Centro de Evacuação

DESIGN DEVELOPMENTWORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014

EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR

IOM OIM

BACKGROUND 3

CASE STUDIES 6

BUILDING DESIGN 11DESIGN BRIEF DESIGN SPECIFICATION AREA PLANNING SITE PLANNING

REFERENCES 15

PURPOSE OF DOCUMENTThe purpose of this document is to present work in progress for the design development of new evacuation centers in Eastern Samar, to secure approval from relevant personnel prior to progressing design to next stage of documentation.

DOCUMENT USERSThis document is intended for internal circulation only.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IOM OIM

THE DISASTER

TYPOON YOLANDA

Typhoon Yolanda (International Codename: Haiyan) made its first landfall on 8 November 2013 in the Philippines in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, with the eye of the storm passing directly over the municipality. Peak winds reached 380 km per hour (235 mph) with sustained wind speeds of 315 km per hour (195 mph). The town suffered heavy damage to property, 110 people were killed and 3,625 were injured. In the province of Eastern Samar, as is common in most areas frequently affected by tropical cyclones, populations living in high risk areas evacuate to safe shelters (commonly public buildings such as schools and churches) in advance of the arrival of the storm. The Philippines is no exception. However, Yolanda wrought catastrophic damage not only to habitat but to buildings previously used as evacuation centres.1

1 www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/Country/docs/IOM-Assessment-ECs-ESamar_2014-Apr.pdf

THE REGION

EASTERN SAMAR

Eastern Samar is a district located on the east coast of the island of Samar within the Eastern Visayas (Region VIII). The district consists of 22 municipalities, 597 Barangay and one capital city, Borongan City.2

2 www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/43341-fact-file-eastern-visayas

3DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMARWORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014

IOM OIM

BACKGROUND

Eastern Visayas, The PhilippinesSource: http://d-maps.com/m/asia/philippines/philippines38.gif

On the ground in Tacloban, November 16, 2013 - Road ClosedSource: www.flickr.com/search/?q=iom+philippines

Eastern Samar - 428, 877Borongan City - 62, 457

SHELTER SOLUTIONS

SUITABLE SHELTER FOR EVACUEES

Suitable shelter to be used in evacuations should take into account considerations such as:

• Many displaced persons prefer to remain as close to the home site as possible; • Some individuals will have evacuated themselves and made their own arrangements therefore

it may not be necessary to shelter the entire evacuated population; • Disruption to work, school and social arrangements should be minimized; • Accommodation should be located away from potential hazards or secondary hazards;

structurally sound; follow existing building codes• Use of smaller evacuation centres where possible, as self-regulation within smaller groups is

more likely and solidarity may be fostered; • Special shelter arrangements may be necessary for more vulnerable individuals in cases where

basic shelter may not meet their needs.1

SUITABLE SHELTER FOR LIVESTOCK

If animals, livestock and pets have been transported out of the evacuation zone, they will also need to be considered within plans for the provision of shelter, and suitable facilities for the sheltering or accommodation of animals must also be pre-identified.3

1 www.globalcccmcluster.org/system/files/publications/MEND_download.pdf

EXISTING CONDITIONS

DESIGNATED EVACUATION CENTERS

One third of existing designated evacuation centres function as multi-purpose halls, and/or Barangay Halls, however 85% are currently unuseable. An audit undertaken by IOM in April 2013 has identified a need to build new fit-for-purpose evacuation centres to provide safe shelter for communities vulnerable to disaster to be utilised as community halls in non-disaster situations.


IOM OIM

BACKGROUND

DESIGN CONSTRAINTS

DURING DISASTER

The evacuation center is designed to provide evacuees with safe shelter during disaster for the preservation of life.

POST DISASTER

The evacuation centre is not designed to function as a collective centre for displaced persons post-disaster. The evacuation centre may be utilised for emergency shelter only in the instance that vulnerable individuals (older people, pregnant women, unaccompanied children and persons with disability) have limited or no access to more appropriate emergency shelter solutions.

TERMS OF REFERENCE

EVACUATION

Evacuation is the rapid movement of people away from the immediate threat or impact of a disaster to a safer place of shelter. It is commonly characterized by a short time frame, from hours to weeks, within which emergency procedures need to be enacted in order to save lives and minimize exposure to harm.1

EVACUEES

A person who has evacuated a hazardous location in response to the immediate threat or impact of a disaster, either through their own initiative and resources (self-evacuated) or through the direction and assistance of authorities and/or emergency responder.1

EMERGENCY SHELTER

Short term shelter that provides life-saving support, the most basic shelter support that can be provided immediately after the disaster.2

COLLECTIVE CENTRE

Collective centres, also refered to as mass shelters, are usually transit facilities lcated in pre-exisitng structures such as community centres, town halls, gymnasiums, hotels, warehouses, disused factories and unfinished buidings. They are often used when displacement occurs inside a city, or when there are significant flows o displaced people into a city or town. 3

1 www.globalcccmcluster.org/system/files/publications/MEND_download.pdf

2 www.sheltercasestudies.org/files/tshelter-8designs/10designs2013/2013-10-28-Post-disaster-shelter-ten-designs-IFRC-lores.pdf

3 www.sheltercentre.org/node/12873


IOM OIM

BACKGROUND

On the ground in Tacloban, November 18, 2013 - Erecting Emergency ShelterSource: www.flickr.com/search/?q=iom+philippines

EVACUATION CENTER BUILDINGS

SCHOOL BUILDINGS DESIGNATED AS EVACUATION CENTRE BUILDINGS DURING DISASTER, BANGLADESH - ELEVATED BUILDING PROTECTS INTERIOR FROM FLOODING

FIT-FOR-PURPOSE CYCLONE SHELTER BUILDING, BANGLADESH - CONCEPT BY KASHEF MAHBOOB CHOWDRY - EXTERNAL CIRCULATION BUFFERS INTERIOR FROM HARSH SUN, WIND AND RAIN

www.friendship-in-may.weebly.com/proposal-for-a-cyclone-shelter.html

The following case studies present exemplar use of local materials, construction technologies and resilient architetural forms, that have informed the development of a robust design solution for evacuation centers in Eastern Samar.


IOM OIM

CASE STUDY

INTEGRATING LOCAL MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION WITH MODERN TECHNOLOGY

DRUK WHITE LOTUS SCHOOL, INDIA - DESIGNED BY ARUP ASSOCIATES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY www.dwls.org/ladakh-photo-gallery.html

SALAM CENTER FOR CARDIAC SURGERY AND MEDICAL COMPOUND, SUDAN - DESIGNED BY TAMassociati ARCHITECTS IN PARTNERSHIP WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY (2013 AGA KHAN AWARD WINNER)www.tamassociati.wordpress.com/2013/09/09/tamassociati-wins-aga-khan-award-salam-centre/


IOM OIM

CASE STUDY

RESILIENT ARCHITECTURAL FORMS

ROUNDED FORM IMPROVES BUILDING AERODYNAMICS - STRUCTURE IS MORE RESILIENT TO STRONG WINDS, FLYING DEBRIS, TIDAL WAVES AND STORM SURGE

MONOLITHIC FORM REDUCES REQUIREMENT FOR INTERNAL COLUMNS - STRUCTURE IS MORE RESILIENT TO EARTHQUAKE, TYPHOON AND OTHER NATURAL DISASTER


IOM OIM

CASE STUDY

CONTEXT-SPECIFIC MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE - ROBUST, READILY AVAILABLE AND COMMONLY USED THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES

HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK - COST EFFECTIVE, READILY AVAILABLE AND COMMONLY USED THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES


IOM OIM

CASE STUDY

CONTEXT-SPECIFIC COMMUNITY HALLS

TYPICAL BARANGAY HALL EXTERIOR - 2 STOREY BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED OF REINFORCED CONCRETE, STRONG CIVIC PRESENCE, CENTRAL ENTRANCE, BUILDING IS CLEARLY SIGNED

TYPICAL BARANGAY HALL INTERIOR - HARD FLOOR FINISH, COLOURFUL DECORATION, UTILITARIAN LIGHTING, MOVEABLE FURNITURE FOR LARGE AND SMALL MEETING ARRANGEMENTS


IOM OIM

CASE STUDY

DESIGN BRIEF

To design safe evacuation centers for communities in Eastern Samar, to be utilised by the community year-round as multi-purpose centers

DESIGN SPECIFICATION

• Building is safe, in accordance with FEMA P-320 / P-361 - engineered for wind speeds of 320 km/hour (200mph) and moderate seismic activity (7.2 magnitude)• Building is designed in accordance with national construction standards• Design provides to minimum standards for short term relief response (The Sphere Project)• Local community livelihoods are supported in construction process• Building is low cost - operationally and in construction• Building is low maintenance and highly durable• Building may be constructed in a short time frame• Building interior provides access to natural light and ventilation• Building may be self-sufficient, with rainwater tanks and potential for integrated solar power • Site is accessible, preferably within walking disatance of affected community• Design promotes vernacular architectural typologies• Design supports local community Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) initiatives

• Design supports program requirements for other community activities (to be determined in consultation with the community)

MONOLITHIC DOME SHELTERthe most safe building typology

BARANGAY HALLthe most common community building typology

NEW EVACUATION CENTERa building designed fit-for-purpose


IOM OIM

BUILDING DESIGN

AREA PLANNING

For additional detail - refer separate documentation, Building Design Strategy

REQUIRED AREA

MULTI-PURPOSE AREATHE SAME SPACE MAY ACCOMODATE MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS DURING DIFFERENT PERIODS OF THE DAY AND NIGHT. WHILE THIS IS NOT THE PREFERRED OPTION IT MAY BE NECESSARY.

RECOMMENDED AREATO BE DESIGNATED AS/IF REQUIRED


IOM OIM

BUILDING DESIGN

SAFE SHELTER FORPRESERVATION OF LIFE

1.5m2 / person

POTABLE WATER RAINWATER STORAGE TANK

min. 3L / person / day

NON-POTABLE WATER RAINWATER STORAGE TANK

min. 30L / person / day

<50m

ADMINISTRATION / STORAGE 6m2 + 4m2 / 50 persons

TOILET 1 / 50 persons

DRINKING WATER TAP1 / 100 persons

FIRST AID 5m2 /

50 persons

PLANT ROOM / SERVICESTBA

DINING AREAEMERGENCY SHELTER

3.5m2 / person

TEMPORARY SHELTER5m2 / person

TOILET 1 / 20 persons

BASIN

1 / 30 persons

SHOWER1 / 40 persons

SITE PLANNING

To minimise costly earthworks and site preparation it is preferable to select a site that already meets many of the design criteria for siting the building. The following notes provide a guide for identifying ideal site attributes and designing the site plan.

Drainage 1% - 5% grade across the entire site1 drainagechannelsmaystillberequiredtopreventflooding

Elevation building and access paths to be raised above typical flood levels construct building on stilts or earth mound

Protection use wind breaks to protect from strong winds2 and flying debris remove large trees near building to reduce risk of damage

Proximity maximum 60 minutes travel time from vulnerable community3

Location in accordance with Multi-Hazard Mapping and Sieve Analysis3

Surrounding Area allocated zone for vehicle parking allocated zone for additional portable toilets (as/if required) storage tanks for potable and non-potable water separate safe shelter for livestock, including water storage plant room for mechanical and electrical services helicopter landing pad (as/if required)

1 The Sphere Project 2011, p.256

2 ShelterCluster Philippines and Department of Social Welfare and Development, ‘8 Build Back Safer Key Messages’

3 International Organization for Migration and Project Noah 2014, ‘Reducing Disaster Risk and Enhancing

Preparedness in the Philippines: A Joint Government - IOM Initiative

TYPICAL WIND DIRECTION / STORM SURGE THREAT


IOM OIM

BUILDING DESIGN

ENTRY

RAISED SITE ACCESS

MAIN ROAD (RAISED)

SPACE FOR TENTS

MAIN BUILDING WATER

TANK

LIVESTOCK

WIND BREAK LANDSCAPE

VEHICLE PARKING

MINIMUM 1:100 GRADE

MONOLITHIC DOME SHELTER

PROPOSED DESIGN:

CYLINDERICAL BUILDING

DESIGN CRITERIA RESILIENT TO TYPHOON

SUPPORTING LIVELIHOODS

INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

QUALITY

LOW CONSTRUCT

COST

LEGEND:

WEAK STRONG TO BE ADVISED

LOW MAINTENANCE

COST

RESILIENT TO FLOODING

RESILIENT TO EARTHQUAKE

SENSITIVE TO CONTEXT

STRONGEST

SQUARE BUILDINGWITH HIPPED ROOF

?

?


IOM OIM

BUILDING DESIGN

Australian Red Cross and Emergency Management Queensland 2013, Queensland Evacuation Centre Planning Toolkit, www.disaster.qld.gov.au/Disaster-Resources/Documents/RED671 QLD Planning Toolkit_FA_Web.pdf

Australian Red Cross 2012, Evacuation Centre Field Guide, www.redcross.org.au/files/Evacuation_Centre_Field_Guide.pdf

Arup & Disaster Emergency Committee 2010, Lessons from Aceh - Key Considerations in Post-Disaster Reconstruction, http://publications.arup.com/~/media/Publications/Files/Publications/L/LessonsFromAceh.ashx

CCCM Cluster 2014, The MEND Guide: Comprehensive Guide for Planning Mass Evacuations in Natural Disasters (Pilot Document), www.globalcccmcluster.org/system/files/publications/MEND_download.pdf

FEMA 2005, Hurricane Mitigation: A Handbook for Public Facilities, www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1715-25045-9324/hurricane_mitigation_handbook_for_public_facilities.pdf

FEMA 2008, Design and Construction Guidance for Community Safe Rooms, P-361 (2nd Edition), www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1508-20490-8283/fema_p_361.pdf

FEMA 2008, Taking Shelter From the Storm: Building a Safe Room for Your Home of Small Business, P-320 (3rd Edition), http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1454-20490-8914/fema_p_320.pdf

IFRC, Powerpoint Presentation - ‘Emergency SHELTER in Natural Disasters’, www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/95528/Shelter in Natural Disasters.pptx

IFRC 2013, Post-disaster Shelter: Ten designs, www.sheltercasestudies.org/files/tshelter-8designs/10designs2013/2013-10-28-Post-disaster-shelter-ten-designs-IFRC-lores.pdf

IFRC 2011, Transitional shelters: Eight designs, www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/95186/900300-Transitional Shelters-Eight designs-EN-LR.pdf

IOM 2012, Transitional Shelter Guidelines, https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/Transitional-Shelter-Guidelines.pdf

IOM and Project Noah 2014, Powerpoint Presentation - ‘Reducing Disaster Risk and Enhancing Preparedness in the Philippines: A Joint Government-IOM Initiative, www. youtu.be/a0I361vz1-A

Liveable Housing Australia, 2012, Livable Housing Design Guidelines (2nd Edition), www.liveablehousingaustralia.org.au

Republic of the Philippines Department of Public Works and Highways - Office of the Secretary 2009, Minimum Requirements, www.dpwh.gov.ph

Manila Shelter Projects 2011-2012, Heritage Foundation’s DRR-Compliant Sustainable Construction: Build Back Safer with Vernacular Methodologies - Technical Support Programme, www.sheltercasestudies.org

ShelterCluster Philippines and Department of Social Welfare and Development, Powerpoint Presentation - ‘8 Build Back Safer Key Messages’, www.sheltercluster.org

The Sphere Project 2011, The Sphere Project: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, www.sphereproject.org

UNDP 2007, Disaster Risk management Programme - Cyclone Resistant Building Architecture, www.preventionweb.net/files/11711_CycloneArchitecture1.pdf

UNESCO Bangkok and The Bangladesh Ministry of Education 1990, Cyclone Resistant School Buildings for Bangladesh: A Report on In-Country Training, www.preventionweb.net/files/5221_CycloneResistantBangladesh1.pdf

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and International Organisation for Migration 2010, Collective Centre Guidelines, www.sheltercluster.org/.../Collective-Centre-Guidelines-2010.pdf

Worksafe Victoria 2008, Workplace amenities and work environment, Compliance Code, www.worksafe.vic.gov.au

World Bank 2009, Handbook for Post-Disaster Housing and Community Reconstruction, www.sheltercentre.org/meeting/material/handbook-post-disaster-housing-and-community-reconstruction


IOM OIM

REFERENCES

www.sphereproject.org

Centro de Evacuação

Documents

Transcript of Centro de Evacuação