Cervical Cancer. Dr. Swapna Chaudhary M.S. (MUM) Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist Infertility...
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Transcript of Cervical Cancer. Dr. Swapna Chaudhary M.S. (MUM) Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist Infertility...
![Page 1: Cervical Cancer. Dr. Swapna Chaudhary M.S. (MUM) Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist Infertility Specialist.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cc25503460f9498a742/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cervical Cancer
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Cervical Cancer
Dr. Swapna Chaudhary M.S. (MUM)
Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist
Infertility Specialist
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Cervix
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Cervix
• Cervix constitutes lower 1/3rd of uterus
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Epidemiology
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Epidemiology
• 5 lac new cases / year around world
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Epidemiology
• 5 lac new cases / year around world• 80% in developing countries
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Epidemiology
• 5 lac new cases / year around world• 80% in developing countries• Commonest gynecological malignancy in
India
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Epidemiology
• 5 lac new cases / year around world• 80% in developing countries• Commonest gynecological malignancy in
India• 2nd is breast cancer
![Page 10: Cervical Cancer. Dr. Swapna Chaudhary M.S. (MUM) Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist Infertility Specialist.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cc25503460f9498a742/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Risk Factors / Causes
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Risk Factors / Causes
• Multiple sexual partners (> 1)
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Risk Factors / Causes
• Multiple sexual partners (> 1)• Young age at marriage / first intercourse
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Risk Factors / Causes
• Multiple sexual partners (> 1)• Young age at marriage / first intercourse • Early childbearing / Multiparity
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Risk Factors / Causes
• Multiple sexual partners (> 1)• Young age at marriage / first intercourse • Early childbearing / Multiparity• Prior STDs (HSV II, genital warts, vaginal infections)
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Risk Factors / Causes
• Multiple sexual partners (> 1)• Young age at marriage / first intercourse • Early childbearing / Multiparity• Prior STDs (HSV II, genital warts, vaginal infections)• Cigarette Smoking
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Risk Factors / Causes
• Multiple sexual partners (> 1)• Young age at marriage / first intercourse • Early childbearing / Multiparity• Prior STDs (HSV II, genital warts, vaginal infections)• Cigarette Smoking• Immunodeficiency
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Risk Factors / Causes
• Multiple sexual partners (> 1)• Young age at marriage / first intercourse • Early childbearing / Multiparity• Prior STDs (HSV II, genital warts, vaginal infections)• Cigarette Smoking• Immunodeficiency• Human Papiloma Virus (HPV) – transforms normal cell
into malignant cells
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Age Groups
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Age Groups
• Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) 35 years
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Age Groups
• Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) 35 years• Invasive Cervical Cancer 45 - 55
years
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Symptoms
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Symptoms
• CIN (dysplasia): Asymptomatic
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Symptoms
• CIN (dysplasia): Asymptomatic• Invasive Cancer
1. No classic presentation
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Symptoms
• CIN (dysplasia): Asymptomatic• Invasive Cancer
1. No classic presentation
2. Abnormal bleeding -- intercycle
-- post coital
-- post menopausal
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Symptoms
• CIN (dysplasia): Asymptomatic• Invasive Cancer
1. No classic presentation
2. Abnormal bleeding -- intercycle
-- post coital
-- post menopausal
3. Foul smelling vaginal discharge
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4. Chronic backache / pelvic pain
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4. Chronic backache / pelvic pain
5. Late sign -- weight loss
-- mild fever
-- anemia
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Dysplasia / CIN
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Dysplasia / CIN• Precancerous stage
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Dysplasia / CIN• Precancerous stage• First series of changes leading to cancer
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Dysplasia / CIN• Precancerous stage• First series of changes leading to cancer• Age of presentation – 35 yrs
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Dysplasia / CIN• Precancerous stage• First series of changes leading to cancer• Age of presentation – 35 yrs
CIN
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Dysplasia / CIN• Precancerous stage• First series of changes leading to cancer• Age of presentation – 35 yrs
CIN
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Dysplasia / CIN• Precancerous stage• First series of changes leading to cancer• Age of presentation – 35 yrs
CIN
I mild
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Dysplasia / CIN• Precancerous stage• First series of changes leading to cancer• Age of presentation – 35 yrs
CIN
I II mild mod
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Dysplasia / CIN• Precancerous stage• First series of changes leading to cancer• Age of presentation – 35 yrs
CIN
I II III mild mod severe
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• 25 % patients progress from CIN 1 to CIN 3 in 2 yrs
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• 25 % patients progress from CIN 1 to CIN 3 in 2 yrs
• 40 % patients of CIN 3 progress to Cancer over 10 – 15 yrs.
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Pap Smears
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Pap Smears
• Non invasive OPD procedure
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Pap Smears
• Non invasive OPD procedure• No pain / no discomfort
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Pap Smears
• Non invasive OPD procedure• No pain / no discomfort• No anesthesia required
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When to Get Pap Smears
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When to Get Pap Smears• ACOG Recommendations
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When to Get Pap Smears• ACOG Recommendations
– 1st Pap Smear at age when patient becomes sexually active (or by age 18)
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When to Get Pap Smears• ACOG Recommendations
– 1st Pap Smear at age when patient becomes sexually active (or by age 18)
– Yearly pap smears thereafter
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When to Get Pap Smears• ACOG Recommendations
– 1st Pap Smear at age when patient becomes sexually active (or by age 18)
– Yearly pap smears thereafter• Others contend that monogamous women
with no history of abnormal pap smears can have them done every 3 years
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When to Get Pap Smears• ACOG Recommendations
– 1st Pap Smear at age when patient becomes sexually active (or by age 18)
– Yearly pap smears thereafter• Others contend that monogamous women
with no history of abnormal pap smears can have them done every 3 years
• After 40 – yrly pap test for 3 yrs – if normal then 3 yrly.
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• Routine screening can stop at age of 60 yrs provided….
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• Routine screening can stop at age of 60 yrs provided
1.Previous 2 normal smears
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• Routine screening can stop at age of 60 yrs provided
1.Previous 2 normal smears
2.No abnormal smear in last 10 yrs
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• Routine screening can stop at age of 60 yrs provided
1.Previous 2 normal smears
2.No abnormal smear in last 10 yrs• Routine screening not required for
patients who had hysterectomy for benign disease (eg. Fibroid)
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Performing Pap Smear
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Performing Pap Smear
• Cervix visualised – superficial layer of cells in cervical canal taken on a spatula or swab stick – spread on a slide, fixed and stained with Papanicolou stain – examined under mircoscope
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Performing Pap Smear
• Cervix visualised – superficial layer of cells in cervical canal taken on a spatula or swab stick – spread on a slide, fixed and stained with Papanicolou stain – examined under mircoscope
• If abnormal cells seen – patient referred for biopsy
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Evaluating the Pap Smear
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Evaluating the Pap Smear
• First, the smear is evaluated for adequacy of sample
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Evaluating the Pap Smear
• First, the smear is evaluated for adequacy of sample
• Secondly the sample is categorized as “normal” or “other”
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Evaluating the Pap Smear
• First, the smear is evaluated for adequacy of sample
• Secondly the sample is categorized as “normal” or “other”
• Lastly, all sample categorized as “other” are further specified as infection, inflammation, CIN or Cancer suspect
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Evaluating the Pap Smear
• First, the smear is evaluated for adequacy of sample
• Secondly the sample is categorized as “normal” or “other”
• Lastly, all sample categorized as “other” are further specified as infection, inflammation, CIN or Cancer suspect (biopsy confirmation).
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What to Inform Patients Prior to Obtaining Pap Smear
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What to Inform Patients Prior to Obtaining Pap Smear
• No douching or usage of vaginal medications, lubricants, or spermicides within 2-3 days of exam (these products may hide abnormal cells)
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What to Inform Patients Prior to Obtaining Pap Smear
• No douching or usage of vaginal medications, lubricants, or spermicides within 2-3 days of exam (these products may hide abnormal cells)
• Schedule Pap Smear between days 12-16 of menstrual cycle, if possible
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What to Inform Patients Prior to Obtaining Pap Smear
• No douching or usage of vaginal medications, lubricants, or spermicides within 2-3 days of exam (these products may hide abnormal cells)
• Schedule Pap Smear between days 12-16 of menstrual cycle, if possible
• Abstain from intercourse 1-2 days prior to smear
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Improving Access to Pap Smears
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Improving Access to Pap Smears
• 50% of patients who die of cervical cancer have never had a Pap Smear
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Improving Access to Pap Smears
• 50% of patients who die of cervical cancer have never had a Pap Smear
• Uninsured, older patients and those who live in rural areas have limited access to Pap Smears
![Page 68: Cervical Cancer. Dr. Swapna Chaudhary M.S. (MUM) Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist Infertility Specialist.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cc25503460f9498a742/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Improving Access to Pap Smears
• 50% of patients who die of cervical cancer have never had a Pap Smear
• Uninsured, older patients and those who live in rural areas have limited access to Pap Smears
• These groups must be targeted to reduce rates of cervical cancer.
![Page 69: Cervical Cancer. Dr. Swapna Chaudhary M.S. (MUM) Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist Infertility Specialist.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110320/56649cc25503460f9498a742/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Treatment
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Treatment
• Surgery for early stage 1
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Treatment
• Surgery for early stage 1• Stage 2 onwards radiotherapy and / or
surgery
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Prognosis
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Prognosis
• CIN cure rate 95 – 100%
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Prognosis
• CIN cure rate 95 – 100%• Stage 1 – after treatment – 5 yr survival
80%
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Prognosis
• CIN cure rate 95 – 100%• Stage 1 – after treatment – 5 yr survival
80%• Decreased to 14 % for Stage 4
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Thank you