CEVA T h i l & M k ti M It t i lAfi Z CEVA Technical ... Eng RB.pdf · Permet de réduire de...
Transcript of CEVA T h i l & M k ti M It t i lAfi Z CEVA Technical ... Eng RB.pdf · Permet de réduire de...
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ECFECFECFECF
Dr Reza BENTALEBCEVA T h i l & M k ti M I t t i l Af i Z
Dr Reza BENTALEB
CEVA Technical & Marketing Manager- Intertropical Africa Zone
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ticks
14-19 billions of dollars (Young et all 1998)important diseases vector
14 19 billions of dollars (Young et all., 1998)
80% of the cattles
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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Classification of ticks Embrencht : ARHTROPODESClasse :ARACHNIDES
Sous classe : ACARIENS
ordre
tickS = IXODIDA
Sous ordre
Nuttallielloides (1 espece)
IXODIDA ARGASINA
Nuttallielloidés
Nuttallielloides (1 espece)
Argasidés
Argasoides (167 especes)
Fam :
SuperFamNuttallielloidés
Ixodoides (643 especes) ArgasCarios
Argasinae
AlectorobiusAlveonasus
Ornithodorinae
S- Fam :
Ixodinae Eschatocephalinae
Ixodidés
HaemaphysalisAmblyomma
Ambyommidés
CariosOgadenus
AlveonasusAntricolaNothoaspisOrnthodorosOtobiusParantricola
Genre
Ixodes CeratixodesLepidixodesEschatocephalusScaphixodes
AmblyommaAponommaDermacentorAnocentorCosmiommaHyalomma
Subparmatus
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Pholeoixodesy
AnomalohimalayaRhipicephalusRhipicentorBoophilusMargaropus
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biologyCycle with differents durationCycle with differents duration
H I H II H III
Larve Nymphe femelle
larve nympheMale ou f ll W
femelle é
Larveengorgé
Nympheengorgé
femelle engorgé
larve nymphe femelle W engorgé
Monoxen Dixen Trixen obs2 to 8 weeks L
H1H1
H1
H13 to 10 days
N H2 Frenquently birds, reptiles…
Ad H2 H3 Mainly big mamalian
Dr Reza BENTALEB
Ad H2 H3 Mainly big mamalianCan be more than 1 year
Ad 5000 To 30000 eggs
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The periods of vectors activity on the hosts determine infections &
re-infections periods.
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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Climate
T°: dynamic factor T° limit per species•Min : pause winter
•Max : activity
Humidity : static factor •Microclimat levelHumidity : static factor Microclimat level•Size of the tick
•vegetation
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Climate
D J F M A M J Jt A S O N D J Fsub-equatorial/tropics
D J F M A M J Jt A S O N D J F
D J F M A M J Jt A S O N D J FIntermediate area
equatorial
D J F M A M J Jt A S O N D J Fequatorial
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Climate
humidity & la temperature control the activity of the ticks
Eurasie septentrionaleN D J F M A M J Jt A S O N D J F
Eurasie moyenneN D J F M A M J Jt A S O N D J F
Mediteranean zone
N D J F M A M J Jt A S O N D J F
Depend of species
N D J F M A M J Jt A S O N D J F1
Depend of species
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2
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Ticks pic activity
D J F M A M J Jt A S O N D J Fsub-equatorial/tropics
Intermediate areaD J F M A M J Jt A S O N D J F
Intermediate area
D J F M A M J Jt A S O N D J Fequatorial
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No saisonality, simultaneous generation
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Ticks control
Vegetation
climate Control host
species / area
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Control system
Strategic Tactic Traitement occasionnel :
Momentané sur les animaux parasités
Traitement différencié :
Nécessite une bonne connaissance
• Écologie
• Saison et dynamique des vecteurs
• Épidémiologie des maladies
Seulement les animaux qui présentent habituellement les plus hauts niveaux d’infestations
Traitement intensif et régulier :
transmises
Permet de réduire de manière raisonnée la population de tick ciblée
•Toute l’année
•Saisonnier
•Sur les zones à forte pression de maladie
Il vaut mieux avoir un plan de compagne annuel pour réduire la population de ticks, mieux que d’attendre
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l’apparition des foyers de maladies.
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Control using acaricides
species
Nearly all transmit diseases ECF is transmited by 3 species of ticks
(4 to 5 days on the animal only) Treatment every 2 to 3 weeks
Short interval or remanent product
The shortest interval between treatment are recomanded
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Cattle immunity
+
stable endemic situation
passive protection hight
ed ti
cks
Cases with endemic type
loss of passive protectionof
infe
cte
yp p
Critical endemique No passive protectionNom
ber o
situation No passive protection
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Eradication
Safe area in the meadle of infected one
« trap situation »« trap situation »
i iblimposible
&&
To avoid
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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Tick born diseasesPARASITE NOM GENERIQUE VECTEUR BOVINS PETIS RTS
BABESIFORMES BABESIIDES Babesia babesia ticks B.divergens, B.bovis B.ovis
Babesia piroplasma B.bigemina, B.major B.motasi
Babesia Achromaticus
THELERIIDES Theileria Th.mutans, th.annulata, Th.orientalis, Th.parva, Th.velifera
Th.ovis, Th.lestoquardi, Th.sergenti, Th.separata
DACTYLOSOMIDES Anthemosoma Phlebotom
ADELEIFORMES HEPATOZOON ticks
EIMERIIFORMES PLASMODIUM Culicides
FLAGELLES TRYPANOSOMA Glossines
Taons, puces, ticks
T. vivax, T.congolense, T.brucei, T.br.rhodesienceT.theileri
T. vivax, T.congolense, T.brucei, T.br.rhodesienceT.theodori, , p ,
Taons , Stomoxes, T.evansiT.melophagiumT.evansi
LEISHMANIA Phlébotome
RICKETTSIALES ANAPLASMATACEES Anaplasma ticks, taonsStomoxes
A.marginalesA.central
A.ovisA.mesaeterum
Eperythrozoon Anoplour ticks
Ep.wenyoniEp.teganodes, Eptuomii
Ep.ovis
Haemobartonella Anoplour Hb.bovis, Hb.sturmani
BARTONELLACES Bartonella Grahamella Phlébotome
C S C SRICKETTSIACES Rickettsia ticks Anoplour
R.conoriR.prowazekii
Coxiella ticksContage direct
Cx.burnetti Cx.burnetti
EHRLICHIACEES Cowdria ticks C.ruminatum C.ruminatum
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Ehrlichia E.pahgocytophilaE.bovis
E.pahgocytophilaE. ovis
CHLMIDYALES CHLAMYDIACES Chlamydia ticksContage direct
Chlamydia sp Chlamydia sp
SPIROCHAETALES Borrelia ticks, Anoplour B.theileri, B.burgdoferi B.theileri, B.burgdoferi
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
immunity
animaltype
Age
Biting Frequence (number)Transmission
Age
Exemple :
Most of the Theileria areruminants
infection infection of the ticks
ruminants parasites
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Maladie germs Vector Pathogeny Symptoms
Babesiose Babesia divergensBabesia bovis
I Ricinus, I persulcatusB microplus B annulatus
Perte d’élasticité des hématies
Choc par stase sanguine
Aiguë (4-5 jours) T°
Main diseases Photos : from Infectious diseases of live stock Edited by J.AW Coetzer G.R.Thomson R.C.Tustin
Babesia bovis B. microplus, B. annulatushyper coagulabilitéHémolyse + (secondaire)
gThromboseHemorragiesSignes nerveux
TSignes générauxSur-aiguë :T° très élevéeMort brutale sans autre sympsub aiguë : signes généraux
Babesiosepiroplasmose
Piroplasma bigeminaPiroplasma major
Boophilus (4 espèces) Hémolyse +++ Ictère importantHemoglobinurieNephritesplenomégalie
Aiguë (2-12jours) / sub aiguë (2-3sem)T°AnémieIctère francAmaigrissementDé h d t tiDéshydratationAnorexieMort (cas graves)
Theileriose East cost fever
Th.mutans, th.annulata, Th.orientalis, Th.parva, Th.velifera
Rhipicephalus sppHyalomma spp
Perturbation su système lymphocytaire
Adénite généraliséeImmunodepressionFoyers
Adénite généralisée+++Amaigrissement rapideAnorexie+++y p y
(hématies occasionnelle)
Foyers hémorragiques
Anorexie+++Abattement +++Anémie Pétéchies (muqueuses)Signes diegestifsNodules sous cutanéesMort en 4 5joursMort en 4-5jours
Anaplasmose RICKETTSIES genre anaplasma
Boophilus+++Stomoxes, taons
Phagocytose des hématies infectés Hémolyse faible
Anémie fébrile lente rarement suraiguëAcidose on compensé
En général subaiguë ou chroniqueT° élevée (durable)AmaigrissementMaladies intercurrentesPas d’ictère (parfois en phase de
Dr Reza BENTALEB
convalescence)
CowdrioseHeart water
Cowdria ruminatium Amblyomma (5 éspèces)A. variegatumA. hebraeumA. Gemma…
Nécrose du cortex cérébelleuxŒdème des gaines axonesLésions vasculaires
Gastro-enteritePéricardite exsudativeTroubles nerveux (parfois)
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EAST COST FEVER - CORRIDOR DISEASE
THEILERIOSESInfectious parasitic disease
Virulent
Inoculable non contagiousInoculable, non contagious
Domestic & wild ruminantDomestic & wild ruminant
Sporozoites = Theileria (rts Cn)Sporozoites = Theileria (rts, Cn)
Dr Reza BENTALEB
vector = ticks
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Arnold THEILER
Arnold Theiler(1867-1936),
vétérinaire suisse qui fit une brillante carrière en Afrique du Sudvétérinaire suisse qui fit une brillante carrière en Afrique du Sud. Il fut le premier directeur de l'Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, s'intéressa à
la piroplasmose du cheval dont il démontra la transmission par une tick, il découvrit l'agent de l'East African Coast Fever, Theileria parva (élu en 1920).
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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Pathogenic species in cattle
Sporozoites = Theileria
Th Mutans Th Barnetti Th
Theileria parva Theileria annulata
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus H l d d t i
Th. Mutans, Th. Barnetti, Th. Velifera, Th. Sergentis,
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
Austral side of africa (altitude above 1250m)
Rh. zambeziensis
Hyalomma d. detrium
Mediteranean areas
Hyalomma a. anatolicum
Asia central & occidentalsouth Tanzania, zambia, zimbabwe, botswanna,
namibie
Rh. duttoni
Asia central & occidental
Égypt , north of soudan, Pakistan, India, Sri-lanka,
China
AngolaÉrythree, Djibouti, Somalia*
Rh. duttoni
Angola
Dr Reza BENTALEB
*reduced population of H. anatolicum but no confirmation of presence of Th annulata
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Contamination
H I H II H III
Larve Nymph femelle
larve nymphMale ou femalle
Wfemelle
C b i f t t b t
++++Can be infectant but
as the quantity of blood is very low the rate of infection is
reduced
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Multiplication lymphocyte lymphoblaste
trophozoitessporozoites trophoblastessporozoites trophozoitessporozoites trophoblastes
…
schizont…4 days after feed
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feed
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…..
S hi t
macroschizont
Schizont
50 à 120Merozoites
initial Schizont final Schizont
Toxins releases by schizonts
Red Blood cellsnon infected
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cells Lymphocytes
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PATHOGENY et SYMPTOMS
Affect maily the lymphocyte systm
Theileria parva Theileria annulata
Lymphocyte T et B Lymphocyte B
& macrophages
hyperplastic lymph node
Destruction of non infected lymphocytes
2 to 3 weeks (incubation
period)
Drop of lymphocytes
Schizonts : 7X109
Dr Reza BENTALEBFever T° 41 – 42°c (106°F)
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hyperplastic lymph node
The first clinical sign of ECF is usually a swelling of the draining lymph node, usually the parotid, for the ear is the preferred feeding y p , y p , p gsite of the vector; this is followed by a generalised lymphadenopathy in which superficial lymph nodes such as the parotid, prescapular, and prefemoral lymph nodes, can easily be
Dr Reza BENTALEB
seen and palpated
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Other clinical signs
Fever • Fever ensues and continues throughout the course of infection; this rise in temperature is rapid and may
Adenopathy
; p p yreach 106°F (42°C)
• There is marked petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhage on most mucous membranes of the conjunctiva and the buccal cavity
Weight loss
Deh dratation
conjunctiva and the buccal cavity
• Anorexia develops, and loss of condition follows
• Other clinical signs may include lacrimation, corneal opacity nasal discharge terminal dyspnoea and
exhaustion-
Dehydratation opacity, nasal discharge, terminal dyspnoea, and diarrhoea
• Before death the animal is usually recumbent, the temperature falls, and there is a severe dyspnoea
anorexia p y p
due to pulmonary oedema that is frequently seen as a frothy nasal discharge
• Mortality in fully susceptible cattle can be nearly 100% Death
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100% Death
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Anemia
abortion
l iagalaxia
Petechial haemorrhages
li ti t bli l i
digestive & respiratory Signs
nervous : salivation, trembling, paralysis
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PRONOSTIC
Pathogenic ECF Benign ECF (occasionnelle)
Immunodepression affects the resistance
to ticks
(occasionnelle)
Longuer incubation
Low virulenceto ticks
The highest average abondance of ticks ison the non sick
cattles
peracute : Mortal
acute : with reservations (mortal if no treatment)acute : with reservations (mortal if no treatment)
Local species : + resistant
Dr Reza BENTALEB
After-effect (digestive, kidney, lung…)
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DIAGNOSTIC / EPIDEMIOLOGY
Clinic
General hyperplastic
Necrops
General hyperplastic
parasitologic
Presence of schyzonts
Serologic
Indirect Fluorescence & lymph node
Feverlymph node
Petechial haemorrhages
Necrotic lesions
in the lymphoblasts
Présence de merozoites in the RBC
(complement)
others metghods
(ie babesiosis)
Necrotic lesions
Digestives and lung lesions
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Differential diagnostisisECF Babesiosis Piroplasmosis Anaplasmosis Cowdriosis/heart
water
Fever ++++plateau
++plateau
++plateau
+inconstant
+/-
Icterus (haemolyse) -Final phase
++ +++Frenquently strong
- -
Anemia ++ ++ +++ ++++Anemia ++rapid
++ +++ ++++ -
haemoglobin - + ++ - -
Coagulation time - ++ ++ - -
General signs ++++ +++ +++ ++ +General signsIntense & rapid
General hyperplastic lymph node
++++ - - - -
digestives & respiratory Signs
+++ - - - ++digestivep y S g digestive
photosensitive - - ++ - -
Abortion et agalaxia +Précoce
+ + + -
N i + + +/ +Nervous signs + +Tooth grating,
agressivity
+/- + -
Pronostic : fatal ++ + +/- - -
lesions General hyperplastic l mph node
Hyperplastic spleen & li er
Hyperplastic spleen & li er icter s
thinness, hyperplastic kidne
Cerebral, necrosis, h dropericardi m
Dr Reza BENTALEB
lymph node
Petechial haemorrhages
Necrotic lesions
Digestives and lung lesions
spleen & liver, icterus,
intravascular coagulation
liver, icterus, intravascular coagulation
kidney hydropericardium, hydrothorax,
pulmonary oedema,
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ECF CONTROL
INTEGRATED STRATEGY
R d th ti k h ll b Reduce the ticks challenge by applying VECTOCID
Introduce immunization control merthods
Treat sick animals with BUTALINE
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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Vaccination Immunisation :
par des schizontes non atténués
par des schizontes atténués
Méthode de choix
Innocuité variable
Efficacité souvent démontrée par des schizontes atténués
par infection virulente contrôlé
par schizontes irradiés
Efficacité souvent démontrée
Chimio-immunisation
C bi i hi i +b t d ti k par sporozoites non atténués
par sporozoites irradiés
par antigènes des mérozoites
Combinaison chimio+broyat de ticks infectée
Chimio-immunisation
par antigènes moléculaires Combinaison chimio+broyat de ticks infectée
Recherches :
Vaccins recombinants
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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TICKS CONTROL
Dipping Spray
Dr Reza BENTALEBPour-On Foot bath
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CHEMOTHERAPY
OXYTETRACYCLIN 1975-1980
Control but no cure ImidocarbeCyclohexylotylnaphtoquinon
Parvaquone
Buparvaquone
HalofuginoneHalofuginone
Primaquine
Antifolates
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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BUTALINEBUTALINE®®BUTALINEBUTALINE®®
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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BUTALINEBUTALINE®®Treatment & prophylaxis of
East Cost Fever (ECF) / Theileriosis
Administration : intra-muscular route 1ml of BUTALINE® per 20kg
Adapted presentations40 ml & 20ml
Dr Reza BENTALEB
p gbodyweight.
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BUTALINEBUTALINE®®
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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BUTALINEBUTALINE®®
COMPOUND OF CHOICE
BUTALINE®is an injectable solution, the active ingredient is a
d ti h d hth i ithsecond-generation hydroxynaphthoquinone with features that make it a compound of choice for the therapy and prophylaxis of all forms of theileriosis
in cattle, sheep and goats.
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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INDICATIONS
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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BUTALINEBUTALINE®®C21H26O3
Mode of action
Inhibition of cytochroms b & c of the parasite y prespiratory chain
active against both stages :
Dr Reza BENTALEB
Schizontes et Merozoites
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BUTALINEBUTALINE®®
The most active SchizonticidThe most active Schizonticid
20 times more active than parvaquone
H lf lif t i l ( th 20 h ) thHalf-life twice as long (more than 20 hours) than parvaquone
The curative effect is 90% better against Th ParvaThe curative effect is 90% better against Th. Parva
It is active against both piroplasm and schizont stagesIt is active against both piroplasm and schizont stagesof theileria and may be used in the incubation stage ofthe disease or when the clinical signs are apparent.
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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Blood concentration
5
6
7
mic
ro g
/m
ParvaquoneHalf life :
Parvaquone = 11h
2
3
4
-con
cent
ratio
n m
Buparvaquone = 26h
0
1
2
0 0,5 0,7 0,8 1 1,5 2,5 3 4,2 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
plas
ma-
heures/hours
0,08
0,1
0,12
on m
icro
g/m
l Buparvaquone
0,02
0,04
0,06
asm
a-co
ncen
trat
io
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0
0 0,5 1 3 6 10 14 18 22 26 30
heures/hours
pla
Duration of the blood concentration after intramuscular injection in cattles
(Kinabo & al 1988)
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Efficacy
120 T, annulata macroschizontes
80
100
ortio
n of
cel
ls
izon
ts
T, parva macroschizontesT, annulata TrophozoitesT, parva sporozoites
40
60
duct
ion
in p
ropo
with
mac
rosc
h
0
20
1 2 4 24 48 96 168 336(h)
% o
f re
1 2 4 24 48 96 168 336
buparvaquone effect (%)T, annulata macroschizontes, T, parva macroschizontes, T, annulata Trophozoites, T, parva sporozoites
Dr Reza BENTALEB
(Wilkie & al 1998)
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QUALITY
Optimal quality guaranteed atOptimal quality guaranteed at all stagesBUTALINE® is prod ced b CEVA in o r GMPBUTALINE® is produced by CEVA in our GMP European Union approved
manufacturing site, guaranteeing excellent quality at all stagesall stages.
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
1ml of BUTALINE® per 20kg bodyweight.
A single treatment is usually sufficient
Re-treatment 48-72 hours following the initial injection mayb be given if necessary, particularly in severe cases.
Injection
I t l t l- Intramucular route only
- Avoid the neck for draught animals
- Respect the fundamental rules of safep
and clean injection
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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PRECAUTIONS
BUTALINE® must not be given by intravenous or subcutaneous routes. In case it is necessary to inject a large volume, it is recommended to divide the total dose and inject in two separate sites.
WITHDRAWAL PERIOD
• Meat and offal: 42 days.
• Milk: 48 hours (for human consumption).
SIDE EFFECTS : When used as directed, no side effects are observed.
STORAGE CONDITIONS : Store below 25°C, Protected from light in its original packaging.
Dr Reza BENTALEB
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Dr Reza BENTALEB
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