

he w hae pea f haeg

he w f wae pe eey

eg epeey a-e

aa ga-fee geeag a. i 2004,

caaa wa he w age pe f

hy pwe, a Bh cmba, Maba

a Qebe, me ha hee-qae f

pva eey me fm hy.

B j hw ea a gee is hy? the

qe, , a g e, a wa

amg he ake by cFcAs-ppe

e pje expg hw hy eev

a a beme e f mehaea pe

geehe ga wh 25 me he wamg

pwe f ab xe.

A eam e by nge re f MG

uvey, f ae, exame he

mpa f Hy-Qebe ee Eama

evepme a eveae he emakabe

ea bewee e a, ab

a he hema ha geeae geehe

ga. i a epaae cFcAs-ppe pje,shey shff a he uvey f Wae

evepe mpe me f ab

ye eev g ffee bea

fe ype.

the wk eveae ha whe eev ae

epbe f geehe ga em,

eey pe fm he hy

eev evehee mh e eve

ha ga, a. the cFcAs-ppe

eeah wa a vaabe gmpe

he mpaabe mpa f hy he mae.

View towards Mt. Kennedy from

the Kluane iceelds in Kluane

National Park, Yukon (far left).

Melt water in a mountain glacial

lake (left).


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29

A group of friends watches

wildres burn on Terrace

Mountain, north of Kelowna, B.C.,

in the early morning hours of

Tuesday August 4, 2009. The

evacuated community of Fintry

is seen at right. Hundreds of

reghters battled raging forest

res in British Columbia.

Muncho Lake, in British Columbia.

The deep blue colour of this lake,

known to locals as blue lake, is

due to the absence of glacial feed.This is pristine Rocky Mountain

spring water, not melted glacial ice.

Mountain pine beetle.

By any measure, 2009 was a dicult and c ostly wildre year or Br itish Columbia.More than 2,440 orest res burned through some 133,400 hectares o the provinces woodlands.Dry weather and mature trees ed the urious fames. Thousands were orced rom their homes,and at least three houses were consumed by the inernos.

The res exasperated the Government o British Columbia, too. Costs or ghting the res

topped $209.5 millionalmost three times more than the annual average.

It has been a tough year, admitted British Columbia Forests Minister Pat Bell as the re

season drew to a close.

But as tough as it was on the provincial purse and British Columbia residents, it was a

problem or the climate toothe res released millions o tonnes o the greenhouse gas carbon

dioxide, tipping the delicate balance o the orest carbon cycle and sending Canadas overall

emissions upward.

The FACT IS, ForeSTS Are A BIG PArT oF t cab bgt, sas ha

Magis laa uisit. T t cab cag is a sma ic btw tw

ag fs a a sma ptbatis isctsca cag t baac.

Cab ii m Caaas m ta 8,000 wis a qas amst a t

a missis m ssi s i tis ct. Iscts as sti tigs p; t ct

mtai pi bt tba i wst sts is pct t s as mc cabswa as as missis m Caaas ti tasptati sct.


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30

Ts ata istbacs gt ti sigicac b tippig a

baac i Caaas ast tacts st. S pct t

pats was a . T sis, pats, w, a bgs

ts sts a a ms sts cab, ccig

miis ts cab ii gs gas bac a

t btw t atmsp a t a.

Imptat, tis cc ca sit qic m absbig m

cab m t ai tg ptstsis (actig as a cab

si) asig it (as a cab sc) tg ca,

spiati, biga cag tat ca a a masab

impact gs gass i t atmsp a cags t

cimat a t gb.

Its imptat m a stwasip pspcti t sta

wats gig wit cab bcas w a s mc it a it as sc a pttia big impact t st t

w, sas d. Magis.

Fo r 10 ye ArS , CF CAS -sppt sac tws

a pjcts a p t sta w Caaas ast,

at ascap ctibts t absbs t gs

gass tat a atig cimat. T w as c-

mt t cag gass a g i it

gis acss Caaa a sti t cts t atm-

sp bigica pcsss a istbacs, sc as s,

iscts, st astig.

d. Magis, amp, is t a istigat wit t

-a, $4.5-mii Canadian Carbn Prgram (CCP),

a CFCAS- sac tw tat as tai w

Caaas sts a patas bat aib cab

ii. T CCP tw is zs scitists a

gaat stts m 15 isitis acss t ct, as w

as sacs m a a picia gmt agcis.

T CCP pics p a pas ai sac b t

-a, CFCAS-sppt F t Caaa tw, wicbga t w biig a qippig tws t mas

cab cag sts a bgs acss Caaa.

T f tws s spisticat gas aazs a wi-

sp mts mt ig t st cap t cacat

t cag cab btw ata csstms a t

sig ai. St p at as ma as 12 sits i it sts

a patas acss t ct, t tws pi amst

ctis, a-at-a imati abt w cab

is absb st bac t t atmsp a w wam

tmpats a maj istbacss a iscts,

ampca at tis imptat cc.

T ia bi Ft Caaa a t Caaia Cab

Pgam was t gt a ia t Caaia sts i

t gba cab cc, sas d. Magis. T wat tt

a t sis scs? Wat mas tm sis scs?

The ltering forestcaaa va he fe ve am haf f he y a pay a key e egag

mae, b Fak Waa a he uvey f t kw ha wa have bemmee eme be mpa evmea heah.

F hee yea begg 2001, d. Waa a h eam e cFcAs pp y hw

w a ee peae a bga e f a p pe by eaby e a

a evepme. the e mee hw may e fe abbe

ea x a pag age PcB, pyhae bpheyfm he

amphee a he afee hem he fe wh he fag eave.

d. Waa, ag wh tm Hae f he Meega seve f caaa, eveae j hw

mpa fe a w a be gay eg he a p ha p pepe

a wfe a k.

Scitists sa mst Caaas st act as a t si

gs gass tw as i 2000 a 2001b bcmig a t sc i 2002. It is pctt cti t as m cimat-wamig gas tait absbs tg 2022.

An old growth rainforest

of western red cedar in

coastal southern B.C.


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31

T tw ata is pig sacs sta wats gig witi sts a s t

ifc cab, g, a wat cags. It is as piig t ts scitists t m

cab cag a ag sca a t sw w tis is ifc b atmspic sits, tm-

pat, a t acts.

oTh er CFCAS -SuPP orTed sac as as sti t ccig cab a its if-

c cimat. F istac, a ai CFCAS-sppt tw s cmpt simatis

cab cag btw t a a t ai t p pict cag it t t.

T Canadian Glbal Cupled Carbn Climate Mdelw b t abbiati

CGC3Mwas a -a, amst-$2 mii tw tat tst a cmpt-bit

matmatica ms itactis btw cab ii, sts a t iig ascaps,

a t cimat. T m as sic bcm a pat ag, s-ca cp ms

cimat tat p sacs btt pict atmspic a cimat cags w t a.

Mawi, sa sma CFCAS-sppt pjcts a as b pig imptat itac-

tis btw t Caaia ascap a atmsp a cimat.

F amp, sacs m acss t ct a s CFCAS s t p a cast

wat wi app as t cagig cimat wams t cts t pmastaas pma-

t z g. T w as cmt t st tim wat ts cags migt ma

t t pst a t cab ccig st sis, am s a mtai gtati.

CFCAS pjcts a as gi s a btt staig past sits i Caaas tstia

cab ccas w as t ist t a-atmsp cag t gs gass,

sc as mta a its i. Stis si gaic cab, mawi, a imp

staig w t wamig wi act t ag sts cab tat ist g.

Canadas green carbon storehousescaaa maage fe make p 13 pt t ld nt a a, he 1990,

be y w pee f he ab k.

the mpae f fe he gba ab ye e ea why he Kyt Ptl gave e

he p f g fe maageme he Ky ag f 20082012.

Ptld t b by eqvae aea ha ay he eea eyem a ve ab

17 pee f caaa a aea.

the ab-g apay f gba fe be eey f he t t up 2.5 clu b

p-dutl ll, ag he ieaa u f Fe reeah ogaza (iuFro).

cd bl t (a we a he f Fa, ra a swee) ae expee wam me ha

fe he p, a ahgh wame empeae expa fe hwa, he h-em

pve mpa w be aee by eae e va, e, a m.

The CFCAS-supported Canadian Carbon Program is supplying detailed information about the carbon dioxideexchange between Canadas forests and the atmosphere and providing imp ortant scientic insight into how forest

carbon offset policies could be used in possible international cap-and-trade carbon reduction plans.


36/60

7 tHeoceans


37/60

33

when Hurricane Juan rolled o the Atlantic and slammed into Haliax onSeptember 29, 2003, no one was expecting the most devastating windstorm in more than a generation.This storm has kind o surprised us, said a startled Mike Myette o Nova Scotias EmergencyMeasures Organization, as winds o more than 150 kilometres an hour tore into the city. A loto time we see hurricanes peter out beore they hit land.

Meteorologists had been tracking Juan or days and had downgraded it to the weakest hurri-

cane categoryCategory 1just a day beore it came ashore. Residents had been warned, but

everyone expected little more than just another strong Atlantic blast. What arrived instead were

earsome Category 2 winds and towering 18-metre waves. Strangely, the hurricane also brought

the destructive impact o a ar stronger, Category 3 storm.

Juan smashed windows and tore a t roos. It tossed shing boats ashore and buckled piers. The

high winds, waves, and rain caused an estimated $200 million in damage, and millions o

trees across the province were toppled. Eight people died, and hundreds were evacuated. About

300,000 residents were without power across the provincemany or almost two weeks.

Since the storm, many Nova Scotians have wondered how oreca sters and others got it so wrong.

The hurricanes unexpected erocity was another example o how complicatedand unpredict-

ableocean-born storms can be. Now, as the changing climate transorms the

North Atlantic into an even more potent storm actory, the question o the altering orecast

that preceded Hurricane Juan may be more relevant than ever.

A resident of Bedford, Nova Scotia,

walks past a boat that washed

ashore in the front yard of a home

in the aftermath of Hurricane Juan.

Two people were dead and 80,000

were without power in Nova Scotia

the morning after Hurricane Juan

barreled into the eastern Canadian

province from the Atlantic Ocean.

Juan hit Halifax, Nova Scotias

biggest city and one of the countrys

largest ports, with winds of up

to 140 kph (90mph). A state of

emergency was declared in the city.


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34

MeMorIeS oF JuAn [Ar e] STIl l FreS h, sas

ha ritci, a eimt Caaa scitist a ajct

pss at dasi uisit.

Ja was 14 am stms a amg t Atatic i-

cas t it Caaia ss at bwig t ca btw

2001 a 2008. Sa t stmssc as hts (1996),

Mica (2000), Gsta (2002) a k (2008)as a wit

ica c ag Caaas ast cast i ct as.

Scitists bi tat a wam sa sac a t ca

cts m cimat cag a actig casta stms. Sm

ica sacs sggst tat amag m a gwig

mb cCatg 4 a 5icas t

Atatic is i t twig t bts w ss-its

stms i a wam t. Bt t a impact gba wam-ig mai stms is sti t ca.

rsacs a w a g tim tat cas a

ti pw gb-spaig cts a itimat i

t cimat a wat, icig icas. Bt as,

staig t tai at tat atisip mai

si. T wg gap t stat casts, a

it mat ms t atmsp tat sacs s t

sta a pict cimat cag i t ic ma

t imptat ifcs cas.

CFCAS- SuPPorTed reSeAr CherS a spt tpast ca aig jst w cs t is a btw cas

a t cmp maci cimat a atmsp. I

patica, CFCAS sac tws a pjcts a s ts

as ai as satit imags a ata m tsas ist-

mt-qipp bs t scib ca sstms i pct

tai, a t m ti itacti wit cags a.

T CFCAS-sppt Glbal ocean-Atmsphere

Predictin and Predictability (GoAPP) netwr,

amp, is a $3-mii scitic tw a b d. ritci

a is dasi uisit cag kit Tmps.

F as, t tw as i ca-cimat itac-tis tg its iq css-ct cabati amg

m ta 40 scitists, sacs, a stts pstig

tw istict a tpica isat iscipiscagap

a atmspic scic.

T st as b a pptit t tasm st-

a g-tm mai-wat casts b tig i

cpigwat ms wit a m accat pict

cags taig pac t sa sac.

Ts cags a mas acss aas t wi a

tim-scas t ag scitists t aticipat t a ia

icas. hw, t sac is pct t imp t

picti ag, c, a astig stms tat ma ag

An iron x is scrappedca -fe ea ve mae hage? the qe ha g geeae hpe

f mae wahe a he kg f a qk x gba wamg, a ea,

a eay way ea ab e geehe ga ffe pgam. i mae

gwh phyhe pak. A hee y gamfg e

mbe he eaabb he ab xe ha be gba wamg.

thak he wk f e wh he cFcAs-fe cd su o-Lw

atp study (c-solAs) ewk he ea a ay be a e .

c-solAs wa a $4.4-m, ve-yea ewk heae by Mae levae f

lava uvey a befe hm, by B Me, he a dahe uvey. i

epeee caaa b a eaa eff (kw a solAs)

bee ea hw hage he vg a -vg eeme eakw

a he ea bgehemyep mae hage a, me ae, affe .

the ewk e a-ea bgehema ea he hwee

Aa oea; a e a peeee age-ae expeme

wha w happe f wa mpe he nh Pa. the eeah

beee fm g aba bewee Fhee a oea caaa,

Evme caaa a he aaem mmy. i wa gbeakg a

hwe f he me ha feza f ea bh efe a

peay hamf he g-em aby f he Eah mae yem. the

a ke hagg aa ea eyem a mag he p f

he geehe gae h a xe.


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35

ss, sais, a t Caaias iig wig ag

t atis sa casts. I act, GoAPP sac as b a

pic i a a gmt castig iitiati ca t

Caaia opatia ntw Cp eimta

Picti Sstms (ConCePTS).

B cpig a gwig wg ca sstms t istig

ag-sca cimat ms, GoAPP sacs a as pig

scitists, icig ts i i t Itgmta Pa

Cimat Cag, t tac a pict gba cimat cag.

T ca pis t mm tat s t p gat pictabiit b cctig t ca a atmsp

tgt, sas d. ritci, w as ws wit eimt

Caaas Atatic eimta Picti rsac Iitiati.

GoAPP sac spas t ac t ws ca basis

a cts tg t tws paticipati i a 23-ati

ca-mitig sac pgam w as Arg. T spis-

ticat istmts aba Ags 3,000 sac bs fatig

tgt t pats sas a sac a wat ci-

tis a tasmit t ata t a 10 as, ia satit.

GoAPP IS noT The only CFCAS- sac

tw tat is simtas stig ca-cimat itac-

tis a paig a itatia i gba ca scic.

F amp, a ai CFCAS-sppt tw w b t

acm C-SolAS pi Caaas ctibti t t gba

Surace ocean-Lwer Atmsphere Study (s Siba: A

i is scapp). T tw, bas at dasi uisit

a iig zs acamic a a sacs, a

gaat stts m isitis acss t ct, was a w

a i staig w iig a -iig mts i

cas act a sp t cags i t gba cimat.

T tw mstat t taia acimts

attaiab tg t sa ts ig agcis,a patmtsi tis cas Fisis a ocas Caaa,

a eimt Caaaa t acamic cmmit. C-SolAS was t st SolAS atia

pgam t ci ig a as sc, pa a aig i t g wt itatia SolAS

ts i m ta 20 ctis.

Simia, sa sac pjcts t CFCAS-sppt Plar Climate Stability Netwr

(PCSn; s Capt 4) a sti t past a pst sa-s itactis i t

Actic oca cimat aiati. T w pi tai imati s t imp ms

a t btt pict t sps t Actic a sw t cimat wamig it t t.

Mawi, a pis CFCAS-sppt sac tw at lbg Baca t

Interdisciplinary Marine Envirnmental Predictin in the Atlantic Castal Regin

tw, simp t Lunenburg Bay netwrcs its attti catig a a-tim

sstm sig ca a atmsp imati t pict t t tmpamta a

smtims ags wat Caaas Maitims.

usig a aa atmat imta sss i lbg Ba, t -a, $4.7-miitw cct ctis bsatis tat p sacs imp cmpt ms

capab pictig sa a wat cags tat migt gat casta fig ca sgs.

Ma sma CFCAS- pjcts a as imp t scic bi mai castig,

maig t bai ca-gat stms a t wat asi t pict. F amp,

sacs s sppt m CFCAS t p sc ib tig m t ifc witcaps

a baig was ai-sa itactis t w Atatic icas tasm tmss ig

ti twa j m t tpics. CFCAS pjcts as p t impact qatia

e nis Caaia wit wat casts tsas imts awa, t cts

wat was a ca miig mai wat picti.

ot pjcts a cs m t cas as a ifc cimat cag

ic sa. F istac, CFCAS-sppt scitists a sti w t icasig aciit cascas b m cab iiacts sa i w mtig actic ic ifcs t

ca cicati imptat t cimat. Sm t sac as scib w t p wat

Atactica ws as a si gs gas w i i t Actic oca acts t

cab cc i t Fa nt. ot w cmt 2,000 as past cimat-ca tas-

matis t cast Bitis Cmbia t imp staig t cag.

The oceans and the climateT gttg w. Bewee 1961 a 2003, he aveage gba ea empeae ha e

by 0.10 ce w a eph f 700 mee.

rg ll b dxd t ae hagg he hemy f he ea. the ga ab w

ea ha eae e he begg f he a ev (ab 1750) a e e.

i ee eae, t td ll b dxd he amphee have bee abbe by

eaw fm a aveage f me ha 40 pee f em g he pe bewee 1750 1994.

the abe ab xe abbe by ea ha d t d by a aveage

ea pH f ab 0.1 e 1750; he ay beahg a kg he a ha a may h

eyem, a peveg he fm haeg f may he-fmg gam.

Bewee 1993 a 2005, ll ud t wld by lt 3.3 llt y y,

ag ee emae g aee meaeme. sme eeahe gge ea may e a

mh a a mee by 2100.

the mbe f maj atlt u pe yea expee am be by he e f he ey

epe gba wamg.

damage fm a age mbe f y tg ctgy 4 d 5 u key wegh aexpee ee e-ee m.

usig bt ca a atmsp

ata tgt t gat a-timcasts Caaas east Cast mat CFCAS-sppt lbgBa tw a w a imai wat picti. ntwigs a imati w aiaaiab a accssib t asig t Itt; t c b wa a c p.


40/60

8tHesky


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37

A research collaboration

supported by CFCAS has identied

which airborne particles are

most damaging to human lungs,

providing valuable information to

governments and agencies that

regulate air pollution and helping

to reduce billions of dollars of

smog-related health care costs

every year.

ashortage o sunshine in Canada is costing lives and billions o health

care dollars, according to a recent study by doctors and nutritionists. And now, thanks to climate

change, its likely to get worse.

Exposure to sunlight and its ultraviolet (UV) rays helps skin generate vitamin Dthe so-called

sunshine vitamin thats been hailed or preventing a host o afictions rom bone disease to

cancer. But Canadians dont get enough o it dur ing dark, cold winters when we oten huddle

indoors. According to Statistics Canada, two-thirds o Canadians have less-than-ideal vitamin

D levels, while one in 10more than three million peoplehave amounts low enough to be

considered unhealthy by doctors.

A 2010 study suggests up to 37,000 lives are lost and an estimated $14.4-billion is spenton diseases related to the low vitamin D levels o Canadians. The results o this study strongly

suggest the personal and economic burden o disease in Canada could be signicantly reduced

i optimal vitamin D levels are increased, said Dr. William Grant, one o the studys authors.

Unortunately, our changing climate and its eect on sun-ltering ozone in the atmosphere will

not make that prescription any easier to ll: global warming is causing more ozone to be distrib-

uted over Canada.

Ozone helps reduce UV radiation on the ground. So, by changing the distribution o

ozone, climate change could actually make UV go up or down depending on the region,

says Ted Shepherd, an atmospher ic scien tist at th e Universit y o Toronto. Over Canada, it

looks like it will actually go down and not up. That might be good or sunburns, but it turns

out that its actually really bad or vitamin D production in the body.


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38

The relATIonS hIP BeTW een tait aiati,

z, a cimat mstats w cmpicat s ca

b. Wat apps ma imts ab pats sac ist cmp a ict t pict, bt it as as impacts

tat ca ac a t w smtims w t eat

w pps is, iis, a ti at a act.

Ma scitists stig cimat cs ti attti t

cis sstms a gass pcsss t w gis t

atmsp (t tpsp)w ai wat apps

a mc t ais wat ap a gas patics a .

Bt t s ab t tpsp is as a imptat cimat

pa. A t cmist a tbc tat ta pac i t

s-ca statspbtw 10 a 50 imts pa

as iftia.

Mst t atmsps z gas, istac, is i t

statsp (cmm ca t z a). oz ptcts

s (a tig s) m 90 pct t ss saig

a cac-casig tait as. I t 1970s a 1980s,

wiig atmspic z was i t a is i aib

cctatis a gp istia cmicas ca c-

fcabs (CFCs) s i igats a spa cas. A

wwi ba CFCsw as t Mta Ptc

was sig i 1987.

For The PAST deCAde, CFCAS-sppt sac-

s a b sacig t sis asws t sm tmst ig ig-atit qstis abt cimat,

wat, a t qait ai. T w as a

aab isigts t it t gba cag bt as

it t bai aib cmicas a ptats tat

ict act t at Caaias.

F amp, t CFCAS- tw w b t ac-

m C-SPARC as spt t past as stig cags

t z a t cmicas a it i t statsp.

T tw, a b d. Sp a iig m

ta tw z sacs m isitis a gmt

agcis acss t ct, is a a t ag ita-tia W Cimat rsac Pgamm iitiati p-

ig Stratspheric Prcesses and their Rle in Climate

(SPArC). I, t SPArC Itatia Pjct oc

as b bas at t uisit Tt sic 2004.

Gbaig w b C-SPArCa -a, $3.4-mii

scitic twwas amg t st sac t tai

ca w cags i t cmist a cicati ig p

i t statsp act cimat cag a z. T -

igs a b ita impig cmpt ms cimat

a z tat pis mitt tis ita imati.

T sacag wit w b a simia, ai CFCAS-

sppt tw ca Mdelling Glbal Chemistry

Blowin in the windAa Aa Beam f he uvey f Bh cmba kw a ee gba

ze; ge aywhee a he p ae ha e epe f aa be.

A a he ff we beahe, a qay a have e eqee f

heah a f he evme, g mae. M caaa feea

pva gveme egae pe a p ay age em

ha mgh make k. B ega have e mpa he pae a

ae pevag w a he he Pa.

d. Beam a h eage have fe he w-yea cFcAs-fe pje

eag he hemy f a ha eahe wee caaa fm fa-ff Aaa

pae whee may e ae ampg p a evepme a em

gwh a eyg may a a he f fe .

the eeahe me a kw a a ma pemee b a peae

me ha a qky e he make-p f y abe pae. the

me wa ae hgh he p f Bh cmba Whe Ma

he ewe e f he 2010 oymp wh k ae a he eve. thee, a

a weahe a peae by Evme caaa, he pemee ake yea-

meaeme f he hema mp f fg a wh he fg

ga f a a a p whg a.

d. Beam, ag wh he eeahe fm he uvey f Bh cmba,

Evme caaa, a he Pa nhwe naa labay he ue

sae, have e he aa efy a pae gae ha a pp he

g f gbe-g pa. they have a ebe hw hema, h

a abe ph, hage a mae by peveg a wae vap fm

mg gehe fm a .

the wk ha pve mpa a qay fma f feae a f py

make wh wa ee he effe f a p caaa mae hw

we-avee mgh be.

e ni cimat ts a ti igis i

t tpica Pacic, bt t a tsscapab casig miis as wat ac t Caaia ams, sts,a sis. A CFCAS-sppt pjctat t uisit nt BitisCmbia as cat w ts t bttpict e nis a t aticipat tiimpact a-awa Caaa.


43/60

39

r Climateas abiit t sta a

pict t gba cag, bt it as as s igt watt pst-Mta Ptc c t z a migt

ma i a wamig w.

d. Sps w, istac, was t st t a w

t cimat-cas istibti z wi i sp

m ba ws itami-d cit Caaias.

hig atit ctis i Caaa aa a a pbm

bcas t t gt g ssi, sas d. Sp.

S, t a a sts at impicatis.

MAny oTher CFCAS-SuPPorTed tws as

a ti s t s. Cimat mig ts, istac,

a b a imptat cs CFCAS- sac.

Ci amg ts was t -a, $2-mii tw

t Develpment a Canadian Glbal Cupled Carbn

Climate Mdel (CGC3M) wic p a tst a i-

tgat m tat icpat t atisip btw t

gba cab cc a cimat (s Capt 6).

Mawi, at -a, $2.3-mii iitiati w as t

Climate Variability: Causes and Predictability (ClIvAr)

tw p w aatica ts staig w

mc gba wamig is t ata aiabiit cmpa

t ma cass. Tw t CFCAS-sppt tst

Canadian Reginal Climate Mdelling and Diagnstics(CrCMd) tw a t aiCanadian Reginal

Climate Mdelling twp ms tat caac-

tiz t isticti gia ats cimat cag.

T btt sta t cimat ifc cs a

aib patics, tw CFCAS-sppt twst

Clud-Aersl Feedbacs and Climate (CAFC) tw

a t Mdelling Cluds and Climate (MoC2) t-

wi wit itatia ts a ca m

t atisip btw cs a cimat.

Ai qait is at aa cc CFCAS-sppt

scitists pig t iticacis t s. T Canadian

Netwr r the Detectin Atmspheric Change

(CAndAC; s Capt 4), istac, s ata cct

jst 1,100 imts m t n t P t a t atm-

spic cts ai qait, cimat, a z.

T CFCAS-sppt Multiscale Air Quality Mdelling

netwr (s Capt 3) p a stat--t-at i

m ai qait s b t Mtgica Sic

Caaa a picia miistis t imt. Ma-

wi, t w t Pacifc 2001 tw (s Capt 3)

i B itis Cmbias Fas va p a scitists pa

t wa w pic giis ai qait.

Sma CFCAS- pjcts a sppt cimat a at-

mspic scitists wit itsts as ai as st, past tmpa-

t cags, ic cs, z f, wat ap i t tpics,

actic ass, e ni cts, t pictabiit atmspic

cag, a t ats cp cimat mig.

Changes

overhead2005 w t wt

y d glblly,

a 2009 wa a va

e wh a e f he

ee yea1998, 2002,

2003, 2006, a 2007f

e he.

Jaay 2000 deembe

2009 wa t wt

dd e eabe e

bega ab 1880.

i 2010, he gbaabe ea

f he gu g

b dxd wa me

ha a h hghe ha

wa befe he a

ev.

futu lt g

xptd t t

qulty beae f

hage he pea

f pa, me a

p fm e a

he eve, a a geae

keh f abe

hema fm ze

a he age

ae.

cmae hage mbe

wh he epa f he he

he aphe ze

aye z

tt t lw

tpag

a p a eae

ee.

9 tHe


44/60

9tHeworld


45/60

41

U.N. Secretary-General

Ban Ki-moon talks during a news

conference after the 27th Plenary

of the Intergovernmental Panel

on Climate Change (IPCC) in

Valencia, Spain, November 17,

2007. Sitting next to him is IPCC

Chairman Rajendra Pachauri

(second left), Secretary-General

of the World Meteorological

Organization Michel Jarraud (left)

and United Nations Environment

Programme Executive Director

Achim Steiner (right).

our changing c limate is, simply, the greatest collective challenge we ace as a

human amily, said United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon during a 2009 keynote

speech in Seoul, South Korea. Countries o the world need to work together not only to slow

change and adapt to it, butrst and oremostto understand it.

For decades, scientists around the planet have joined orces to piece together some o the most

intimidating global climate puzzles. The success o their workand its importance to c limate

policy decision makersowes much to the coordinating eorts o world climate organizations

and the willingness o nations to participate in them.

Since the middle o the last century, or instance, climate scientists and the governments that sup-

port them have rallied around international groups such as the World Meteorological Organiza-tion (WMO), the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), and the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). From these groups, ground-breaking collaborative scientic

projects have come together, such as the Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate project

(see Chapter 8) or the Surace Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (see Chapter 7).

For more than 50 years, these international eorts have shared a common and notable eature

the signicant presence and r equent leadership o Canadians.

Canada has always punched way above its weight in the international scientic community,

says Tim Aston, science ocer at CFCAS headquarters in Ottawa. I think we can saely say

its the same with respect to c limate science.


46/60

42

In A Cou nTry Wh ere mcia wat a

cimat ma a p ic t t ai is

Caaias, cimat a atmspic sac as awas b

a ata t. Its ac i Caaa pis a ss ca

gc a sigicac.

Bt cags i Caaawit its ast tacts cab-ccig

sts a s a its cimat-citica actic sa icas

a a p ifc cags appig sw.

Caaia scitists a paps iq qipp t -sta bt t gba at cimat qstis a t

itatia t asws.

I ti w aiz tat cimat isss t stp at ggap-

ica bais, sas d. Ast. I ti tis is a paaigm sit

w a statig t s i sm t ctis w as w: t

cgiti tat atia- scs t b ict at

itatia- ccs.

CFC AS A nd CFCA S-F unde d cimat scitists a

awas b at t aga tis cag i tiig. Fm

t stat, CFCAS cgiz t itcct cmpit w cimat, cas, a wat; ts t sta gba

cag mat pig t big, itatia pict i cs.

A world of science supportthe gba eah f mae, weahe, a ea mea me e fm me e ae egzg he ee wk gehe awe. the

gaza fm a he w ha pp hee eeahe ae a mg he ame .

ieaa eg ee cFcAs eaehp f he ieaa Gp f Fg Agee f Gba chage reeah (iGFA) fm 2007-2010. th

m f fg agee fm me ha 20 e ha paye a key e eagg a ppg wk eaa mae ee pe

a efyg ppe ae he gba mae ee eff ha make a ffeee gveme a py make a he w.

cFcAs ha eve a iGFA gba eeaa a cFcAs Exeve de daw cway a cha. Wk by he caaa-e paehp ha bee a

f exhagg fma aa eeah pgam, gba ave, emegg e a be pae. cFcAs ha a hepe iGFA membe expe

eaa fg ppe.

i 2008, he cFcAs exeve e ae iGFA feebak w eaa pgam evaa a eve he eaa evew mmee f

he Eah syem see Paehp, bae Pa. the evew mmee ep wa eeae m-2008. M. cway a cFcAs see ofe tm A

have hae mpa iGFA mmee, a cFcAs he he 2006 iGFA meeg Mea.

The Polar Environment

Atmospheric Research Laboratory

(PEARL), Nunavut: an ideal spot to

study Earths protective ozone layer.


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43

Tats w, amp, t CFCAS Ba Tsts ag

t s as t Caaia natia Cmmitt (CnC) t

W Cimat rsac Pgamm. T WCrP is a cabati iitiati t Itatia Cci Sc ic,

t W Mtgica ogaizati, a t Itg-

mta ocagapic Cmmissi uneSCo. It is

a ita wwi gaizati cag wit impig

cimat picti a wit btt staig ma

ifc cimat.

Tg t cagmt a sppt CFCAS a t

CnC, Caaia cimat scitists a b istmta i

ma WCrP pjcts, icig sac pjcts pig

tig m wat aaiabiit a c cimats t atm-

spic pcsss, cimat sits, a t ca sac. T

natia rsac Cci Caaa (nrC) as i CFCAS t pt Caaas asip a paticipati

i t WCrP a t gaizatis bts t Caaias.

CFCAS as as b a imptat sppt Caaas

atia sctaiat Itatia Pa ya (Mac 2007

t Mac 2009). IPy is a 60-ati itatia scitic p-

gam gaiz tg t Itatia Cci Scic

a t W Mtgica ogaizati. IPy stimats

a igigts sac acimts i t Actic a t

Atactic. Caaa wi st t a IPy itatia c-

c i Mta i Api 2012.

o a sma sca, CFCAS ig as p ag sp-pt t cat t w-cass scitic istittis. I 2002,

amp, hg Btami na Sctias St. Facis xai

uisit s a CFCAS gat t stimat t cati

t eimta Scics rsac Ct (eSrC). T

ct cags patsips wit sc itistsa, imp-

tat, gaat a pstcta sttsm acss Caaa,

as w as m Spai, rmaia, Gma a t uit

Stats, t st cs t cimat a pmast ist tat a

tapp i t g.

CFC AS reC oGnI TIon oF t itatia scp

cimat scic as as mat tat ma CFCAS tws

a pjcts a bcm cmpts ag gba

iitiatis. F amp, CFCAS-sppt ct ibtis t

t wwi Surace ocean-Lwer Atmsphere Study

(SolAS; s Capt 7) p t a w a imptat

scic a w t ai a cas itact a w t

cmist t sa (cctatis i, amp)

c act t t cimat.

Mawi, t Itatia Sctaiat t Strat-

spheric Prcesses and their Rle in Climate pjct

(SPArC; s Capt 8) was a ca amp Caaas

maab cimat scic p i t w. T -

ms mtiatia t t sta w cags i

t statsp act gba cimat was bas at t

uisit Tt a sppt b CFCAS, eimt

Caaa, t Caaia Spac Agc, a t isit its .

Ma t CFCAS tws, sc as t Drught Research

Initiative (s Capt 2), t Plar Climate Stability

Netwr (s Capt 3), a t Western Canadian

Cryspheric Netwr (s Capt 5), ic isit

cabats m t ctis, fctig t gba impi-

catis mc t Caaia- sac.

noT only Are CFCAS-SuPPorTed scitists

pcig ab ti wigt, ma a big cbat

it. F istac, sa CFCAS-assciat sacs a

amg ts w, as pat t itatia scitic tam

t Itgmta Pa Cimat Cag, sa i t

t 2007 nb Pac Piz awa jit t t

pa a m u.S. ic-psit A G.

Sa a istigats wit CFCAS-sppt tws a

t atia a itatia s, a ma as

pstigis Caaa rsac Cai psitis at ti isitis.

CFCAS sppt pt Caaa i t a itatia

ts t sta w t mi atmsp actscimat a z. A CFCAS- ciatig cs as t Itatia Sctaiat t StratosphericProcesses and their Role in Climate (SPArC) pgam,wit aqats at t uisit Tt.

Canada on the worlds climate science stage1951 | caaa pa f he W Meega ogaza (WMo), a peaze agey

f he ue na.

1979 | caaa papae WMo F W cmae cfeee.

1980 | the WMo a he ieaa c f see (icsu) p he ea f he

W cmae reeah Pgamme (WcrP).

1987 | caaa a he w a g he Mea P sbae ha depee

he oze laye.

1988 | the iegvemea Pae cmae chage (iPcc) eabhe.

1997 | caaa g he maa Ky P f age a meabe f eg

geehe-ga em.

2004 | the ieaa seeaa f a WcrP wwe eeah pje yg saphe

Pee a he re cmae (sPArc) mve t.

2007 | caaa e ae key papa he iPcc a hae he h f nbe Peae Pze,awae jy he iPcc a fme u.s. ve-pee A Ge.


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44

There IS So MuCh To leArn, t b isc, a

t b tasm it cti actis Caaias, sasG McBa, cai t CFCAS Ba Tstsa a cbat cimat scitist.

Witt s scitic imati, w wi t gmt aat t ctiss

g tcgis, bi t i astct, p g ist, ass

wat spp a ca ai?

F 10 as, CFCAS as b pig t bst a bigtst Caaia scitists w tgt

t asws t qstis i tsasws tat gmts, istis, a t Caaias

t gasp t pptitis a t mt t cags a ast-cagig w.

In JuS T one reMA rkABl e deCA de, CFCAS as ac a sppt 198

scitic tws a pjcts tat a sccss tac imptat qstis ccig

s, imt, a t. Bt, paps mst imptat, ts iitiatis a s

wat a cimat mstis tat matt t g igt w, t a Caaias, a i

gis a acss t ct.

W sppt b CFCASCaaas pmi ig agc a isit-bas cimat

scicas p miis Caaias aticipat cit at was a ptct ti at; it as

p paii ams ppa astig, bii-a gts; it as pi ts gatig

t ai pti tats actig gs; a it as imp mai wat casts casta

cmmitis t batt b ca stms.

T pa t t, pp t w w ti ca citis wi cag, t w t

aag gba tmpat wi cimb, ag a 2010 cmmta i t aig scitic ja

Nature. I t ws, t imptat w cimat scic sacs is sti big t p

ts t accat cast cimat cags t twt-st ct at t ca a gia .

T as w b CFCAS as p ma Caaa a w a i staig cimat a wat-

. Bt t Fatis cs as as b t gia a ca s bsisss, ams,

cmmitis, a Caaias tgt t cts ma a ai imts. It is i ts pacs

w t ctaitis cimat t matt msta it is as w ma qstis mai.

The reMArkABle AChIeveMenTS oF 10 yeArS oF CFCAS-sppt

scic a wt cbatig. Tas t CFCAS, Caaia sacs a pa a itati-

a sigicat i staig w t ws wat a cimat a cagig a w,

a t a ifc t icti itatia ts. Bt t w CFCAS-scitists is a m w it cms t staig t atmspic, cagapic a

gica citis at gia a ca s.

Caaa is pct t pic m cag ta ma t ctis as t w gws

wam. Ts sits wi a amatica it cts wt i i t Fa nt,

i cta Sasatcwa, ag haias ams watt.

Cag ca big pptit, bt w w pssss t wg a si t cgis it

a t ta aatag it. F 10 as, CFCAS as p Caaa siz pptitis t

pspit as w as aapt t a sw cimat cagbt t jb is a m is.

rsac is t atit t t ctis-gwig mb wat a cimat qstis tat

act Caaias ta a i t t. o t cta scic sppt a icti a agc iCFCAS ca s tat isit scitists wig i mtg, cagap, a atmspic

scics a t stab ig imt t t p p t citica t asws.

Ccsi

questionsremaining


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45

Its a imptat tat Caaas ts a gaiz it sac

tws as CFCAS as s w a cmpatib ata a

a ct tw tat ca itact wit t st t w.

L A VA L U N I V E R S I T Y S C I E N T I S T H A N K M A R G O L I S ,

L E A D I N V E S T I G A T O R W I T H T H E C A N A D I A N C A R B O N P R O G R A M ( C P P )

T as b a pptit i tis t at gt

i a cmpsi ma b. Witt CFCAS, tis simp wt

a app.

U N I V E R S I T Y O F M A N I T O B A S C I E N T I S T R O N S T E W A R T,

L E A D I N V E S T I G A T O R W I T H T H E D R O U G H T R E S E A R C H I N I T I A T I V E ( D R I )

Tis pjct wt a cm abt witt t p CFCAS. W

migt a s sm t m pmt, bt t t aati t

g wit it. Bt ts a bigg pict. T CFCAS m is imptat

bcas its taiig a gati pp tat wi at ba-sca

imta isss, awig s t p tis aa sac at t i

a t isitis i a i sm was witi eimt Caaa.

T s a t t bts, t.

U N I V E R S I T Y O F W E S T E R N O N T A R I O S C I E N T I S T J A M E S V O O G T ,L E A D I N V E S T I G A T O R W I T H T H E E N V I R O N M E N T A L P R E D I C T I O N

I N C A N A D I A N C I T I E S N E T W O R K ( E P I C C )

T PCSns stgt is i t aitia pw tat w p tg

t cabati pcss t tw scitists. It wt a

b pssib witt t CFCAS.

U N I V E R S I T Y O F T O R O N T O P H Y S I C I S T R I C H A R D P E L T I E R ,

L E A D I N V E S T I G A T O R W I T H T H E P O L A R C L I M A T E S TA B I L I T Y N E T W O R K ( P C S N )

T m m CFCAS as a pi a w pptit

a gat s stst jst ata tats gig t sit i t bws

acamia a i jas, bt at ata tat ca b s a igst

immiat b a maags a picia a a gmts.

U N I V E R S I T Y O F N O R T H E R N B R I T I S H C O L U M B I A S C I E N T I S T B R I A N M E N O U N O S ,

L E A D I N V E S TI GA TOR W I TH TH E W E S TE R N C A N A D I A N C R Y O S P H ER I C N E TW O R K ( W C 2 N )


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Introduction: The Search for Answers

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