Central American Civilizations Lesson 1.6 SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding...
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Transcript of Central American Civilizations Lesson 1.6 SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding...
Central American Civilizations
Lesson 1.6
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Major Central American Cultures
• OLMEC ca. 1200-300 bce• TEOTIHUACAN flourished 100-650 ce• MAYAN
– Preclassic 2000 bce-100 ce
– Classic 100 -900 ce
– Postclassic 900 ce-1500 ce
• AZTEC 1350-1519 ce
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Part 1: Olmec and Mayan
Theme: The connection between
agriculture, religion, and society
Lsn 1.6
Quick Vocab
• bloodletting rituals, cocoa, maize, Maya, Mayan calendar, Mayan decline, Olmec, Popol Vuh, Temple of the Giant Jaguar, Tikal
Olmecs and Mayans
Olmecs• Earliest known ceremonial centers is near
modern day Veracruz around 1200 B.C.– Served as the nerve center for the first
complex society of the Americas, the Olmecs
• “Olmec” was not what the people called themselves– It means “rubber people” and comes from the
rubber trees that flourish in the region
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Characteristics of Olmec Civilization
• Intensive agricultural techniques– Area received abundant rainfall so extensive irrigation systems
were unnecessary– The Olmecs built elaborate drainage systems
• Specialization of labor– Jade craftsmen
• Cities– Built around ceremonial centers
• A social hierarchy– Society was probably authoritarian– Common subjects provided labor and tribute to the elite
Characteristics of Olmec Civilization
• Organized religion and education– Ceremonial centers, priests, temples, altars, and human
sacrifice
• Development of economic exchange– Imported jade and obsidian and exported small jade, basalt,
and ceramic works of art
• Development of new technologies– Excellent astronomers and mathematicians who developed
a calendar
• Advanced development of the arts. (This can include writing.) – Created colossal human heads sculpted from basalt rock
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Olmec Head at La Venta
Decline of the Olmec
• Olmecs systematically destroyed their ceremonial centers and then deserted the sites– Statues were broken and buried, monuments
defaced, and capitals burned
• No one knows why!• but some speculate reasons involving
civil conflicts or doubts about the effectiveness or legitimacy of the ruling classes
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Mayans
• Began to develop around 300 A.D. in what is now southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador
• Known as “The People of the Jaguar”
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Olmec Influence on the Mayans
• Maize
• Ceremonial centers with temple pyramids
• Calendar based on the Olmec one
• Ball games
• Rituals involving human sacrifice
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Characteristics of a Civilization
• Intensive agricultural techniques• Specialization of labor• Cities• A social hierarchy• Organized religion and education• Development of complex forms of
economic exchange• Development of new technologies• Advanced development of the arts. (This
can include writing.)
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Agriculture• Soil in
Mesoamerican lowlands was thin and quickly lost fertility– Mayans built terraces
to retain the silt and therefore greatly improved agricultural production
• Raised maize, cotton, and cacao
Cacao tree
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Specialization
Specialization• Astronomers• Mathematicians• Warriors• Architects and
sculptors• Potters• Tool manufacturers• Textile makers
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Cities
Cities: Tikal
• the Maya built more than eight large ceremonial centers– All had pyramids, palaces, and temples
• Some of the larger ones attracted dense populations and evolved into genuine cities– The most important was Tikal
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Tikal: Temple of the Jaguar
• 154 feet high• Served as
funerary pyramid for Lord Cacao, Maya ruler of the late 6th and early 7th centuries
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Social Hierarchy
A Mayan PriestA Mayan Warrior
Social Hierarchy
• King and ruling family• Priests• Hereditary nobility (from which came
the merchant class)• Warriors• Professionals and artisans• Peasants• Slaves
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Religion and Education
Human Sacrifice and Bloodletting Ritual
Religion: Bloodletting Rituals
• Mayans believed the shedding of human blood would prompt the gods to send rain to water the maize
• Bloodletting involved both war captives and Mayan royals
Mayan queen holds a bowl filled with strips of paper used to collect blood.
Economic Exchange
Mayan symbol for movement
Economic Exchange
• Traveling merchants served as traders and ambassadors to neighboring lands and allied people
• Traded mainly in exotic and luxury goods such as
• rare animal skins, • cacao beans, and • finely crafted works of art
• Cacao used as moneySSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
New Technologies
Mayan Calendar Observatory at El Caracol
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
New Technologies• Excelled in astronomy and
mathematics– Could plot planetary cycles– Invented the concept of zero
and used a symbol to represent zero
– By combining astronomy and mathematics, calculated the length of the solar year at 365.242 days
Mayan numerical
systemSSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
New Technologies: Calendar
• Mayan priests developed the most elaborate calendar of the ancient Americas
• Interwove two kinds of year– A solar year of 365 days governed the
agricultural cycle– A ritual year of 260 days governed daily affairs
by organizing time into twenty “months” of thirteen days each
What is interesting about this calendar?
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Art and Writing
Mayan writing
Mayan Decline
• By about 800, most Mayan populations had begun to desert their cities– Full scale decline followed everywhere but in
the northern Yucatan
• Possible causes include• foreign invasion,
• internal dissension and civil war,
• failure of the water control system leading to agricultural disaster,
• ecological problems caused by destruction of the forests,
• epidemic diseases,
• and natural disastersSSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Characteristics of a Civilization
• Intensive agricultural techniques• Specialization of labor• Cities• A social hierarchy• Organized religion and education• Development of complex forms of
economic exchange• Development of new technologies• Advanced development of the arts. (This
can include writing.)
Aztecs• Aztecs came into the Valley of Mexico during the
12th and 13th century A.D., and rose to be the greatest power in the Americas by the time the Spaniards arrived, in the 16th century.
• According to myth, Huitzilopochtli told Tenoch to lead his people to a place of refuge on a swampy island in Lake Texcoco. When they reached their destination, they were to look for an eagle perched on a cactus.
• At that location, they were to build their city and honor Huitzilopochtli with human sacrifices. The city they built was called Tenochtitlán: the city of Tenoch.
Aztec Calendar StoneSSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America
(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Agriculture
• Because their capital was in a swamp they had to make adjustments. They made Chnampias (floating fruit and vegetable gardens)– Important to them were
• Sweet potato• Maize• Tomatoes • Cacao (Chocolate )
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Specialization of Labor
• Just like the other cultures. People had the chance to specialize into one craft.– Farmers– Priests– Warriors– Mathematicians– Warriors– Architects and sculptors– Potters– Tool manufacturers– Textile makers
Cities
• Most famous and largest was the capital of the empire. Tenochtitlan. Sometimes referred to as the Venice of the West
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Social Hierarchy
• King
• Priests
• Nobles
• Warriors
• Commoners
• Slaves
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Organized Religion and Education
• Believed in 1000’s of gods and goddesses
• Emperors were the direct link of Gods on Earth
• Sacrifice and bloodletting were a part of their religious belief.
• Temples and Pyramids were often gateways to speaking with the gods
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Economic Exchange
• Economy was based on trade/barter
• Cacao beans were often used at a form of money (i.e. 30 beans = a rabbit and about 600= selling your kid)
• Quachtli- type of cotton cloth that was highly valued.
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
New Technologies
• Prime Example is the capital itself.
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Technologies
• Others were– Weapons– Calendar – Astronomy – Mathematics– Agricultural (Canapés)– Dugout Canoes
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Development of the Arts
• Mostly a form of religious expression and was a way to pay tribute to the gods.
• Most art in the Aztec empire was in the form of – Sculpture, pottery, or pictographs.
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Quick Vocab
• Cuzco, Inca roads, quipu, terrace farming
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Inca
Inca• By the 13th Century, the Inca had
established domination over the regional states in Andean South America
• In 1438, Pachacuti launched a series of military campaigns that greatly expanded Inca authority– Success bred success and the
Inca empire expanded• By the late 15th Century, the Inca
empire covered more than 2,500 miles, embracing almost all of modern Peru, most of Ecuador, much of Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina
Characteristics of a Civilization
• Intensive agricultural techniques• Specialization of labor• Cities• A social hierarchy• Organized religion and education• Development of complex forms of
economic exchange• Development of new technologies• Advanced development of the arts. (This
can include writing.)
Agriculture
Llamas
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Agriculture
• Intensive agricultural techniques– Inca empire spanned many
types of environments and required terraces to make farmland out of the mountainous terrain
– Chief crop was the potato
– Herded llamas and alpacas for meat, wool, hides, and dung (used as fuel)
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Specialization of Labor
Inca textile fragment
Specialization of Labor
• Large class of bureaucrats to support centralized government
• Much fewer skilled craftsmen– Some potters, textile workers, and tool
makers– Inca designated different specialties for
captured people to meet the society’s needs
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Cities
Cities: Cuzco
• Inca capital at Cuzco served as the administrative, religious, and ceremonial center of the empire
• May have supported 300,000 residents
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Social Hierarchy
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Social Hierarchy
• Rulers
• Aristocrats
• Priests
• Bureaucrats
• Peasant cultivators of common birth
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Social Hierarchy
• Chief ruler was king and was an absolute and infallible ruler
• Dead rulers retained their prestige even after death– Remains were– Were seen as intermediaries with the gods
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Social Hierarchy
• Priests often came from royal and aristocratic families– They lived celibate and ascetic lives– Influenced Inca society by education and religious
rituals
• Large class of bureaucrats to support centralized government– Bureaucrats often were drawn from the loyal ranks of
conquered people
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Social Hierarchy
• Peasants worked lands allocated to them– Surplus supported the ruling, aristocratic, and
priestly classes as well as providing public relief in times of famine or to widows
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Religion and Education
Inti Raymi, the feast of the sun
Religion and Education• Main god was Inti, god of the sun
• Sacrificed agricultural produce or animals rather than humans
• Believed in life after death where an individual received rewards or punishments based on the quality of his earthly life
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Economic Exchange
• Inca society did not produce large classes of merchants or skilled artisans
• Locally they bartered among themselves
• Long distance trade was supervised by the central government using the excellent Inca roads
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Economic Exchange
• Gold, the Inca’s most valuable commodity, proved to be their undoing when Spanish conquistadors destroyed much of the empire in the early 1500s in search of gold
• The Spanish melted down almost all the gold so few works of art remain
Arrival of Francisco Pizarro in South America
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
New Technologies
Major Roads of the Inca Empire
New Technologies: Roads
• Allowed the Inca government to:– maintain centralized control– move military forces quickly,
transport food supplies where needed,
– tying the widespread territories together
• Rest stations were built a day’s walk apart
• Runners were positioned at convenient intervals to deliver government messages
SSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas
Art and Writing• The Inca had no
writing• Instead they kept
records using a quipu– A array of small cords
of various colors and lengths, all suspended from a thick cord
– By tying knots in the small cords, Inca could record statistical information
586 on a quipuSSWH 8 – The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America(a) Explain the rise and fall of the Olmecs, Mayan, Aztecs, and Inca empires.(b) Compare the cultures of the Americas: including government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas