THE VISUAL SYSTEM D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM.
CENTRAL INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM.
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Transcript of CENTRAL INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM.
CENTRAL INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS
D. C. MIKULECKYPROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY
ANDFACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM
BODY RHYTHMS AND THE HYPOTHALAMUS
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS
SLEEP
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS AND BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS
OVER 100 BODY FUNCTIONS VARY ON A 24-HOUR SCHEDULE
THYROXIN SECRETION CONTROLLED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS
ALSO ACTH AND CORTISONEMASTER CLOCK: SUPRACHIASMATIC
NUCLEUS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
MANIFESTATIONS OF DAILY RHYTHMS
BODY TEMPERATURE VARIATION
DISRUPTION CAUSES PROBLEMS: JET LAG
SLEEP
SLEEP HAS DIFFERENT STAGES
NEURAL MECHANISMS OF SLEEP
SLEEP DISORDERS
SLEEP HAS DIFFERENT STAGES
3 TO 5 CYCLES PER NIGHT CONSISTING OF 5 STAGES (I - V AND REM)
SLEEP STAGES BASED ON EEG ACTIVITY
RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM) SLEEP SLEEP PATTERNS VARY WITH AGE
3 TO 5 CYCLES PER NIGHT CONSISTING OF 5 STAGES (I - V AND REM)
FREQUENCY OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY DECREASES AS AMPLITUDE INCREASES
BY STAGE 4 HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE HAVE DECREASED WHILE GI MOTILITY INCREASES (PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY)
REM SLEEP TAKES THE BRAIN FROM STAGE 4 BACK TO STAGE 1 (SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY)
REM SLEEP IS ASSOCIATED WITH VISUAL DREAMING
SLEEP PATTERNS VARY WITH AGE
WITH AGE TOTAL SLEEP TIME DECREASES
ALSO THE % REM SLEEP
ALSO THE TIME SPENT IN STAGE 4
NEURAL MECHANISMS OF SLEEP
THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND BRAIN STEM ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR SLEEP/AWAKE CYCLES
THE PREOPTIC AREA OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS INDUCES NON-REM SLEEP
SEROTONON WILL ALSO INDUCE SLEEP WHEN INJECTED INTO THIS AREA
RAPHE NUCLEUS MAY BE THE GENERATOR OF REM SLEEP
SLEEP DISORDERS
INSOMNIA: INABILITY TO SLEEP, MAY BE CAUSED BY DISRUPTION OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS.
NARCOLEPSY: ATTACKS OF SLEEP AT ANY TIME, MAY BE DUE TO RAPHE NUCLEUS REM-SLEEP GENERATOR. AN INHERITED DISORDER. TREATED WITH AMPHETAMINES
MOTIVATIONAL SYSTEMS
HUNGER
THIRST
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
HUNGER
LACK OF
FOOD
REDUCEDAVAILABILITYOF GLUCOSE
CONTRACTIONS OF EMPTYSTOMACH
LOWTRIGLYCERIDELEVELSIN FAT CELLS
GLUCOSE RECEPTORSIN HYPOTHALAMUS
MECHANO-RECEPTORSIN STOMACH
PANCREAS
HUNGER
THIRST
WATERDEFICIENCY
OSMORECEPTORSIN SUPRAOPTICAND SUPRA-VENTRICULARNUCLEI OFHYPOTHALAMUS
THIRST
ADHSERETIONBY PITUITARY
WATERRETENTION BY KIDNEY
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS ORGANIZES RESPONSES TO PHERMONES
OLIFACTORY CUES SENT TO PYRIFORM CORTEX AND AMYGDALA AND INDIRECTLY TO HYPOTHALAMUS
ANDROGENS DETERMINE RELEASE OF LEUTINIZING HORMONE- CONSTANT OR CYCLIC
LEARNING AND MEMORY
ASSOSCIATIVE VS NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
SHORT AND LONG TERM MEMORYNEURONAL PATHWAYSSPLIT BRAIN STUDIESCELLULAR MANIFESTATIONSUSE AND DISUSE
ASSOSCIATIVE VS NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
HABITUATION AND SENSITIZATION ARE NONASSOCIATIVE
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IS ASSOCIATIVE
OPERANT CONDITIONING IS ASSOCIATIVE
CONDITIONED REFLEX
STIMULUS:
AIR PUFF
ON EYE
RESPONSE:CLOSE EYE
CEREBELLUM
PURKINJE CELL
RED
NUCLEUS
OLIVARY
NUCLEUS
CLIMBING FIBER
CONDITIONED REFLEX
STIMULUS:
AIR PUFF
ON EYE
RESPONSE:CLOSE EYE
CONDITIONING
STIMULUS:
TONE
COCHLEARNUCLEUS
PONTINE NUCLEUS
CEREBELLUM
PURKINJE CELL
RED
NUCLEUS
OLIVARY
NUCLEUS
CLIMBING FIBER
MOSSY FIBERS
CONDITIONED REFLEX
RESPONSE:CLOSE EYE
CONDITIONING
STIMULUS:
TONE
COCHLEARNUCLEUS
PONTINE NUCLEUS
CEREBELLUM
PURKINJE CELL
RED
NUCLEUS
MOSSY FIBERS
SHORT AND LONG TERM MEMORY
SHORT-TERM MEMORY INVOLVES IMMEDIATE USE, IS EASILY DISRUPTED AND AND IS SHORT LIVED
LONG-TERM MEMORY IS MORE STABLEINFORMATION IS PASSED FROM SHORT-
TERM TO LONG-TERM MEMORY BY A PROCESS CALLED CONSOLIDATION
NEURONAL PATHWAYS
MEMORY CIRCUITS PROVIDE A SIMPLE EXPLANAION FOR MEMORY
THESE INVOLVE THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND AMYGDALA AS WELL AS THE TEMPORAL LOBE AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS
SPLIT BRAIN STUDIES
INFORMATION IS PROCESSED AND STORED DIFFERENTLY IN DIFFERENT SPECIES
MONKEYS NEED BOTH HEMESPHERES WHILE CATS CAN LEARN IN ONE HEMISPHERE AND TRANSFER THE INFORMATION TO THE OTHER
CELLULAR MANIFESTATIONS
HABITUATION IS A DECREASE IN SYNAPTIC TRAQNSMISSION IN RESPONSE TO A REPEATED STIMULUS
SENSITIZATION INVOLVES AN INCREASE IN TRANSMITTER RELEASE
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IS A SENSITIZATION PROCESS
USE AND DISUSE
IN EXERCISE MUSCLES INCREASE MASS WITH USE
NEURAL PATHWAYS CAN STRENGTHEN OR WEAKEN CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NERVE CELLS
THE OPPOSITE ALSO HAPPENS: ATROPHY WITH DISUSE
LANGUAGE SYSTEMS
DOMINANT AND NONDOMINANT HEMISPHERES
ANATOMICAL CORRELATES OF SPEECH DISORDERS
LOCALIZATION OF LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
ASSOCIATION
MOTORPROGRAMS
COMPREHENSION
DOMINANT AND NONDOMINANT HEMISPHERES
TYPICALLY, SPEECH AREA IN DOMINANT HEMISPHERE IS LARGER
THIS DIFFERENCE APPEARS IN THE HUMAN FETUS BY THE 31ST WEEK OF GESTATION
NONDOMINANT HEMISPHERE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INTONATION AND EMOTIONAL ASPECTS
ANATOMICAL CORRELATES OF SPEECH DISORDERS
NONDOMINANT CORRELATE OF WERNICKE’S AND BROCA’S AREAS: APROSODIAS-INABILITY TO UNDERSTAND OR EXPRESS INTONATION
APHASIAS: LANGUAGE DISORDER DUE TO BRAIN DAMAGE
DYSLEXIA: CONGENITAL DISORDER AFFECTING READING
APHASIAS
BROCA’S: DISRUPTION OF MOTOR CENTERS-AFFECTS BOTH SPEECH AND WRITING
WERNICKE’S AREA: LOSS OF COMPREHENSION
LATERALITY OF BRAIN FUNCTION
RIGHT AND LEFT BRAIN
GENDER DIFFERENCES
RIGHT AND LEFT BRAIN
RIGHT HEMISPHERE: SPATIAL ABILITIES, ARTISTIC AND MUSICAL ABILITY
LEFT HEMISPHERE: ANALYTICAL SKILLS
GENDER DIFFERENCES
MALES TEND TO EXHIBIT MORE LATERALIZATION OF SPECIFIC TASKS
FEMALES USE BOTH HEMISPHERES MORE SYMMETRICALLY