PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC READING

CLAC in Garango (Burkina Faso)

20 years of experience in French-speaking countries

(Centres de Lecture et d’Animation Culturelle)

Centers for reading and cultural activities

CLAC

FRANÇAIS ANGLAIS

ENGLISH FRENCH

FRANÇAIS ANGLAIS

ENGLISH FRENCH

Contents

5 What is a CLAC?

7 Why are CLAC centres successful?

12 Bolstering national public reading policies

13 Becoming a CLAC partner

Clac de Chinguitti (Mauritanie)

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Access to written works and the ability to read have a vital impact on education, social development and democracy. Public reading – i.e. access to published works, newspapers and information in general – represents a major challenge for developing countries.Public reading facilities supplement education and literacy policies by enabling daily access to knowledge. However, books are still scarce in most French-speaking developing countries.

The International Organisation of La Francophonie set up the first CLAC centres for reading and cultural activities as early as 1986 to cater for the needs of people living in rural areas. Now, the program boasts 225 CLAC centres in 18 countries across Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Caribbean and the Near East. Since 2003, the CLAC program has developed into a valuable support system for national public reading policies in these regions. The 5 main reasons why the CLAC program is successful:• Shared responsibility,• Adaptation to local contexts,• Meticulously selected cultural assets,• Long-term monitoring,• Concrete and measurable results.

Generally speaking, the CLAC program develops the skills of the people involved in setting up a national network of public reading facilities, enabling them to structure and manage this kind of project.

Introduction

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The impact of the CLAC centres on the Millennium Objectives By facilitating access to knowledge, the CLAC centres have a significant social and economic impact on several of the United Nations’ Millennium Objectives for Development:

• Young people70% of CLAC users are under 16 years of age.

• EducationA study carried out in 2003 by the University of Ouagadougou pointed out that belonging to a CLAC increased students’ chances of exam success two to three-fold (CEP (professional certificate), BEPC (GCSE), Bac (A’ level).

• Gender equality and maternal healthCLAC centres are a way of reaching out to women who are sometimes denied access to knowledge by local or religious traditions. In particular, significant progress has been made in the fight against teenage pregnancy and female genital mutilation (surveys conducted in Benin, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast).

• Health promotion and child healthAs CLAC centres have access to large populations in remote, often poor areas, they regularly serve to relay health promotion issues: vaccination, fight against sexually transmitted diseases, HIV / AIDS and malaria. In some cases, child vaccination rates have increased from 10 to 60% of the population following the opening of a centre (surveys carried out in Guinea and Senegal).

What is a CLAC?CLAC centres serve as public libraries and informal meeting places. They contribute to ending the isolation of remote communities by providing access to books and modern communication means.CLAC resources include a library, a community room for cultural events and activities, audiovisual equipment and sometimes even computers.

Purpose and activities The CLAC library: • provides the literate population with access to written works;• caters for the reading requirements of students and teachers, thus contributing

to their success in school and professional exams;• promotes schooling;• offers young people who are not in school the means to continue their personal training;• supports local development partners (literacy tutors, health agents,

rural development agents, associations, women’s groups, NGOs, etc).

By placing its resources (building and equipment) at the service of the public, a CLAC:

• provides the local population with access to news media and audiovisual leisure activities (radio, television, video);

• encourages the creation of forums for exchanges and training in the fields of literacy, health, agriculture, etc.;

• promotes cultural expression by organising or hosting music, dance and theatre performances;• fosters a friendly atmosphere for recreational activities (scrabble, petanque,

games and competitions).

Target audience The entire local population, especially: • pre-school children;• school children (mostly primary and secondary school pupils);• teachers, civil servants and development agents;• groups, associations and NGOs.

Equipment Typically, a CLAC will be equipped with the following resources:• 2 500 library books with reinforced bindings designed to withstand intensive

use and tough climates;• local and international newspapers and magazines;• more than 50 board games and educational games;• an educational section including teaching material and methodology books for teachers; • audiovisual equipment: parabolic antenna, television, video projector,

films and a sound system; • solar panels and an Internet connection (in some cases).

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How CLAC centres functionEach CLAC is part of a network comprising about 10 centres. The network is headed by a director who visits each CLAC regularly. The director ensures that the centres are run properly, collects user statistics and plans cultural and social activities with local CLAC coordinators. The fact that CLAC centres are part of a network facilitates sharing and copying and also reduces running costs.

LocationMost CLAC centres are located in rural areas. Some are in the working-class suburbs of large towns. Each CLAC is designed to cater for the needs of a community of 5,000 to 25,000 people.

In 2009, there were 244 CLACs in 19 countries across Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Caribbean and the Near East: Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal and Togo.

What is a CLAC?

CLAC network CLAC network currently being established

Countries receiving additional support from IOF for the development of their national public reading policy

Haiti

Senegal

Mauritania

Benin

Chad

Central African Republic

Democratic Republic of Congo

Djibouti

RwandaBurundi

Comoros

Madagascar

Mauritius

GabonCongo

Togo

Burkina FasoMali Niger

Guinea

Ivory Coast

Lebanon

Why are CLAC centres successful?The CLAC program has been active for 20 years, which is relatively rare in international cooperation schemes. The reason for this long-standing success lies in the fact that all the centres function according to the same guiding concept and that IOF works with local partners to ensure that each centre is adapted to its own specific local context.

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• Number of CLAC centres per country

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1 Des responsabilités partagées

L’État :• exprime en amont une requête auprès de l’OIF pour la création d’un réseau de Clac ; • intègre la lecture publique et le programme Clac dans sa politique culturelle ;• alloue une ligne budgétaire et rémunère le personnel technique d’encadrement.

La collectivité locale bénéficiaire :• met à disposition un bâtiment adapté et s’occupe de son entretien et de son fonctionnement ;

• nomme 2 animateurs bénévoles pour aider l’animateur permanent qui est rétribué, selon les pays, par la localité ou le ministère de tutelle ;

• met en place un comité de gestion composé de représentants des différents secteurs de la société civile.

L’OIF :• fournit la dotation de départ en livres et en équipements ;• assure la formation des cadres nationaux ;• effectue un suivi régulier du bon fonctionnement et du renouvellement des matériels ;• contribue annuellement aux frais de fonctionnement des réseaux Clac, sous certaines conditions.

Le programme Clac est adapté aux réalités économiques, linguistiques et climatiques des pays concernés.

Les communautés locales bénéficient du transfert de savoir-faire fourni par l’OIF et par les responsables nationaux, ce qui leur permet de gérer de façon autonome leur Clac.

Les animations culturelles diverses et les services offerts au public constituent une des activités des animateurs, permettant de toucher un public qui n’a pas accès à l’écrit. Les concours, les projections de films, les conférences ou les spectacles renforcent l’intégration du centre dans la communauté tout en accompagnant la promotion de la lecture. Ceci favorise son appropriation effective par la localité.

Les raisons du succès des Clac

2 Une adaptation constante au contexte

Dans les pays en situation de sortie de crise,les CLAC sont considérés comme d’importants facteurs de cohésion sociale.Dans ce contexte, l’OIF apporte une attention toute particulière à la mise en place d’activités favorisant l’éducation à la citoyenneté et à l’exercice de la démocratie.

Clac de Napié (Côte d’Ivoire)

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Why are CLAC centres successful?

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Shared responsibility

The State:• asks IOF to create a CLAC network;• incorporates public reading and the CLAC program in its cultural policy;• allocates a budget and remunerates technical management staff.

The local authority benefiting from the scheme:• provides a suitable building which it is responsible for maintaining and running;• appoints 2 volunteer coordinators to help a full-time CLAC coordinator who

is paid by either the local authority or the supervisory ministry;• sets up a management committee comprising various civil society representatives.

IOF:• provides the first donation of books and equipment;• is responsible for training local managers;• monitors the centres regularly to ensure they are running smoothly and

to renew the equipment; • makes an annual contribution to CLAC network running costs,

under certain conditions.

Adapting to the local context

The CLAC program is adapted to suit the economic, linguistic and climatic conditions of the countries where it is set up.

IOF and national government representatives transfer know-how to local communities so they can run their CLAC centre by themselves.

The CLAC coordinators organise cultural activities and events and offer services to the public. Consequently, the CLAC centres reach out to people who have no access to written works. Competitions, film screenings, conferences and shows help enhance the integration of the centre within the locality, fostering its acceptance by the community.

CLAC in Napié (Ivory Coast)

In countries emerging from crisis situations, CLAC centres are considered an important way of promoting social cohesion. In this type of situation, the IOF focuses particularly on encouraging activities which promote citizenship education and democracy.

Why are CLAC centres successful?

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Meticulously selected cultural assets

Though Southern countries lack books, contrary to preconceptions, unsold or discarded books from wealthy nations cannot cater for their needs.

CLAC book selection procedures account for numerous issues related to geographical and historical contexts, future user profiles and user requests. IOF always prefers to purchase new books from local publishers, both in French and in the local language.

As a result, each CLAC has a collection of unique books from its own country and even its own region.

Before the books are sent to the CLAC networks, they are given reinforced bindings to ensure that the covers are sturdy and long-lasting. Though this procedure doubles the cost of the books, they last ten times longer.

Long-term support

IOF provides long-term support for the countries and communities with CLAC networks to ensure that the centres become an integral part of local life.

IOF renews and maintains CLAC cultural assets. It also funds the on-going training of CLAC coordinators and librarians.

As a result, newspaper and magazine subscriptions are renewed regularly, locally published books in French or the national language are purchased, audiovisual equipment is serviced and the range of activities is increased.

Concrete and measurable results IOF’s policy is one of concrete action and is always guided by local situations. One of its constant concerns is that each centre should have a significant impact on the target population.

Every year CLACs are assessed using rigorously collected statistics based on precise criteria. This enables a comparison of results with initial objectives.

Originally the CLAC program objective was a library subscription rate equivalent to 25%of the local school population. In actual fact, the average rate is often over 40%.

>

• One in two visitors borrows a library book

• Library subscribers borrow about one book a month

• A borrowed library book is read by an average of three people

Why are CLAC centres successful?

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Daily statistics on how the centres function (subscriptions, admissions, loans, event attendance numbers, etc.) are collected every month and sent to both the community management committee and the supervisory ministry. The results are verified during the network director’s monthly visits and at the joint annual assessment visits made by the IOF and supervisory ministry representatives.

Statistical indicators that enable an assessment of the CLAC library use:• Admission statistics: the number of people consulting specialised books,

magazines and newspapers in the library. • Subscriber statistics: the number of people using the library loan service to borrow books. • Book loan statistics: the number of library books borrowed.

Statistical indicators that enable an assessment of activities and events organised by a CLAC:

• Events statistics: the number of events organised (conferences, information sessions, documentary and film screenings, cultural entertainment, etc.)

• Participation statistics: the number of people taking part in the events.

CLAC in Bouisa (Burkina Faso)

(1) Average figures for the six-year period from 2002 to 2007(2) Average figures for the four-year period from 2002 to 2005(3) Figures for 2002

Every year,nearly3 millionpeople takepart in CLACactivities.

Annual library attendance figures1

Country (for 10 centres) Admissions Subscribers Book loans

Benin (Mono) 129 234 7 048 56 260

Benin (Atacora) 182 319 6 248 30 985

Burkina Faso (East)2 97171 7 670 62 001

Burkina Faso (West)2 148 283 6 537 67 933

Burundi 96 589 6 660 23 830

Chad 133 986 8 835 47 917

Comoros 94 639 6 309 39 180

Gabon 162 098 12 141 92 684

Guinea 240 423 6 013 55 957

Haiti 143 517 7 377 72 372

Ivory Coast 168 745 8 885 71 237

Lebanon 172 099 7 911 48 418

Madagascar 203 480 6 317 68 649

Mauritania3 95 562 5 765 11 889

Mauritius 125 749 7 773 126 515

Niger 154 871 8 195 83 448

Senegal (Kolda) 107 041 7 049 33 928

Senegal (Thies) 94 452 5 365 20 994

Togo 188 303 13 165 74 948

TOTAL 2 738 561 145 263 1 089 145

Network average 144 134 7 592 57 323

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CLAC in Garango (Burkina Faso)

CLAC in Ambovombe (Madagascar)

(1) Average figures for the six-year period from 2002 to 2007(2) Average figures for the four-year period from 2002 to 2005(3) Figures for 2002

With more than 1.5 million people attending nearly 30,000 cultural activities a year, the CLAC centres certainly do provide local populations with information and cultural events.

Annual events figures1

Country (for 10 centres) Events Participants

Benin (Mono) 1 739 68 198

Benin (Atacora) 2 086 91 153

Burkina Faso (East)2 882 51 155

Burkina Faso (West)2 997 49 816

Burundi 1 543 81 883

Chad 1 116 144 759

Comoros 504 23 861

Gabon 1 973 108 146

Guinea 3 317 143 377

Haiti 1 052 93 107

Ivory Coast 1 353 60 912

Lebanon 1 102 27 648

Madagascar 1 647 107 007

Mauritania3 1 273 33 606

Mauritius 2 207 33 006

Niger 1 628 187 441

Senegal (Kolda) 1 516 51 940

Senegal (Thies) 1 101 40 910

Togo 1 827 104 380

TOTAL 28 863 1 502 305

Network average 1 543 83 461

On average, each CLAC:• has nearly 170,000 subscribers and

loans 1.1 million books (78% of subscribers are under 18 years old);

• loans over 163,000 games and didactic materials to 1.15 million users.

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Manifestations organisées chaque année*

Pays (pour 10 centres) Manifestations Public

Bénin (Mono) 1 546 65 541

Bénin (Atacora) 2 745 109 894

Burkina (Est) 1 399 73 568

Burkina (Ouest) 1 253 58 102

Burundi 1 875 99 577

Comores 333 16 470

Côte d’Ivoire 1 353 60 912

Gabon 1 569 99 150

Guinée 4 097 190 153

Haïti 1 186 109 932

Liban 1 322 32 055

Madagascar 1 772 122 990

Maurice 1 695 27 624

Mauritanie (2002) 1 273 33 606

Niger 1 436 194 290

Sénégal (Kolda) 1 504 56 565

Sénégal (Thiès) 1 155 47 739

Tchad 1 445 184 899

Togo 1 831 111 285

TOTAL 30 749 1 584 420

Moyenne par réseau 1 618 83 390

* Moyenne des résultats obtenus sur quatre ans (2002 à 2005)

Les Clac enregistrent en moyenne :• près de 170 000 abonnés pour 1,1 million

de prêts d’ouvrages (78 % des abonnés ont moins de dix-huit ans)

• plus de 163 000 prêts de jeux ou de matériels didactiques pour 1,15 million d’utilisateurs

Avec près de 1,6 million de personnesparticipant chaque année à plus de 30 000 activités culturelles, les Clac sont de véritables lieux d’information et de culture pour les populations.

Clac de Garango (Burkina Faso)

Clac de Ambovombé (Madagascar)

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Why are CLAC centres successful?

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Renforcement des politiques nationales de lecture publiqueAu-delà de l’implantation des Clac, l’OIF accompagne depuis 2003 les États dansla mise en place ou le renforcement d’une politique nationale de lecture publique.

Le modèle de développement d’un dispositif de lecture publique proposé par l’OIF s’inspire largement du concept, de la méthodologie et du savoir-faire acquis dans le cadre du programme Clac. Il prend également en compte les attentes des principaux bailleurs de fonds institutionnels (Banque mondiale, Union européenne,…) qui sont disposés à financer la création de bibliothèques à l’échelle d’un pays si la lecture publique est présentée comme une priorité politique pour le pays et si le ministère de tutelle dispose des capacités techniques pour faire aboutir le projet.

Émanations de la volonté politique du gouvernement, dotées d’une personnalité juridique propre et d’un budget de fonctionnement, les structures nationales de lecture publique créées deviennent les interlocuteurs de l’OIF et des autres partenaires techniques et financiers.

L’OIF apporte son appui à un pays souhaitant se doter d’une politique nationale de lecture publique :en amont, par :

• le recensement puis l’évaluation du fonctionnement et de l’impact des bibliothèques publiques existantes ;

• l’accompagnement du ministère de tutelle lors de séances d’information sur les enjeux relatifs à la mise en œuvre d’un réseau national de lecture publique. Ce travail d’information et de sensibilisation est mené auprès des ministères directement concernés par le projet (Culture, Éducation, Développement rural, Économie et planification) et des partenaires techniques ou financiers (organismes du système des Nations unies, Union européenne, Banque mondiale, coopérations bilatérales…).

en aval par : • l’aménagement et l’équipement du centre national ; • l’élaboration de sélections bibliographiques et la constitution d’une collection-témoin ;• la formation du personnel technique d’encadrement affecté au centre national.

pays se sont dotés d’un cadre législatif appropriéd’un Centre national de

lecture publique : la Mauritanieen 2003, Madagascar en 2004, le Burkina Faso en 2005, Haïti en 2006 et Maurice en 2007.

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Clac de Ambalavao (Madagascar)

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Bolstering national public reading policiesAs well as setting up the CLACs, since 2003, IOF has been helping governments implement or shore up their own national public reading policies.

IOF supports countries that would like to implement a national public reading policy:

Before setting up a CLAC program IOF:• Lists a country’s existing public library facilities, assesses how they function and

their impact on the local community.• Accompanies the supervisory ministry during information meetings regarding the

issues involved in setting up a national network of public reading facilities.• Works with the ministries directly involved in the scheme (Culture, Education, Rural Development,

Economy and Planning) and with the financial and technical partners (organisations belonging to the United Nations system, European Union, World Bank, bilateral cooperation schemes, etc.), providing information and raising awareness of the challenges and issues invovled.

Once the CLAC program is up and running, IOF:• Advises on how to organise and equip national public reading centres• Compiles book lists and recommends a pilot collection• Trains the technical management staff appointed to the national reading centre.• Helps expand the national public reading network

IOF’s public reading development model is based largely on the concepts, methods and know-how acquired through the CLAC program. It also accounts for the expectations of major institutional funders (World Bank, European Union, etc.) who are prepared to finance the creation of country-wide library networks as long as public reading is a political priority in the country and the supervisory ministry has the technical capacity to see the project through.

A country’s national public reading structures reflect its government’s political objectives. The structures have their own legal status and budget and collaborate directly with IOF and the other technical and financial partners.

CLAC in Ambalavao (Madagascar)

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The following countries have recently adopted the requisite legal framework and set up national public reading centres: Mauritania in 2003, Madagascar in 2004, Burkina Faso in 2005, Haiti in 2006, Burundi in 2007 and Mauritius in 2009.

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Becoming a CLAC partnerThe CLAC program’s success has lead to an increase in demand by IOF member countries.

As well as funding set-up costs, the host country contributes $125,000 as follows: monitoring assignments ($5000), building construction and refurbishing ($100,000) and cultural equipment ($20,000).

The cost of setting up a network of 10 CLAC centres

Cultural assets 320 000 €

Books 135 000 €

Reinforced bookbinding 135 000 €

DVDs (news, documentaries and films) 5 000 €

Educational games and board games 10 000 €

Video and library furniture 35 000 €

Audiovisual and solar equipment 42 000 €

Television sets and video projectors, portable sound system 15 000 €

Video players, cameras 5 000 €

Parabolic antennas, decoders 5 000 €

Sound system 5 000 €

Solar panels (if necessary) 10 000 €

Audiovisual system installation 2 000 €

Four wheel drive vehicle 20 000 €

Scheme costs, technical surveys 20 000 €

Feasibility study 4 000 €

Start-up costs 7 000 €

Establishment and opening costs 5 000 €

Technical mission costs 4 000 €

Network staff training costs 27 000 €

Instructors 9 000 €

IOF Managers 3 000 €

Accommodation, meals and travel expenses for 30 coordinators 15 000 €

Equipment delivery costs 15 000 €

Miscellaneous 6 000 €

Total 450 000 €

Requests concern:• The creation of new CLAC centres within existing networks• Setting up one or several networks in countries that already benefit from the program as well as in new countries• Increasing the range of services offered by existing networks• Support for national public reading centres

IOF is looking for partners from both the public and private sectors.

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Becoming a CLAC partner

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IOF and the host country share annual running costs of approximately $40,000 per network in varying proportions. Running costs include: monitoring and coordination costs (monthly visits, travel expenses), maintenance and repair work on the equipment and buildings, the local purchase of cultural assets (books, newspapers, etc.), events and activity costs, training courses for coordinators, etc.

CLAC in Mansoura (Lebanon)

A network of 10 CLACs costs €450,000 on average

Since the International Organisation of La Francophonie’s activities are acknowledged as being of general interest, donations made to IOF in France are governed by the patronage law of August 1st 2003 (approved by the French Ministry of Finance on September 1st 2003). Donors are therefore entitled to a tax cut equivalent to 60% of the amount donated. The ceiling for donations is 5 / 1000 of the company’s turnover (article 238 bis of the General Tax Code).

CLAC in Mansoura (Lebanon)

Grouping the CLAC centres into networks of approximately 10 units helps achieve optimal management.

Becoming a CLAC partner

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Les actions de l’Organisation internationale de la Francophonie étant reconnus d’intérêt public,les dons qu’elle perçoit sont éligibles en France aux dispositions de la loi du 1er août 2003 sur le mécénat (agrément du ministère français des Finances en date du 1er septembre 2003).Le don fait l’objet d’une réduction d’impôt de 60% de son montant, dans la limite de 5 pour mille du chiffre d’affaire de l’entreprise (Article 238 bis du Code général des impôts).

Devenir partenaire du programme Clac

L’OIF et le pays d’accueil assurent conjointement et dans des proportions variables d’un pays à l’autre, les coûts de fonctionnement qui s’élèvent en moyenne à 40 000€ par an et par réseau. Ces coûts incluent : les frais de suivi et de coordination (tournées mensuelles,déplacements) ; l’entretien et la réparation des équipements et des locaux ; l’acquisition locales de biens culturels (livres, journaux) ; les activités d’animation ; les stages et le perfectionnement des animateurs…

En moyenne, un réseau de 10 clac coûte 450 000 euros.

Regrouper les Clac par réseau d’une dizaine d’unitéspermet d’optimiser leur gestion.

Clac de Mansoura (Liban)

Clac de Mohéli (Union des Comores)

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CLAC in Mohéli (Union of Comoros)

A network of 10 CLACs takes between 12 and 24 months to set up.

The stages involved in creating a network of 10 CLAC centres

Investigative missions and feasibility studies in the applicant country to assess the interest of the supervisory ministry and the local authorities in the project and their capacity to provide the necessary resources (4 months)

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Formal request by the municipal authorities interested in the project (1 month)2

Start-up mission to identify local partners in the area designated by the applicant country and validation by IOF of the communities designated by the supervisory ministry (1 month)

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Signing of a convention between the applicant country and the IOF detailing each party’s responsibilities regarding the creation and running of the CLAC network (1 month)

4 Selection and purchase in the French-speaking countries of the cultural assets for the new CLAC network (12 months)

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Reinforced bookbinding by a specialised company (6 months)6

Preparation of network resources by the host country and communities: buildings, staff (12 months)

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Staff training and installation of equipment and material in the centres (2 months)

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LAUNCH OF THE NATIONAL CLAC NETWORK

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Delivery of all the equipment to the host country (2 months)Assessment of the completion of work on the building and the equipment (1 month)

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The International Organisation of La Francophonie (IOF) is an institution based on the sharing of the French language and of common cultural values. The IOF currently comprises fifty-six member states and governments and fourteen observers which together represent 870 million people. 200 million people around the world speak French. The IOF is represented on the five continents and accounts for over one-third of the UNO Member States. The IOF helps its member states elaborate their policies and takes political and cooperative measures in accordance with the main missions established by the Summit of La Francopho-nie: promoting the French language as well as cultural and linguistic diversity; promoting peace, democracy and human rights; supporting education, training, higher education and research, and developing cooperation to ensure sustainable development and solidarity. In all its actions, the IOF focuses particularly on young people and women as well as on access to information and communication technologies.

56 IOF MEMBER STATES AND GOVERNMENTS

• Albania • Principality of Andorra • Armenia • Kingdom of Belgium • French-speaking Community of Belgium • Benin • Bulgaria • Burkina Faso • Burundi • Cambodia • Cameroon

• Canada • Canada-New-Brunswick • Canada-Quebec • Cape Verde • Central African Republic • Chad • Comoros • Congo • Democratic Republic of the Congo • Cyprus • Djibouti

• Dominica • Egypt • Equatorial Guinea • Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia • France • Gabon • Ghana • Greece • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Haiti • Ivory Coast • Laos • Lebanon • Luxembourg • Madagascar • Mali • Morocco • Mauritius • Mauritania • Moldova • Monaco • Niger • Romania • Rwanda • Saint Lucia • São Tomé and Principe • Senegal • Seychelles • Switzerland • Togo • Tunisia • Vanuatu • Vietnam.

14 OBSERVERS

• Austria • Croatia • Czech Republic • Georgia • Hungary • Latvia • Lithuania• Mozambique • Poland • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia • Thailand • Ukraine.

Clac de Garango (Burkina Faso)

www.francophonie.org

PrODuCeD By THe DePArTMenT FOr FrenCH LAnGuAGe AnD CuLTurAL AnD LInGuISTIC DIverSITy

DIreCTOr: Frédéric BouilleuxCLAC PrOGrAM MAnAGer: eric WeberTeL.: (33) 1 44 37 33 54 amayel.traore@francophonie.org

PuBLISHeD By THe InTernATIOnAL OrGAnISATIOn OF LA FrAnCOPHOnIe, COMMunICATIOn DePArTMenT

DePArTMenT HeAD: Anissa BarrakPuBLICATIOnS MAnAGer: nathalie rostiniTeL.: (33) 1 44 37 33 93com@francophonie.org

Translated by: Alto International. Photo credits: all rights reserved (Cissi Olsson/Shadows/IOF/2002 - Roger Moukarzel/IOF/2002 - Camille Weber/IOF/2009)Graphic design: Didier Parquet. ® International Organisation of La Francophonie, Paris, 2009. All rights reserved.

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