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Transcript of CFC FoodDeserts
CFC Food Mapping Project Geos 459 – Applied GIS Capstone Project
Jacqui Anhorn #000626524
Nancy Pham #000641236
Mary Pickering #000306405
City of Calgary: Are We Living in a Food Desert?
SAIT Polytechnic 2014
Client Background Project Overview Stakeholders
What is a food desert? Methodology Geospatial Technology Notes Network Analysis
Four main modes of transportation Output
Data Driven Pages Python Scripting
Findings Sectors ‘Complete’ Communities Lowest Access Communities
Summary
Questions 1-4 Conclusion Lessons Learned Future Improvements
References
2
AGENDA
The Calgary Food Committee was established to undertake a Food
System Assessment and Action Plan for Calgary (Yycfood.com 2014)
Under the direction of City of Calgary Council
Having completed the Food System Assessment and Action Plan, the
CFC is now focused on moving towards fulfilling the Calgary Food Vision
Calgary Food Vision: “To create a sustainable and resilient food system
for the Calgary region so that every Calgarian has access to local,
healthy and environmentally friendly food.”
3
Healthy
Accessible
Community
development
Sustainable Food System Principles:
Local
Secure supply
Environmentally
sustainable
CLIENT BACKGROUND
Help the CFC identify food deserts throughout the City of Calgary
This project will be part of the Calgary EATS! progress report to City
Council in the fall of 2014
Food Mapping
To see how communities are connected to food retailers in terms
of physical access
Walking
Cycling
Driving
Transit
Guiding Question:
Is Calgary comprised of ‘complete communities’ in terms of
physical access to food?
4
PROJECT OVERVIEW
Calgary Food Committee
Contributes to the Calgary Eats! Calgary Food System Assessment
and Action Plan
Helps achieve the food vision and principles
Develops a complete community model in terms of physical
access to food
Assists in identifying food deserts throughout the City of Calgary
City of Calgary
Promotes healthier lifestyles and green initiatives, community
building, and strengthens the economy
Allow planners and developers to use the data/analysis for the
future growth of the city
Residents of Calgary
Increase community awareness of a sustainable food system
Show available modes of transportation to access food
5
STAKEHOLDERS
A district (rural or urban) with little or no access to foods needed to maintain a healthy diet but often served primarily by fast food restaurants and/or convenience stores (Calgary Food and Assessment & Action Plan 2012)
There is no clear agreement on what measures are relevant in identifying food deserts
City of Edmonton study used 750 meters in terms of walkability (2008)
City of Montreal study used 650 meters for walkability (2010)
Case study in Seattle-King County, Washington used a time of 10 minutes to measure the four main modes of transportation (2012)
For the purposes of our project and based on our guiding question, we are analyzing the four main modes of transportation to help determine food deserts in Calgary
Walking
Cycling
Driving
Transit
6
WHAT IS A FOOD DESERT?
Microsoft Excel and Access
City of Calgary Census Data
Geocoding
Grocery store locations
Network Analysis
Used the city's circulation system (roads and trails) and public transit
stops (LRT and bus) to create service areas around grocery stores and
transit stops
Tabulate Intersection
Found percentage of service area coverage within each community
Quantitative method to compare communities
Data Driven Pages and Python Scripting
Created a series of MXD layouts
Produced a hardcopy map book
7
METHODOLOGY
Data Capture
City of Calgary Open Data Catalogue
City of Calgary Civic Census Results (2013)
Alberta Health Services (food retail data)
Google to find additional addresses to geocode
Data Management
Keeping raw data and manipulated data separate
Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Access
ArcCatalog (Geodatabase, datasets, etc)
Data Analysis
Network Analysis
Tabulate Intersection
Data Output
Hard copy map book 8
GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY
Used food retailers provided by the Alberta Health Services
“Major food retail facilities have been defined as those indicated as
a grocery store within the AHS data” (Calgary Food and Assessment
Plan 2012)
Year-round farmers markets were used
Calgary Farmers Market
Crossroads Flea Market
Kingsland Farmers Market
Parkdale Farmers Market
For our network analysis, we presumed sidewalks existed on at least
one side of each road
Analyzed residential communities with population greater than 0
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*NOTES
NETWORK ANALYSIS
“A measure of the effectiveness of community design in promoting
walking …to reach shopping, schools, and other common destinations”
(Esri 2012)
For our project, we used the distance of 1 kilometer for our analysis
Why?
Was used in a previous project as referenced in the Calgary Food
System Assessment & Action Plan (2012)
Other Canadian cities used this distance as a measure of walkability:
Study on Vancouver to compared to bikeability (Walkability and
Bikeability: What is the link? 2011)
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WALKABILITY
12
Walkability Service Areas
6
10 10
16 16
21
24
31
Number of Residential Communities
*134 communities in Calgary have less than 50%
walking service area coverage
Service Area Coverage
Less than 50% Walkability
13
For our project, we used the distance of 2 kilometers for our analysis
Why?
“While no widely-held standard exists for cycling, the analysis
reveals a median distance of around two kilometers with a high
degree of variation in distances.” (Beyond the Quarter Mile:
Examining Travel Distances by Walking and Cycling 2010)
CYCLING
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Cycling Service Areas
0
2
3
4
6 6 6 6
Number of Residential Communities
*33 communities in Calgary have less than
50% cycling service area coverage
Service Area Coverage
Less than 50% Cycling
15
Includes all bus stops and LRT stations within the City of Calgary
For our project, we used the distance of 400 meters for our analysis
Why?
“A distance of 400m is used as an accessibility indicator between
population and jobs and primary transit within the Municipal
Development Plan (MDP) and Calgary Transportation Plan (CTP)”.
(Calgary Food and Assessment & Action Plan 2012)
TRANSIT
16
Transit Service Areas
0 1 1
3 3
6
7
9
Number of Residential Communities
* 30 communities in Calgary have transit service
area coverage less than 50% of total
community area
Service Area Coverage
Less than 50% Transit
17
For our project, we used travel times of 3, 5, and 10 minutes for our
analysis
Why?
Based on the generalization that people tend to measure driving
distance with travel time as opposed to an exact number of
measurement
DRIVING
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Driving Service Areas
OUTPUT
We needed to make 3 maps for each community (total of 252
communities)
Data Driven Pages is a feature in ArcMap which allows you to create
a series of layout pages from a single map document
A single layout is composed for each data-driven page
Dynamic parts of the layout change with each page
Static elements stay the same
Saved us time because it created layouts based on the community
name attribute column!
3 x 252 = 756 layouts we would’ve had to make on our own!
20
DATA DRIVEN PAGES DATA DRIVEN PAGES
21
DATA DRIVEN PAGES
Used Python scripting, we were able to generate a 785 page
document
a series of maps at the city, ward, and community level to show
access in terms of the four main modes of transportation
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No time wasted converting each map into PDFs and then combining them all into one PDF…THIS SCRIPT DOES IT ALL FOR YOU!
PYTHON SCRIPTING
FINDINGS
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SECTORS
The pie charts display the combined service area percentage of
communities above and below 50 percent.
Total of 134 communities
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‘Complete’ Communities
´
Sectors
Complete Communities
Water Bodies
Major Parks
Communities
98.15 97.02
96.15
93.58 92.77
92.31 92.10 91.53 91.48
90.55
Residential Communities with Highest
Combined Service Area Coverage
Combined Service Area Percentage
26
Lowest Access Communities
Sectors
Complete Communities
Water Bodies
Major Parks
Communities
2.62 3.96
9.68
13.06 13.40 14.01
18.95 18.96 19.08
22.42
Residential Communites with Lowest
Combined Service Area Coverage
Combined Service Area Percentage
´
SUMMARY
28
Which communities require an automobile for access to food?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Pe
rce
nt
Residential Communites with Lowest Combined Service
Area Coverage - By Mode of Transportation
Walking Cycling Transit
QUESTION 1
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Which communities are bike-friendly in terms of accessing food?
QUESTION 2
30
QUESTION 3
Which communities can use public transit to access food?
31
QUESTION 4
Which communities are walkable in terms of accessing food?
32
CONCLUSION
There are some ‘complete communities’ in terms of physical access
to food
Communities that do not have complete access are on the outer
edges of the city
Some identified as communities in development by the City of
Calgary
So, are we living in a food desert? We believe that Calgary is an auto-oriented city so based on accessibility by
driving, we are not living in a food desert.
In terms of the other three modes of transportation, we believe that there are some communities that are food deserts. The majority of these communities are located near the outer edges of the city and currently have less accessibility to grocery stores.
However, we can only partly answer this question as we did not take into account variables other than physical accessibility.
Even if data is coming from a reliable source, we cannot assume it
will be accurate and should always should always get things "triple
checked“
Always have backup ideas because there will be times when data is
unavailable or you can't get it in time to use
33
LESSONS LEARNED
If there was potential for further work on this project
use more variables such as income, unemployment rates, food
prices, population diversity (families, seniors, visible minorities), etc.
use data from multiple sources
In this case we used AHS data with validation through online
research but we could combine it with City of Calgary
Business License Data
Additional data would help provide more accuracy with the road
network data
where sidewalks are located
accurate speed limits of each road
34
FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS
35
QUESTIONS?
36
REFERENCES
Calgary Food Committee. (2014). Calgary Food Committee. Retrieved from http://www.yycfood.com/
Canadian Environmental Health Atlas. (2008). Food Deserts in Edmonton. Retrieved from
http://www.ehatlas.ca/food-deserts/case-study/food-deserts-edmonton
El-Genedity, A., Larsen, J., & Yasmin, F. (2010). Beyond the Quarter Mile: Examining Travel Distances by
Walking and Cycling. Retrieved from http://tram.mcgill.ca/Research/Publications/Travel%20distance.pdf
Esri. (2012). Modeling Walkability. Retrieved from http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0112/modeling-
walkability.html
NCBI. (2012). How to Identify Food Deserts: Measuring Physical and Economic Access to Supermarkets in King
County, Washington. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22897554
The City of Calgary (2012). Calgary Food System Assessment & Action Plan. Retrieved from
http://www.calgary.ca/CA/cmo/Pages/Calgary-Food-System-Assessment-and-Action-Plan.aspx
The City of Calgary (2013). Municipal Development Plan/Calgary Transportation Plan 2013 Monitoring
Progress Report. Retrieved from http://www.calgary.ca/PDA/LUPP/Pages/Municipal-Development-
Plan/Municipal-Development-Plan-MDP.aspx
The City of Calgary (2013). Suburban Growth Info Graphic 2013. Retrieved from
http://www.calgary.ca/PDA/LUPP/Pages/Geodemographics/Geodemographics.aspx
The City of Calgary (2014). Suburban Residential Growth 2014-2018. Retrieved from
http://www.calgary.ca/PDA/LUPP/Pages/Geodemographics/Geodemographics.aspx
Winters, M., Frank, L., & van Loon, J. (2011). Walkability and Bikeability: What is the Link? Retrieved from
http://www.walk21.com/papers/608_Winters.pdf