Ceragon-IP10E CLH ANSI Product Description

Copyright 2011 by Ceragon Networks Ltd. All rights reserved.

FibeAir IP-10 E-Series

Compact Long Haul

Product Description

Standard Version: ANSI

Software Version: I6.7

Hardware Versions: R2 & R3

Document Revision: 1.0

March 2011

FibeAir IP-10 E-Series Compact Long Haul ANSI Version Product Description

Ceragon Proprietary and Confidential Page 2 of 108

Notice This document contains information that is proprietary to Ceragon Networks Ltd. No part of this publication may be reproduced, modified, or distributed without prior written authorization of Ceragon Networks Ltd. This document is provided as is, without warranty of any kind.

Registered TradeMarks Ceragon Networks is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. FibeAir is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. CeraView is a registered trademark of Ceragon Networks Ltd. Other names mentioned in this publication are owned by their respective holders.

TradeMarks CeraMap, PolyView, EncryptAir, ConfigAir, MicroWave Fiber, and CeraBuild are trademarks of Ceragon Networks Ltd. Other names mentioned in this publication are owned by their respective holders.

Statement of Conditions The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Ceragon Networks Ltd. shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damage in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this document or equipment supplied with it.

Open Source Statement The Product may use open source software, among them O/S software released under the GPL or GPL alike license ("GPL License"). Inasmuch that such software is being used, it is released under the GPL License, accordingly. Some software might have changed. The complete list of the software being used in this product including their respective license and the aforementioned public available changes is accessible on http://ne-open-source.licensesystem.com/.

Information to User Any changes or modifications of equipment not expressly approved by the manufacturer could void the users authority to operate the equipment and the warranty for such equipment.

Revision History

Rev Date Author Description Approved by

1.0 March 2011 Reuven Ginat Describes the FibeAir IP-10E CLH Compact

Long Haul System and its Components

Product Management



Table of Contents

1. About This Guide .............................................................................................. 7

2. What You Should Know ................................................................................... 7

3. Target Audience ............................................................................................... 7

4. Related Documents .......................................................................................... 7

5. Section Summary ............................................................................................. 8

6. Product Overview ............................................................................................. 9

6.1 IP-10E CLH Applications.............................................................................................. 11 6.1.1 Mobile Backhaul ........................................................................................................... 11 6.1.2 Private Networks .......................................................................................................... 11 6.1.3 Converged/Fixed Networks .......................................................................................... 11

6.2 IP-10E CLH Highlights ................................................................................................. 12 6.2.1 Best Utilization of Spectrum Assets ............................................................................. 12 6.2.2 Spectral Efficiency ........................................................................................................ 12 6.2.3 Radio Link .................................................................................................................... 12 6.2.4 Wireless Network ......................................................................................................... 13 6.2.5 Scalability ..................................................................................................................... 13 6.2.6 Availability .................................................................................................................... 13 6.2.7 Network Level Optimization ......................................................................................... 14 6.2.8 Network Management .................................................................................................. 14 6.2.9 Power Saving Mode High Power Radio ....................................................................... 14

6.3 Hardware Description ................................................................................................... 15 6.3.1 Dimensions and Voltage Rating ................................................................................... 15 6.3.2 Front Panel Interfaces .................................................................................................. 16 6.3.3 Available Assembly Options ........................................................................................ 17 6.3.4 RFU .............................................................................................................................. 17

6.4 IP-10E CLH Benefits .................................................................................................... 18

6.5 Licensing ...................................................................................................................... 19

6.6 Radio Configuration Options ........................................................................................ 21

6.7 Feature Overview ......................................................................................................... 22 6.7.1 General Features ......................................................................................................... 22 6.7.2 Capacity-Related Features .......................................................................................... 22 6.7.3 Ethernet Features ........................................................................................................ 23 6.7.4 Synchronization Features ............................................................................................ 23 6.7.5 Security Features ......................................................................................................... 24 6.7.6 Management Features ................................................................................................. 24

7. Functional Description ................................................................................... 26

7.1 Functional Overview ..................................................................................................... 27

7.2 IDU Interfaces .............................................................................................................. 28 7.2.1 Ethernet Interfaces ....................................................................................................... 28 7.2.2 Additional Interfaces ..................................................................................................... 29 7.2.3 Power Options .............................................................................................................. 29



7.3 Nodal Configuration ..................................................................................................... 30 7.3.1 Nodal Configuration Benefits ....................................................................................... 30 7.3.2 IP-10E CLH Nodal Design ........................................................................................... 30 7.3.3 Nodal Enclosure Design............................................................................................... 31 7.3.4 Nodal Management ...................................................................................................... 32 7.3.5 Centralized System Features ....................................................................................... 33 7.3.6 Ethernet Connectivity in Nodal Configurations ............................................................ 33

7.4 Protection Options ........................................................................................................ 34

8. Main Features ................................................................................................. 35

8.1 Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) ...................................................................... 36 8.1.1 Hitless and Errorless Step-by-Step Adjustments ......................................................... 36 8.1.2 ACM Benefits ............................................................................................................... 37 8.1.3 ACM and Built-In Quality of Service ............................................................................. 38 8.1.4 ACM with Adaptive Transmit Power ............................................................................ 38 8.1.5 Multi-Radio with ACM Support ..................................................................................... 39

8.2 XPIC Support ............................................................................................................... 40 8.2.1 XPIC Benefits ............................................................................................................... 40 8.2.2 XPIC Implementation ................................................................................................... 41 8.2.3 XPIC and Multi-Radio ................................................................................................... 42

8.3 Space Diversity ............................................................................................................ 43 8.3.1 Baseband Switching (BBS) .......................................................................................... 44

8.4 LTE-Ready Latency ..................................................................................................... 45 8.4.1 Benefits of IP-10E CLHs Top-of-the-Line Low Latency .............................................. 45

8.5 Carrier Grade Ethernet................................................................................................. 46 8.5.1 Carrier Ethernet Service Types .................................................................................... 47 8.5.2 Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) ....................................................................................... 48 8.5.3 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH ........................................................ 49 8.5.4 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH - Node Failure ................................ 49

8.6 Ethernet Switching ....................................................................................................... 51 8.6.1 Smart Pipe Mode ......................................................................................................... 51 8.6.2 Managed Switch Mode................................................................................................. 52 8.6.3 Metro Switch Mode ...................................................................................................... 52

8.7 Integrated QoS Support ............................................................................................... 53 8.7.1 QoS Overview .............................................................................................................. 53 8.7.2 IP-10E CLH Standard QoS .......................................................................................... 54 8.7.3 QoS Traffic Flow in Smart Pipe Mode .......................................................................... 54 8.7.4 QoS Traffic Flow in Managed Switch and Metro Switch Mode .................................... 55 8.7.5 Enhanced QoS ............................................................................................................. 55 8.7.6 Weighted Random Early Detection .............................................................................. 56 8.7.7 Standard and Enhanced QoS Comparison.................................................................. 58 8.7.8 Enhanced QoS Benefits ............................................................................................... 58

8.8 Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support ....................................................................... 59 8.8.1 RSTP ............................................................................................................................ 59 8.8.2 Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-Optimized RSTP ........................................................ 59 8.8.3 Ring-Optimized RSTP Limitations ............................................................................... 60 8.8.4 Basic IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring Topology Examples ..................... 61

8.8.4.1 IP-10E CLH Wireless Carrier Ethernet Ring with Dual-Homing .............................. 61



8.9 Synchronization Support .............................................................................................. 62 8.9.1 Wireless IP Synchronization Challenges ..................................................................... 62 8.9.2 Precision Timing-Protocol (PTP) .................................................................................. 62 8.9.3 Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) .................................................................................... 63 8.9.4 IP-10E CLH Synchronization Solution ......................................................................... 63 8.9.5 Synchronization Using Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) Optimized Transport ........... 64 8.9.6 Native Sync Distribution Mode ..................................................................................... 65 8.9.7 SyncE Regenerator Mode ......................................................................................... 66

9. RFU-A Description .......................................................................................... 67

9.1 RFU-A References & Standards .................................................................................. 67

9.2 RFU-A Overview .......................................................................................................... 68 9.2.1 The Complete Solution................................................................................................. 68 9.2.2 Main Features .............................................................................................................. 69

9.3 Frequency Bands ......................................................................................................... 71

9.4 RFU-A System Components ........................................................................................ 73

9.5 System Configurations ................................................................................................. 76 9.5.1 Space Diversity ............................................................................................................ 76 9.5.2 System Configuration Table ......................................................................................... 77 9.5.3 Basic Configuration Electrical Charts ........................................................................... 80

9.6 RFU-A Upgrading ......................................................................................................... 81

9.7 RFU-A Extension/Expansion ....................................................................................... 81

9.8 RFU-A Mounting .......................................................................................................... 82

9.9 RFU-A Specifications ................................................................................................... 84 9.9.1 Branching Losses ......................................................................................................... 84 9.9.2 Waveguide Flange ....................................................................................................... 84 9.9.3 Physical Dimensions .................................................................................................... 84

10. Typical Configurations ................................................................................... 85

10.1 Configuration Options Table ........................................................................................ 85

10.2 Illustrated Configuration Options .................................................................................. 86

11. Management Overview ................................................................................... 90

11.1 PolyView End-To-End Network Management System ................................................ 91 11.1.1 PolyView Advantages .................................................................................................. 92 11.1.2 PolyView Supported Features ..................................................................................... 92

11.1.2.1 General Features ........................................................................................................................... 92

11.1.2.2 Faults .................................................................................................................................................. 92

11.1.2.3 Configuration .................................................................................................................................. 92

11.1.2.4 Security .............................................................................................................................................. 93

11.1.2.5 Database ............................................................................................................................................ 93

11.1.2.6 Performance .................................................................................................................................... 93

11.1.3 PolyView Functionality ................................................................................................. 93

11.2 Web-Based Element Management System (Web EMS) ............................................. 95



11.3 CeraBuild ..................................................................................................................... 95

11.4 End to End Multi-Layer OAM ....................................................................................... 96 11.4.1 Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) ....................................................................... 96 11.4.2 Ethernet Statistics (RMON) .......................................................................................... 97

11.4.2.1 Ingress Line Receive Statistics ................................................................................................ 97

11.4.2.2 Ingress Radio Transmit Statistics .......................................................................................... 97

11.4.2.3 Egress Radio Receive Statistics ............................................................................................... 98

11.4.2.4 Egress Line Transmit Statistics............................................................................................... 98

12. Specifications ................................................................................................. 99

12.1 General Specifications ................................................................................................. 99

12.2 RFU Support ................................................................................................................ 99

12.3 Radio Capacity ........................................................................................................... 100 12.3.1 10 MHz ....................................................................................................................... 100 12.3.2 30 MHz ....................................................................................................................... 100 12.3.3 40 MHz ....................................................................................................................... 101 12.3.4 Transmit Power (dBm)................................................................................................ 101

12.4 Ethernet Latency Specifications ................................................................................. 102 12.4.1 Latency - 10 MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................................... 102 12.4.2 Latency - 20 MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................................... 102 12.4.3 Latency - 30 MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................................... 103 12.4.4 Latency - 40 MHz Channel Bandwidth ....................................................................... 103

12.5 Interface Specifications .............................................................................................. 104 12.5.1 Ethernet Interface Specifications ............................................................................... 104

12.6 Carrier Ethernet Functionality .................................................................................... 104

12.7 Network Management, Diagnostics, Status, and Alarms ........................................... 106

12.8 Mechanical Specifications .......................................................................................... 107

12.9 Standard compliance ................................................................................................. 107

12.10 Environmental ............................................................................................................ 107

12.11 Power Input Specifications ......................................................................................... 108

12.12 Power Consumption Specifications ........................................................................... 108



1. About This Guide

This document describes the main features, components, and specifications of the FibeAir IP-10 E-Series Compact Long Haul (IP-10E CLH ) high capacity IP network solution. This document also describes a number of typical IP-10E CLH configuration options. This document applies to hardware version R3 and software version I6.7.

2. What You Should Know

This document is written for users in North America, and describes applicable standards (ANSI, FCC) for North American users. An ETSI version of this document is also available.

3. Target Audience

This manual is intended for use by Ceragon customers, potential customers, and business partners. The purpose of this manual is to provide basic information about the IP-10E CLH for use in system planning, and determining which IP-10E CLH configuration is best suited for a specific network.

4. Related Documents FibeAir IP-10 License Management System, DOC-00019183 Rev a.03

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Web Based Management User Guide, DOC-00018688 Rev. a.17

FibeAir CeraBuild Commission Reports Guide, DOC-00028133 Rev a.02

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Compact Long Haul Product Description, ANSI

FibeAir IP-10 G-Series Compact Long Haul Product Description, ETSI

FibeAir IP-10 E-Series Compact Long Haul Product Description, ETSI

FibeAir Compact Long Haul Installation Guide, DOC-00028775 Rev. a.00



5. Section Summary

This Product Description includes the following sections:

Section Summary

Section Summary of Contents

Product Overview Provides an overview of the FibeAir IP-10E CLH, including basic information about IP-

10E CLH and its features, a description of some common applications in which IP-10E

CLH is used, a description of the hardware and interfaces, and an explanation of the

licensing process for certain features.

Functional Description Includes a functional block diagram of IP-10E CLH, and describes the main

components and interfaces, including detailed descriptions of the nodal configuration

option, and protected configuration options.

Main Features Provides detailed descriptions of the IP-10E CLH main features.

RFU-A Description Describes the Radio Frequency Unit (RFU) used in the system.

Typical Configurations Provides diagrams of several typical IP-10E CLH configurations.

Management Overview Provides an overview of the Ceragon applications used to manage the system,

including the PolyView Network Management System (NMS), the Web-Based

Element Management System (Web EMS), and the CeraBuild maintenance and

provisioning application, and describes the end to end multi-layer OAM functionality.

Specifications Lists the IP-10E CLH specifications, including general specifications, radio capacity, interface, power, mechanical, and other specifications.



6. Product Overview

FibeAir IP-10E CLH (Compact Long Haul) is a reliable and cost-effective all-indoor wireless Ethernet backhaul product designed for high capacity, long distance applications. IP-10E CLH has a compact design and ultra-low power consumption that makes it an ideal fit for network deployments that require a small footprint.

Designed uniquely for the North American market, IP-10E CLH enables operators to deploy high capacity, long haul microwave systems in locations where rack space and shelter real-estate are limited. With its compact design, a 1+1 Hot Standby (HSB) radio configuration requires only three rack units (RUs), while offering exceptionally high transmit power. IP-10E CLH supports configurations of 1+0, 1+1, 2+0, and 2+2.

Lowering costs further, the systems ultra-high power transmitter transmits the highest power in the industry, and can reach longer distances using smaller antennas. To ensure that power is not wasted, IP-10E CLH employs an innovative built-in Power Consumption Saving (Green Mode) mechanism, which results in power savings of up to 30%. Green Mode enables the deployment of smaller antennas, and reduces the need for repeater stations. In addition, installation labor cost and electricity consumption are reduced, achieving an overall diminished carbon footprint.

IP-10E CLH covers the entire licensed frequency spectrum with the addition of the unlicensed 5.8 GHz band, and offers capacity of up to 370 Mbps over a single radio carrier (40 MHz channel, with MAC header compression, up to 740 Mbps with XPIC enabled), using a single Radio Frequency Unit (RFU). By enabling more capacity, at lower latencies, to any location, with proper traffic management mechanisms and an optional downstream boost, IP-10E CLH is built to enhance end user Quality of Experience.

Support for the 5.8 GHz unlicensed band is a special feature of IP-10E CLH. Usage of the unlicensed band enables rapid deployment of radios that can be migrated to the licensed 6 GHz band in the future. The unlicensed band also ensures economically efficient system usage, since common hardware platforms can be shared between the unlicensed and licensed systems. The same antennas can be used after migration from 5.8 GHz to 6.2 GHz.

IP-10E CLH offers advanced Ethernet networking functionality, best-in-class microwave radio performance, and risk-free cost-effective IP/Ethernet network building.

FibeAir IP-10E CLH includes a powerful, integrated Ethernet switch for advanced networking functionality. With advanced service management and Operation Administration & Maintenance (OA&M) tools, IP-10E CLH simplifies network design, reduces CAPEX and OPEX and improves overall network availability and reliability to support services with stringent SLA.



IP-10E CLH is an exceptionally modular, expandable, and flexible system designed for a wide range of capacity, protection, and diversity scenarios. The system easily scales from 1+0 or 1+1 to 2+0, and 2+2 configurations. Additional functionality and capacity can be enabled via license keys while using the same hardware.

Highlights of IP-10E CLH include:

Risk-Free Solution

Energy Efficient

Uniquely small footprint of 2-3 rack increments for 1+0/1+1 configurations

Highest Possible Capacity and Efficiency at any Channel Bandwidth

Can operate in the unlicensed frequency of 5.8 GHz

Robust Redundant Design

Advanced Radio Features

Simplified Network Design and Maintenance, Reducing Capex and Opex

Optimized for Todays Deployments without Compromising Upgradeability



6.1 IP-10E CLH Applications

This section describes some of the most common applications for which the IP-10E CLH is used.

6.1.1 Mobile Backhaul

For Cellular Networks, IP-10E CLH supports native Ethernet for cellular backhaul networks. IP-10E CLH provides maximum performance and resource utilization via spectrum efficiency, and carrier grade reliability and resiliency through advanced protection schemes.

6.1.2 Private Networks

IP-10E CLH enables government agencies, enterprises and utilities of all kinds to rapidly deploy a cost effective, self-owned private network. Meeting the utmost service availability requirements, IP-10E CLH delivers high capacity wherever it is needed. IP-10E CLH is available in easy split-mount or all-indoor installations.

6.1.3 Converged/Fixed Networks

IP-10E CLH delivers integrated high speed data, video and voice traffic in the most optimum and cost-effective manner. Operators can build an ultra-high capacity converged network to support multiple types of services utilizing IP-10E CLH scalable capacity.



6.2 IP-10E CLH Highlights

The following are just some of the highlights of IP-10E CLH .

6.2.1 Best Utilization of Spectrum Assets

IP-10E CLH provides efficiencies at three levels - spectral efficiency, radio link, and wireless network. By combing superior radio performance, advanced compression, and an end-to-end holistic approach for capacity, operators may effectively provides up to five times more traffic to their users. In other words, IP-10E CLH enables more revenue generating subscribers in a given RAN.

6.2.2 Spectral Efficiency

IP-10E CLH provides unrivaled spectral efficiency in a given spectrum channel by optimizing capacity of a link using adaptive coding and modulation techniques. In addition, IP-10E CLHs intelligent Ethernet and payload compression mechanisms improves effective Ethernet throughput by up to 5 fold without affecting user traffic.

6.2.3 Radio Link

Latency IP-10E CLH boasts ultra-low latency features that are essential for 3G and LTE deployments. With low latency, IP-10E CLH enables links to cascade further away from the fiber PoP, allowing wider coverage in a given network cluster. Ultra-low latency also translates into longer radio chains, broader radio rings, and shorter recovery times. Moreover, maintaining low packet delay variation ensures proper synchronization propagation across the network.

System Gain IP-10E CLHs unrivalled system gain provides higher link availability, smaller antennas, and longer link spans. IP-10E CLH provides higher overall capacity while maintaining critical and real-time traffic saving both on operational and capital expenditures by using smaller antennas for given link budget.



Power Adaptive ACM IP-10E CLH sets the industry standard for Advanced Adaptive Code and Modulation (ACM), increasing network capacity over an existing infrastructure while reducing sensitivity to environmental interferences. In addition, IP-10E CLH provides a unique technological combination of ACM with Adaptive Power to ensure high availability and unmatched link utilization.

6.2.4 Wireless Network

Enhanced QoS IP-10E CLH enables operators to deploy differentiated services with stringent service level agreements while maximizing the utilization of network resources. IP-10E CLH enables granular CoS classification and traffic management, network utilization monitoring, and enables support of EIR traffic without affecting CIR traffic. Enhanced QoS enables traffic shaping per queue and port in order to limit and control packet bursts, and improves the utilization of TCP flows using WRED protocols.

OA&M With advanced service management and Operation Administration & Maintenance (OA&M) tools, IP-10E CLH simplifies network design, reduces operational and capital expenditures, and improves overall network availability and reliability to support services with stringent SLA.

6.2.5 Scalability

IP-10E CLH is a scalable solution that is based on a common hardware that supports any channel size, modulation scheme, capacity, network topology, and configuration. Scalability and hardware efficiency simplify logistics and allow for commonality of spare parts. A common hardware platform enables customers to upgrade the feature set as the need arises - Pay As You Grow - without requiring hardware replacement.

6.2.6 Availability

MTBF. IP-10E CLH provides an unrivaled reliability benchmark, with radio MTBF exceeding 112 years, and average annual return rate around 1%. Our radios are designed in-house and employ cutting-edge technology with unmatched production yield, and a mature installed-base exceeding 100,000 radios. In addition, advanced radio features such as multi-radio and cross polarization achieves 100% utilization of radio resources by load balancing based on instantaneous capacity per carrier. Important resulting advantages are reduction in capital expenditures due to less spare parts required for roll-out, and reduction in operating expenditures, as maintenance and troubleshooting occurrence is infrequent.



ACM Adaptive Modulation has a remarkable synergy with IP-10E CLHs built-in Layer 2 Quality of Service mechanism. Since QoS provides priority support for different classes of service, according to a wide range of criteria, it is possible to configure the system to discard only low priority packets as conditions deteriorate. Adaptive Power and Adaptive Coding & Modulation provides maximum availability and spectral efficiency in any deployment scenario.

6.2.7 Network Level Optimization

IP-10E CLH optimizes overall network performance, scalability, resilience, and survivability by using hot-standby configuration with no single point of failure. In addition, ring and mesh deployments increase resiliency with standard xSTP as well as with a proprietary enhancement to the industry standard RSTP, resulting in faster recovery time. IP-10E CLH helps create a more robust network, with minimum downtime and maximum service grade, ensuring better user experience, better immunity to failures, lower churn, and reduced expenditures.

6.2.8 Network Management

IP-10E CLH provides state-of-the-art management based on SNMP and HTTP. Ceragons network management system offers best-in-class end-to-end Ethernet service management, network monitoring, and NMS survivability by using advanced OAM. PolyView, Ceragons network management solution, provides simplified network provisioning, configuration error prevention, monitoring, and troubleshooting tools that ensure better user experience, minimal network downtime and reduced expenditures on network level maintenance.

6.2.9 Power Saving Mode High Power Radio

IP-10E CLH offers an optional ultra-high power radio solution that transmits the highest power in the industry, while employing an innovative "Power Saving Mode" that saves up to 30% power consumption. "Power Saving Mode" enables the deployment of smaller antennas, and reduces the need for repeater stations. Moreover, installation labor cost and electricity consumption are reduced, achieving an overall diminished carbon footprint.



6.3 Hardware Description

FibeAir IP-10E CLH features a compact all-indoor architecture consisting of an Indoor Unit (IDU) and a Radio Frequency Unit (RFU). For more information about the RFU, see RFU-A Description on page 67.

6.3.1 Dimensions and Voltage Rating

This section sets forth basic system specifications. For a more extensive description of IP-10E CLHs specifications, refer to Mechanical Specifications on page 107 and



Power Input Specifications on page 108.

Dimensions

Height: 1.68" (1RU)

Width: 19"

Depth: 7.4"

DC input voltage nominal rating: -48V

6.3.2 Front Panel Interfaces

This section describes the IP-10E CLHs main interfaces. For a fuller description of the IP-10E CLHs interfaces, refer to IDU Interfaces on page 28.

IP-10E CLH Front Panel and Interfaces

IP-10 E-Series Front Panel with Dual Feed Power

Main Interfaces:

5 x 10/100Base-T

2 x GbE combo ports: 10/100/1000Base-T or SFP 1000Base-X

RFU interface: N-type connector

Additional Interfaces:

Terminal console

External alarms (4 inputs & 1 output)



PROT: Ethernet protection control interface (for 1+1 HSB mode support)

In addition, each of the FE interfaces can be configured to support an alternate mode of operation:

MGT: Ethernet out-of-band management (up to 3 interfaces)

WS: Ethernet wayside

6.3.3 Available Assembly Options

With or without XPIC support

With or without dual-feed power option

6.3.4 RFU

IP-10E CLH is based on the latest Ceragon technology, and is installed together with Ceragons RFU-A.

The RFU supports multiple capacities, frequencies, modulation schemes, and configurations for various network requirements. It operates in the frequency range of 5.8 GHz (unlicensed) and 6-11 GHz, and supports capacities of from 10 Mbps to 500 Mbps.

For more detailed information about the RFU, refer to RFU-A Description on page 67.



6.4 IP-10E CLH Benefits

IP-10E CLH has many advantages that cover the many aspects of flexible and reliable network building.

Incomparable Economic Value The IP-10E CLH pay-as-you-grow concept reduces network costs. Each network node is optimized individually, with future capacity growth in mind. Whenever needed, additional functionality is enabled via an upgrade license, using the same hardware. Using this flexible economic approach, a full duplex throughput of more than 400 Mbps over a single channel can be achieved.

Experience Counts IP-10E CLH was designed with continuity in mind. It is based on Ceragons well-established and field-proven IP-MAX Ethernet microwave technology. With Ceragon's large customer base, years of experience in high-capacity IP radios, and seamless integration with all standard IP equipment vendors, IP-10E CLH is poised to be an IP networking standard-bearer.

User-Management Traffic Integration In-Band Management significantly simplifies backhaul network design and maintenance, reducing both CapEx and OpEx. It also dramatically improves overall network availability and reliability, enabling support for services with stringent SLA.

Unique Full Range Adaptive Modulation Provides the widest modulation range on the market from QPSK to 256 QAM with multi-level real-time hitless and errorless modulation shifting changing dynamically according to environmental conditions - while ensuring zero-downtime connectivity.

Guaranteed Ultra Low Latency (< 0.15 ms @ 400Mbps) Suitable for delay-sensitive applications, such as VoIP and Video over IP.

Extended Quality of Service (QoS) Support Enables smart packet queuing and prioritization.

Fully Integrated L2 Ethernet Switching Functionality Includes VLAN-based switching, MAC address learning, QinQ and Ring-RSTP support.

Multiple Network Topology Support Mesh, Ring, Chain, Point-to-Point.

Longer Transmission Distances, Smaller Antennas Reduces network costs and enables a farther reach to the other end.



6.5 Licensing

This section describes IP-10E CLHs licensing structure. For more detailed information, refer to FibeAir IP-10 License Management System, DOC-00019183 Rev a.03.

IP-10E CLH offers a pay-as-you-grow concept to reduce network costs. Future capacity growth and additional functionality is enabled with license keys and an innovative stackable nodal solution using the same hardware. License keys are generated per IDU serial number.

Licenses are divided into two categories:

Per Radio Each IDU (both sides of the link) require a license.

Per Configuration Only one license is required for the system.

A 1+1 configuration requires the same set of licenses for both the active and the protected IDU.

In nodal configuration for licenses that are not per radio, licenses should be assigned to the main (bottom) IDU in the enclosure.

As your network expands and additional functionality is desired, license keys can be purchased for the following features:

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

Enables the Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) feature. An ACM license is required per radio. If additional IDUs are required for non-radio functionality, no license is required for these units. Refer to Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) on page 36.

L2 Switch

Enables Managed Switch and Metro Switch. A license is required for any IDU that requires the use of two or more Ethernet ports. Refer to Ethernet Switching on page 51.

Capacity Upgrade

Enables you to increase your systems radio capacity in gradual steps by upgrading your capacity license.



Network Resiliency

Enables Ring RSTP for improving network resiliency. Only one Network Resiliency license is required for an east-west configuration. An L2 Switch license must also be purchased to enable this feature. Refer to Carrier Ethernet Wireless Ring-Optimized RSTP on page 59.

Ethernet Synchronization

Enables configuration of an external source as a clock source for synchronous Ethernet output (if the IDUs hardware supports synchronization). Without this license, only a local (internal) clock can be used for Ethernet synchronization. Every node that is part of the sync path requires one license for 1+0 configurations or two licenses for 1+1 configurations.

Enhanced QoS

Enables the Enhanced QoS feature, including:

WRED

Eight queues

Shaping per queue

A license is required per radio. Refer to Enhanced QoS on page 55.



6.6 Radio Configuration Options ThefollowingaresomeofthetypicalconfigurationssupportedbytheFibeAirIP10ECLH.

1+0 1+1HSB 1+1SD 1+1RingCongfigurationE/W 1+1SDRingCongfigurationE/W 2+0SP 2+2DP 2+2SD 4+0SP 4+0DPWhere:HSBHotStandbySDSpaceDiversityE/WEast/WestSPSinglePolarizationDPDualPolarization

Formoredetailsabouttheseconfigurationoptions,refertoTypicalConfigurationsonpage85.



6.7 Feature Overview

This section provides an overview of IP-10E CLHs features. The main features are described in more detail in Main Features on page 35.

6.7.1 General Features

Protection IP-10E CLH offers a number of protection options in both nodal and standalone configurations. For more information, refer to Protection Options on page 34.

Latency IP-10E CLH provides best-in-class latency for all channels. For more information, refer to LTE-Ready Latency on page 45.

Dual-Feed Power Connection assembly options include dual-feed power for increased protection against outages. For more information, refer to Power Options on page 29.

6.7.2 Capacity-Related Features

High Spectral Efficiency:

Modulations QPSK to 256 QAM

Radio capacity (FCC) Up to 70/140/240/320/450 Mbps over 10/20/30/40 MHz channels

All licensed bands L6, U6, 7, 8, 11 GHz

Highest scalability From 10 Mbps to 500 Mbps, using the same hardware, including the same RFU.

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) IP-10E CLH employs the most advanced ACM technique for maximization of spectrum utilization and capacity over any given bandwidth and changing environmental conditions. For more information, refer to Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) on page 36.

Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) IP-10E CLHs implementation of XPIC enables two radio carriers to use the same frequency with a polarity separation between them by adaptively subtracting from each carrier the interfering cross carrier at the proper phase and level, with the ability to detect both streams even under the worst levels of cross polar discrimination interference such as 10 dB. For more information, refer to XPIC Support on page 40.

Space Diversity IP-10E CLH supports Space Diversity through Baseband Switching (BBS). Space Diversity provides an added level of protection to negate the effects of multipath phenomenon by providing for signal diversity such that if one signal is impaired, the other signal can replace or compensate for the impaired signal. For more information, refer to Space Diversity on page 43.

Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression (patent-pending) Improves effective throughput by up to 45% without affecting user traffic.



Intelligent Ethernet Header Compression

Ethernet Packet Size (Bytes) Capacity Increase by Compression

64 45%

96 29%

128 22%

256 11%

512 5%

6.7.3 Ethernet Features

MEF-Certified Carry Grade Ethernet IP-10E CLH is fully MEF-9 and MEF-14 certified for all Carrier Ethernet services (E-Line and E-LAN). For more information, refer to Carrier Grade Ethernet on page 46.

Enhanced Ethernet Switching IP-10E CLH supports three modes for Ethernet switching:

Smart Pipe Ethernet switching functionality is disabled and only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.

Managed Switch Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based on VLANs.

Metro Switch Ethernet switching functionality is enabled based on an S-VLAN-aware bridge.

For more information about Ethernet switching in IP-10E CLH , refer to Ethernet

Switching on page 51.

Integrated QoS Support IP-10E CLH offers integrated QoS functionality in all switching modes. In addition to its standard QoS functionality, IP-10E CLH offers an enhanced QoS feature that includes eight queues instead of four, enhanced classification criteria, and WRED for congestion management. For more information, refer to Integrated QoS Support on page 53.

Spanning Tree Protocol IP-10E CLH supports Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) to ensure a loop-free topology for any bridged LAN. IP-10E CLH also includes a proprietary implementation of RSTP that is optimized for ring topologies. For more information, refer to Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support on page 59.

6.7.4 Synchronization Features

Combinations of the following techniques can be used:

PTP optimized transport

Native sync distribution for nodal configurations

SyncE regenerator" mode for pipe configurations

For more information about IP-10E CLH synchronization, refer to Synchronization Support on page 62.



6.7.5 Security Features

Timeout IP-10E CLH includes a configurable inactivity time-out for closing management channels.

Password Security IP-10E CLH enforces password strength and aging rules.

User Suspension and Expiration Users can be suspended after a configurable number of unsuccessful login attempts and to expire at a certain, configurable date.

SSH Support IP-10E CLH supports SHHv1 and SSHv2.

HTTPS Support IP-10E CLH can be managed using HTTPS protocol.

Secure FTP (SFTP) IP-10E CLH supports SFTP for certain management operations, such as uploading and downloading configuration files and downloading software updates.

6.7.6 Management Features

Network Management System (NMS) PolyView provides management functions for IP-10E CLH at the network level, as well as at the individual network element level. Using PolyView, you can perform the following for Ceragon elements in the network:

Performance Reporting

Inventory Reporting

Software Download

Configuration Management

Trail Management

View Current Alarms (with alarm synchronization)

View an Alarm Log

Create Alarm Triggers

For more information about PolyView, refer to PolyView End-To-End Network

Management System on page 91.

Web-Based Element Management IP-10E CLH web-based element management is used to perform configuration operations and obtain statistical and performance information related to the system. For more information, refer to Web-Based Element Management System (Web EMS) on page 95.

Extensive Radio Capacity/Utilization Statistics:

Statistics are collected at 15-minute and 24-hour intervals.

Historical statistics are stored and made available when needed.

Capacity/ACM statistics include:

Maximum modulation in interval

Minimum modulation in interval

Number of seconds in an interval, during which active modulation was below the user-configured threshold

Utilization statistics include:



Maximal radio link utilization in an interval

Average radio link utilization in an interval

-Number of seconds in an interval, during which radio link utilization was above the user-configured threshold

SNMP Support IP-10E CLH supports SNMPv1 and SNMPv3.

RMON Support for Ethernet Statistics IP-10E CLH supports RMON Ethernet statistic counters. For more information, refer to Ethernet Statistics (RMON) on page 97.

In-Band Management IP-10E CLH can optionally be managed in-band, via its radio and Ethernet interfaces. This method of management eliminates the need for a dedicated interface and network. In-band management uses a dedicated management VLAN, which is user-configurable.

Operations Administration and Maintenance (OAM) IP-10E CLH supports complete OAM functionality at multiple layers, including:

Alarms and events

Maintenance signaling, including LOS and AIS

Performance monitoring

Maintenance commands, such as Loopbacks and APS commands

For more information about OAM in IP-10, refer to End to End Multi-Layer OAM on

page 96.

Ethernet Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) IP-10E CLH utilizes IEEE 802.1ag CFM protocols to maintain smooth system operation and non-stop data flow. For more information, refer to Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) on page 96.



7. Functional Description

Featuring an advanced architecture, IP-10E CLH uniquely integrates the latest radio technology with Ethernet networking. The IP-10E CLH radio core engine is designed to support native Ethernet over the air interface enhanced with Adaptive Power and Adaptive Coding & Modulation (ACM) for maximum spectral efficiency in any deployment scenario. The modular design is easily scalable with the addition of units or license keys.

IP-10E CLH supports the following modes for Ethernet switching:

Smart Pipe Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.



For more information on IP-10E CLHs switching options, refer to Ethernet Switching on page 51.

Functional Block Diagram



7.1 Functional Overview

IP-10E CLH can be installed in a standalone or a nodal configuration. The nodal configuration adds a backplane, which is required for certain functionality such as the XPIC, and which enables unified management of the system as a single network element with multiple radio links. For more information on the nodal configuration option and its benefits, refer to Nodal Configuration on page 30.

FibeAir IP-10E CLH Block Diagram

The CPU acts as the IDUs central controller, and all management frames received from or sent to external management applications must pass through the CPU. In a nodal configuration, the main units CPU serves as the central controller for the entire node.

The Mux assembles the radio frames, and holds the logic for protection and Space Diversity.

The modem represents the physical layer, modulating, transmitting, and receiving the data stream.



7.2 IDU Interfaces

This section describes in detail the IP-10E CLHs interfaces, including optional interface options.

7.2.1 Ethernet Interfaces

FibeAir IP-10E CLH contains two GbE Ethernet interfaces and six FE interfaces on the front panel. For the GbE interfaces, you can choose between two optical and two electrical physical interfaces. Both pairs of GbE interfaces are labeled Eth1 and Eth2. The optical interfaces are located to the left of the electrical interfaces.

The remaining Ethernet interfaces (Eth3 through Eth7) are FE ports. All except Eth3 are dual function interfaces. They can be configured as traffic ports or functional ports for wayside or management, as shown in the following table.

Ethernet Interface Functionality

Interface Name

Interface Rate Functionality

Smart Pipe Carrier Ethernet Switching

Protection FE 10/100 External protection/disabled External protection/disabled

Eth1 Electrical GbE

10/100/1000 OR

Optical GbE 1000

Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic

Eth2 Electrical GbE

10/100/1000 OR

Optical GbE 1000

Disabled Disabled/Traffic

Eth3 FE 10/100 Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic

Eth4 FE 10/100 Disabled/Wayside Disabled/Traffic/Wayside

Eth5 FE 10/100 Disabled/Management Disabled/Traffic/Management



Eth8 According to Radio

script

Disabled/Traffic Disabled/Traffic

IP-10E CLH also includes an FE protection interface (RJ-45) for external protection. The protection interface is located towards the left side of the front panel, and is for use in standalone configurations.

In Smart Pipe mode, only a single Ethernet interface can be used. Options are:

Eth1: Electrical GbE or Optical TGbE

Eth 3: Electrical FE



7.2.2 Additional Interfaces

Terminal Console A local craft terminal can be connected to the terminal console for local CLI management of the individual IDU. If the IDU is the main unit, access to other units in the configuration is also available through the Terminal Console.

External Alarms IP-10E CLH supports five external alarms, located towards the left of the front panel. There are five inputs, with configurable triggers, alarm texts, and alarm severity, and one output.

Backplane Connector IP-10E CLH has an extra connector on the back panel for connection to the backplane used in nodal configurations. Refer to Nodal Configuration on page 30.

7.2.3 Power Options

IP-10E CLH has a DC input voltage nominal rating of -48V.

Some hardware versions include a dual-feed power connection for increased protection. In dual power units, the system will indicate whether received voltage in each connection is above or below the threshold power of approximately 40.5V, as follows:

The LED (and its WEB representation) will only be on if the voltage is above the threshold.

An alarm is raised if voltage is below the threshold.



7.3 Nodal Configuration

IP-10E CLH can be used in two distinct modes of operation:

Standalone configuration Each IP-10E CLH IDU is managed individually.

Nodal configuration Up to six IP-10E CLH IDUs are stacked in a dedicated modular shelf, and act as a single network element with multiple radio links.

The following features are centralized in a nodal configuration:

Management

Ethernet Switching

A nodal setup supports any combination of 1+0, 1+1, and 2+0/XPIC configurations.

7.3.1 Nodal Configuration Benefits

The stackable nodal configuration offers many advantages. For new systems, the nodal configuration offers:

Low initial investment without compromising future growth potential

Risk-free deployment in light of unknown future growth patterns:

Additional capacity

Additional sites

Additional redundancy

For migration and replacement scenarios, the nodal configuration offers:

Optimized tail-site solution

Low initial footprint that can be increased gradually as legacy equipment is swapped

7.3.2 IP-10E CLH Nodal Design

Each IP-10E CLH IDU in a nodal configuration operates as either the main unit or an extension unit. The IDUs role is determined by its position in the nodal enclosure, with the lowest unit in the enclosure (Unit Number 1) always serving as the main unit.

The main unit performs the following functions:

Provides a central controller for management

Provides radio and line interfaces

Extension units provide radio and line interfaces, and are accessed through the main unit.



7.3.3 Nodal Enclosure Design

Two types of shelves are available for a nodal configuration:

Main Nodal Enclosure Each node must have a main nodal enclosure, which can hold two IP-10E CLH IDUs.

Extension Nodal Enclosure Up to two extension nodal enclosures can be stacked on top of the main nodal enclosure. Each extension nodal enclosure can contain two IP-10E CLH IDUs.

Main Nodal Enclosure

Extension Nodal Enclosure

Each nodal enclosure includes a backplane. The rear panel of an IP-10E CLH IDU includes an extra connector for connection to the backplane. The following interfaces are implemented through the backplane:

Multi-Radio

Protection

XPIC

IP-10E CLH IDUs are hot-swappable, and additional extension nodal enclosures and IDUs can be added in the field as required, without affecting traffic.



Scalable Nodal Enclosure

Using the stacking method, units in the bottom nodal enclosure act as main units, whereby a mandatory active main unit can be located in either of the two slots, and an optional standby main unit can be installed in the other slot. The switchover time is



The PolyView NMS represents the node as a single unit.

The Web-Based EMS enables access to all IDUs in the node from its main window.

In addition, the management system provides access to other network equipment through in-band or out-of-band network management.

To ease the reading and analysis of several IDU alarms and logs, the system time should be synchronized to the main units time.

7.3.5 Centralized System Features

The following IP-10E CLH functions are configured centrally through the main unit in a nodal configuration:

IP Communications All communication channels are opened through the main units IP address.

User Management Login, adding users, and deleting users are performed centrally.

Nodal Time Synchronization System time is automatically synchronized for all IDUs in the node.

Nodal Software Version Management Software can be upgraded or downgraded in all IDUs in the node from the main unit.

Nodal Configuration Backup Configuration files can be created, downloaded, and uploaded from the main unit.

Nodal Reset Extension units can be reset individually or collectively both from the main unit and locally.

All other functions are performed for each IDU individually.

7.3.6 Ethernet Connectivity in Nodal Configurations

Ethernet traffic in a nodal configuration is supported by interconnecting IDU switches with external cables. Traffic flow (dropping to local ports, sending to radio) is performed by the switches, in accordance with learning tables.

Each IDU in the stack can be configured individually for Smart Pipe or Carrier Ethernet Switching modes. For more information about Ethernet switching, refer to Ethernet Switching on page 51.



7.4 Protection Options

Equipment protection is possible in both standalone and nodal configurations.

In a 1+1 configuration, the protection options are as follows:

Standalone The IDUs must be connected by a dedicated Ethernet protection cable. Each IDU has a unique IP address.

Nodal The IDUs are connected by the backplane of the nodal enclosure. There is one IP address for each of the main units.

A 2+2 protection scheme must be implemented by means of a nodal configuration. A 2+2 configuration consists of two pairs of IP-10E CLH IDUs, each inserted in its own main nodal enclosure, with a protection cable to connect the main IDUs in each node. Protection is performed between the pairs. At any given time, one pair is active and the other is standby.

A 2+2 scheme is only possible between units in the main nodal enclosure. Extension nodal enclosures cannot be used in a 2+2 configuration.



8. Main Features

This section describes some of the most important IP-10E CLH features, including:

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

XPIC Support

Space Diversity

LTE-Ready Latency

Carrier Grade Ethernet

Ethernet Switching

Integrated QoS Support

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Support

Synchronization Support



8.1 Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) refers to the automatic adjustment that a wireless system can make in order to optimize over-the-air transmission and prevent weather-related fading from causing communication on the link to be disrupted. When extreme weather conditions, such as a storm, affect the transmission and receipt of data and voice over the wireless network, an ACM-enabled radio system automatically changes modulation allowing real-time applications to continue to run uninterrupted. Varying the modulation also varies the number of bits that are transferred per signal, thereby enabling higher throughputs and better spectral efficiencies. For example, a 256 QAM modulation can deliver approximately four times the throughput of 4 QAM (QPSK).

IP-10E CLH employs full-range dynamic ACM. IP-10E CLHs ACM mechanism copes with 90 dB per second fading in order to ensure high transmission quality. IP-10E CLHs ACM mechanism is designed to work with IP-10E CLHs QoS mechanism to ensure that high priority voice and data packets are never dropped, thus maintaining even the most stringent service level agreements (SLAs).

The hitless and errorless functionality of IP-10E CLHs ACM has another major advantage in that it ensures that TCP/IP sessions do not time-out. Without ACM, even interruptions as short as 50 milliseconds can lead to timeout of TCP/IP sessions, which are followed by a drastic throughout decrease while these sessions recover.

8.1.1 Hitless and Errorless Step-by-Step Adjustments

ACM works as follows. Assuming a system configured for 128 QAM with ~170 Mbps capacity over a 28 MHz channel, when the receive signal Bit Error Ratio (BER) level reaches a predetermined threshold, the system preemptively switches to 64 QAM and the throughput is stepped down to ~140 Mbps. This is an errorless, virtually instantaneous switch. The system continues to operate at 64 QAM until the fading condition either intensifies or disappears. If the fade intensifies, another switch takes the system down to 32 QAM. If, on the other hand, the weather condition improves, the modulation is switched back to the next higher step (e.g., 128 QAM) and so on, step by step .The switching continues automatically and as quickly as needed, and can reach all the way down to QPSK during extreme conditions.



Adaptive Coding and Modulation

8.1.2 ACM Benefits

The advantages of IP-10E CLHs dynamic ACM include:

Maximized spectrum usage

Increased capacity over a given bandwidth

Eight modulation/coding work points (~3 db system gain for each point change)

Hitless and errorless modulation/coding changes, based on signal quality

Adaptive Radio Tx Power per modulation for maximal system gain per working point

An integrated QoS mechanism enables intelligent congestion management to ensure that high priority traffic is not affected during link fading

Adaptive Coding and Modulation with Eight Working Points

16 QAM

QPSK

99.995 %

200

Unavailability

Rx

level

Capacity

(@ 28 MHz channel)

32 QAM

64 QAM

128 QAM

256 QAM

99.999 %

99.99 %

99.95 %

99.9 %

Mbps170 200 140 100 200 120 200



8.1.3 ACM and Built-In Quality of Service

IP-10E CLHs ACM mechanism is designed to work with IP-10E CLHs QoS mechanism to ensure that high priority voice and data packets are never dropped, thus maintaining even the most stringent SLAs. Since QoS provides priority support for different classes of service, according to a wide range of criteria, you can configure IP-10E CLH to discard only low priority packets as conditions deteriorate. For more information on IP-10E CLHs QoS and Enhanced QoS functionality, refer to Integrated QoS Support on page 52.

If you want to rely on an external switchs QoS, ACM can work with them via the flow control mechanism supported in the radio.

8.1.4 ACM with Adaptive Transmit Power

When planning ACM-based radio links, the radio planner attempts to apply the lowest transmit power that will perform satisfactorily at the highest level of modulation. During fade conditions requiring a modulation drop, most radio systems cannot increase transmit power to compensate for the signal degradation, resulting in a deeper reduction in capacity. IP-10E CLH is capable of adjusting power on the fly, and optimizing the available capacity at every modulation point, as illustrated in the figure below. This figure shows how operators that want to use ACM to benefit from high levels of modulation (e.g., 256 QAM) must settle for low system gain, in this case, 18 dB, for all the other modulations as well. With IP-10E CLH , operators can automatically adjust power levels, achieving the extra 4 dB system gain that is required to maintain optimal throughput levels under all conditions.

IP-10E CLH ACM with Adaptive Power Contrasted to Other ACM Implementations



8.1.5 Multi-Radio with ACM Support

When operating in a dual-carrier configuration, an IP-10E CLH system can be optionally configured to work in multi-radio mode. In this mode, traffic is divided among the two carriers optimally at the radio frame level without requiring Ethernet Link Aggregation, and is not dependent on the number of MAC addresses, the number of traffic flows, or momentary traffic capacity. During fading events which cause ACM modulation changes, each carrier fluctuates independently with hitless switchovers between modulations, increasing capacity over a given bandwidth and maximizing spectrum utilization.

The result is 100% utilization of radio resources in which traffic load is balanced based on instantaneous radio capacity per carrier and is independent of data/application characteristics, such as the number of flows or capacity per flow.

Typical 2+2 Multi-Radio Terminal Configuration with HSB Protection

Typical 2+0 Multi-Radio Link Configuration



8.2 XPIC Support

Cross Polarization Interference Canceller (XPIC) is one of the best ways to break the barriers of spectral efficiency. Using dual-polarization radio over a single-frequency channel, a dual polarization radio transmits two separate carrier waves over the same frequency, but using alternating polarities. Despite the obvious advantages of dual-polarization, one must also keep in mind that typical antennas cannot completely isolate the two polarizations. In addition, propagation effects such as rain can cause polarization rotation, making cross-polarization interference unavoidable.

Dual Polarization

The relative level of interference is referred to as cross-polarization discrimination (XPD). While lower spectral efficiency systems (with low SNR requirements such as QPSK) can easily tolerate such interference, higher modulation schemes cannot and require XPIC. IP-10E CLHs XPIC algorithm enables detection of both streams even under the worst levels of XPD such as 10 dB. IP-10E CLH accomplishes this by adaptively subtracting from each carrier the interfering cross carrier, at the right phase and level. For high-modulation schemes such as 256 QAM, an improvement factor of more than 20 dB is required so that cross-interference does not adversely affect performance.

8.2.1 XPIC Benefits

The advantages of IP-10E CLHs XPIC option include:

BER of 10e-6 at a co-channel sensitivity of 5 dB

Multi-Radio Support



8.2.2 XPIC Implementation

In a single channel application, when an interfering channel is transmitted on the same bandwidth as the desired channel, the interference that results may lead to BER in the desired channel.

IP-10E CLH supports a co-channel sensitivity of 33 dB at a BER of 10e-6. When applying XPIC, IP-10E CLH transmits data using two polarizations: horizontal and vertical. These polarizations, in theory, are orthogonal to each other, as shown in the figure below

XPIC - Orthogonal Polarizations

In a link installation, there is a separation of 30 dB of the antenna between the polarizations, and due to misalignments and/or channel degradation, the polarizations are no longer orthogonal. This is shown in the figure below.

XPIC Impact of Misalignments and Channel Degradation

Note that on the right side of the figure you can see that CarrierR receives the H+v signal, which is the combination of the desired signal H (horizontal) and the interfering signal V (in lower case, to denote that it is the interfering signal). The same happens in CarrierL = V+h. The XPIC mechanism takes the data from CarrierR and CarrierL and, using a cost function, produces the desired data.



XPIC Impact of Misalignments and Channel Degradation

IP-10E CLHs XPIC reaches a BER of 10e-6 at a co-channel sensitivity of 5 dB! The improvement factor in an XPIC system is defined as the SNR@threshold of 10e-6, with or without the XPIC mechanism.

8.2.3 XPIC and Multi-Radio

XPIC radio may be used to deliver two separate data streams, such as 2xFE. But it can also deliver a single stream of information such as Gigabit Ethernet, or STM-4. The latter requires a de-multiplexer to split the stream into two transmitters, as well as a multiplexer to join it again in the right timing because the different channels may experience a different delay. This feature is called Multi-Radio.



8.3 Space Diversity

In long distance wireless links, multipath phenomena are common. Both direct and reflected signals are received, which can cause distortion of the signal resulting in signal fade. The impact of this distortion can vary over time, space, and frequency. This fading phenomenon depends mainly on the link geometry and is more severe at long distance links and over flat surfaces or water. It is also affected by air turbulence and water vapor, and can vary quickly during temperature changes due to rapid changes in the reflections phase.

Fading can be flat or dispersive. In flat fading, all frequency components of the signal experience the same magnitude of fading. In dispersive, or frequency-selective fading, different frequency components of the signal experience decorrelated fading.

Direct and Reflected Signals

Space Diversity is a common way to negate the effects of fading caused by multipath phenomena. By placing two separate antennas at a sufficient distance from one another, it is statistically likely that if one antenna suffers from fading caused by signal reflection, the other antenna will continue to receive a viable signal.

IP-10E CLH offers the Base Band Switching (BBS) method of Space Diversity. With this method, each IDU receives a separate signal from a separate antenna. Each IDU compares each of the received signals, and enables the bitstream coming from the receiver with the best signal. Switchover is errorless (hitless switching).



BBS Space Diversity

8.3.1 Baseband Switching (BBS)

BBS Space Diversity requires two antennas and RFUs. The antennas must be separated by approximately 15 to 20 meters. Any RFU type supported by IP-10E CLH can be used in a BBS Space Diversity configuration.

One RFU sends its signal to the active IDU, while the other RFU sends its signal to the standby IDU. The IDUs share these signals through the nodal backplane, such that each IDU receives data from both RFUs. The diversity mechanism, which is located within the IDU Mux, is active in both IDUs, and selects the better signal based on:

Faulty signal indication An indication from the Modem to the Mux, signaling that there are more errors in the traffic stream than it can correct. The purpose of this indication is to alert the Mux to the fact that those errors are on their way, requiring a hitless switchover in order to prevent them from entering the data stream from the Mux onward.

OOF (Out-of-Frame) When the Mux identifies an OOF event, it will initiate a switchover.

BBS Space Diversity requires a 1+1 configuration in which there are two IDUs and two RFUs protecting each other at both ends of the link. In the event of IDU failure, Space Diversity is lost until recovery, but the system remains protected through the ordinary switchover mechanism.



8.4 LTE-Ready Latency

IP-10E CLH provides best-in-class latency (RFC-2544) for all channels, making it LTE (Long-Term Evolution) ready:



8.5 Carrier Grade Ethernet

IP-10E CLH is fully MEF-9 and MEF-14 certified for all Carrier Ethernet services (E-Line and E-LAN).

Carrier Ethernet is a high speed medium for Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs). It defines native Ethernet packet access to the Internet and is being deployed more and more in wireless networks.

The first native Ethernet services to emerge were point to point-based, followed by emulated LAN (multipoint to multipoint-based). Services were first defined and limited to MANs. They have now been extended across Wide Area Networks (WANs) and are available worldwide from many service providers.

The term Carrier Ethernet implies that Ethernet services are Carrier Grade. The benchmark for Carrier Grade was set by legacy TDM telephony networks to describe services that achieve 99.999% (five nines) uptime. Although it is debatable whether Carrier Ethernet will reach that level of reliability, the goal of one particular standards organization is to accelerate the development and deployment of services that live up to the name.

Carrier Ethernet is poised to become the major component of next-generation MANs, which serve as the aggregation layer between customers and core carrier networks. A metro Ethernet network, which uses IP Layer 3 MPLS forwarding, is currently the primary focus of Carrier Ethernet activity.

Carrier Grade Ethernet Feature Summary

Note: IP-10E CLHs support for advanced Ethernet statistics reporting is described in Ethernet Statistics (RMON) on page 97.



8.5.1 Carrier Ethernet Service Types

The standard service types for Carrier Ethernet include:

E-Line Service This service is employed for Ethernet private lines, virtual private lines, and Ethernet Internet access.

E-Line Service Type

E-LAN Service This service is employed for multipoint Layer 2 VPNs, transparent LAN service, foundation for IPTV, and multicast networks.

E-LAN Service Type



8.5.2 Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF)

IP-10E CLH meets all MEF Carrier Ethernet service specifications .The Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) is a global industry alliance started in 2001. In 2005, the MEF committed to the new Carrier Ethernet standard, and launched a Carrier Ethernet Certification Program to facilitate delivery of services to end users.

The MEF 6 specification defines carrier Ethernet as "a ubiquitous, standardized, carrier-class Service and Network defined by five attributes that distinguish it from familiar LAN based Ethernet." These five attributes include:

Standardized Services

Quality of Service (QoS)

Service Management

Scalability

Reliability

For service providers, the technology convergence of Carrier Ethernet ensures a decrease in CAPEX and OPEX.

Access networks employ Ethernet to provide backhaul for IP DSLAMs, PON, WiMAX, and direct Ethernet over fiber/copper. Flexible Layer 2 VPN services, such as private line, virtual private line, or emulated LAN, offer new revenue streams.

For enterprises, a reduction in cost is achieved through converged networks for VoIP, data, video conferencing, and other services.

In addition, Ethernet standardization reduces network complexity.

The MEF certification program covers the following areas:

MEF-9 Service certification

MEF-14 Traffic management and service performance



8.5.3 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH

In the following figure, end-to-end connectivity per service is verified using periodic 802.1ag CCm messages between service end points.

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH

8.5.4 Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH - Node Failure

Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH - Node Failure



Carrier Ethernet Services Based on IP-10E CLH - Node Failure (continued)



8.6 Ethernet Switching

IP-10E CLH supports three modes for Ethernet switching:

Smart Pipe Ethernet switching functionality is disabled and only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic. The unit effectively operates as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio.



Ethernet Switching

Each switching mode supports QoS. For more information, refer to Integrated QoS Support on page 53.

Smart Pipe is the default mode. Managed Switch and Metro Switch require a license. For more information, refer to Licensing on page 19.

8.6.1 Smart Pipe Mode

Using Smart Pipe mode, only a single Ethernet interface is enabled for user traffic and IP-10E CLH acts as a point-to-point Ethernet microwave radio. In Smart Pipe mode, any of the following ports can be used for Ethernet traffic:

Eth1: GbE interface (Optical GbE-SFP or Electrical GbE 10/100/1000)

Eth3: Fast Ethernet interface

All traffic entering the IDU is sent directly to the radio, and all traffic from the radio is sent directly to the Ethernet interface.

In Smart Pipe mode, the other Fast Ethernet interfaces can either be configured as management interfaces or they are shut down. In protection mode, only the Optical GbE-SFP port acts as a trigger for switchover.



8.6.2 Managed Switch Mode

Managed Switch mode is an 802.1Q VLAN-aware bridge that enables Layer 2 switching based on VLANs. Each Ethernet port can be configured as an Access port or a Trunk port.

Managed Switch Mode

Type VLANs Allowed Ingress Frames Allowed Egress Frames

Access Specific VLAN should be attached

to an Access port.

Untagged frames only (or

frames tagged with VID=0

Priority Tagged)

Untagged frames.

Trunk A range of VLANs, or all VLANs

should be attached to a Trunk port.

Only tagged frames. Tagged frames.

All Ethernet ports are enabled for traffic in Managed Switch mode.

8.6.3 Metro Switch Mode

Metro Switch mode is an 802.1AD S-VLAN-aware bridge that enables Layer 2 switching based on S-VLANs. Each Ethernet port can be configured to be a Customer Network port or a Provider network port.

Metro Switch Mode

Type VLANs Allowed Ingress Frames Allowed Egress Frames

Customer

Network

Specific S-VLAN should be

attached to a Customer Network

port.

Untagged frames (or frames

tagged with VID=0 Priority

Tagged) or C-VLAN-tagged

frames.

Untag

Ceragon-IP10E CLH ANSI Product Description

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