4/22/09 1

Center for Subsurface Sensing & Imaging Systems

Center for Subsurface Sensing & Imaging Systems

NSF Site Year 9 Site VisitApril 22, 2009NSF Site Year 9 Site VisitApril 22, 2009

Subsurface Sensing & Modeling Subsurface Sensing & Modeling

Research Thrust R1

Ronald A. RoyCarey Rappaport

Ronald A. RoyCarey Rappaport

4/22/09 2

Subsurface Sensing and

Modeling

Image and Data Information Management

Physics-Based Signal Processing and Image UnderstandingR1R1

R2R2R3R3L1L1

L2L2

L3L3

Scope of R1 Thrust within CenSSIS Scope of R1 Thrust within CenSSIS

Validating TestBEDs Validating TestBEDs

Fundamental Science Fundamental Science

S1 S2 S3Enviro-Civil

S4 S5Bio-Med

Fundamental physics of SSISensor design and testingComputational modeling

R1A- R1B

Subsurface Sensing and

Modeling

4/22/09 3

Objectives of R1 ThrustObjectives of R1 Thrust

Test and validate new sensors Incorporate modeling in testBEDsTest and validate new sensors Incorporate modeling in testBEDs

Incorporate new sensors in Engineered System Incorporate new modeling algorithms in Software Resource Center

Incorporate new sensors in Engineered System Incorporate new modeling algorithms in Software Resource Center

L1L1

L2L2

L3L3

Develop new SSI conceptsDevelop better understanding of physics of SSIDevelop new computational modeling algorithms Integrate phys & math modeling with inversion

Develop new SSI conceptsDevelop better understanding of physics of SSIDevelop new computational modeling algorithms Integrate phys & math modeling with inversion

EE Enhance engineering curriculumin photonics, acoustics, electromagneticsEnhance engineering curriculumin photonics, acoustics, electromagnetics

I–PLUS

EngineeredSystemEngineeredSystem

ValidatingTestBEDsValidatingTestBEDs

Fundamental Science Fundamental Science

EducationEducation

4/22/09 4

Theme of R1A ResearchTheme of R1A ResearchIn

depe

nden

tpr

obes

Inte

ract

ing

prob

es

Probes of same nature

Probes of different nature

Multimodal & Multispectral Subsurface Imaging

4/22/09 5

Inde

pend

ent

prob

esIn

tera

ctin

gpr

obes

Probes of same nature

Probes of different nature

Multispectral&

Hyperspectral

• Undersea imaging (Velez-Reyes.. / UPRM)• Skin imaging (DiMarzio.. / NU)• Color retinal imaging (Roysam../ RPI)• Elastic scattering breast cancer imaging (Bigio./BU)• Spectral interferometry

DNA

imaging (Swan.. /BU)

Multispectral Subsurface Imaging

4/22/09 6

Inde

pend

ent

prob

esIn

tera

ctin

gpr

obes

Probes of same nature

Probes of different nature

Sensorfusion

• Breast cancer imaging•�B-mode US & AOI

Multimodal Subsurface Imaging

4/22/09 7

Inde

pend

ent

prob

esIn

tera

ctin

gpr

obes

Probes of same nature

Probes of different nature

Acousto-OpticImaging (AOI)

Opto-AcousticImaging (OAI)

Acousto-Optic Imaging (AOI)

Opto-Acoustic Imaging (OAI)• (Murray, Roy /BU, DiMarzio /NU)

• (Murray, Roy /BU, DiMarzio /NU)More later

Multimodal Subsurface Imaging

4/22/09 8

Multispectral Subsurface Imaging

Inde

pend

ent

prob

esIn

tera

ctin

gpr

obes

Probes of same nature

Probes of different nature

Nonlinearimaging

2ωω Ultrasonic Tissue Harmonic Imaging

(Cleveland, Roy/ BU)

2ω−Ω

ω 2-photon fluorescenceMicroscopy

ωFusion microscope S1

ω

ω/2

ω/2Sub-Harmonic imaging

Quantum Optical Imaging

Quantum OCT (Saleh.. /BU)

More later

4/22/09 9

Acousto-Optic Imaging (AOI)

Quantum Optical Coherence Imaging (QOCT)

Report on Two R1A Projects

1

2

4/22/09 10

Acousto-Optic Imaging (AOI)Acousto-Optic Imaging (AOI)

Faculty Ronald Roy (BU)Todd Murray (BU)Charles DiMarzio (NU)Nickolai Kukhtarev (AAMU)Tatiana Kukhtarev (AAMU)

Students Puxiang Lai

1

4/22/09 11

Acousto-Optic Imaging (AOI)Acousto-Optic Imaging (AOI)

•

Dual-mode imaging technique: diffuse light + focused sound

•

Phase modulated by sound, diffuse light →

map of optical

absorption & optomechanical

properties, at sound resolution

• Dual-mode imaging technique: diffuse light + focused sound

• Phase modulated by sound, diffuse light →

map of optical

absorption & optomechanical

properties, at sound resolution

4/22/09 12

Breakthrough 1Breakthrough 1

Weak & speckled AO signalChallenge:Challenge:

Novel interferometric system, based on 2-wave mixing in a photorefractive crystal (PRC), enhanced sensitivity and enabled operation with a pulsed ultrasound.

Local Light Distribution

Ultrasound

Z A

xis

Tim

e =

Z/c

Focal Pressure (MPa)

2-cycle Pulse @ 1MHz

A-O Signal

Pulsing minimizes thermal bioeffects caused by intense ultrasound

4/22/09 13

Combination of AOI system with conventional ultrasonic imaging (Analogic Engine) → B-mode ultrasonic image co-registered with AO image→ Best for imaging optical absorption

Excised Biological TissueExcised Biological Tissue

Absorbing inclusion in chicken breast (2 cm thick)

Breakthrough 2Breakthrough 2

4/22/09 14

Pressure Contrast Imaging:Measure AOS at 2 different pressuresRatio normalizes out illumination

propagation effectsResults agree with model predictionsAbility to measure/image scattering

coefficient

Breakthrough 3

10 cm-1 Inclusion in a 7 cm-1 phantom

5 cm-1

7 cm-1

4/22/09 15

1.

Detection speed must be improved to avoid sensitivity to speckle decorrelation associated with physiological motion

2.

Imaging acquisition time must be decreased

Challenges to in vivo imaging

Approach

1.

2nd-generation AOI system operating in the near-IR (1064 nm), where attenuation is substantially reduced (done).

2.

A new GaAs

PRC with fast response time (working)3.

Utilize a pulse laser rather than CW (moving forward)

4/22/09 16

Some Potential ApplicationsSome Potential Applications

Imaging in Breast and Brain

Tissue-Specific Contrast-Enhanced Imaging

Imaging Peripheral Vascularity

Image Guidance of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Therapy

SustainabilitySubmissions to CDMRP for tissue imaging projects

BU Dean’s Catalyst Award (1 yr POC)

Planned submission to NIH R21

Imaging in Breast and Brain

Tissue-Specific Contrast-Enhanced Imaging

Imaging Peripheral Vascularity

Image Guidance of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Therapy

SustainabilitySubmissions to CDMRP for tissue imaging projects

BU Dean’s Catalyst Award (1 yr POC)

Planned submission to NIH R21

4/22/09 17

Bahaa Saleh (BU→UCF)Alexander Sergienko (BU) Malvin Teich (BU)

Timothy YarnallMohan NishantMohamed Saleh

2

Magued Nasr

Faculty:

Postdoc:

Students:

Quantum Optical Coherence Imaging (QOCT)

Ayman Abouraddy (PhD 03)Mark Booth (PhD 04)Magued Nasr (PhD 04)

Alumni:

4/22/09 18

Classical Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

I(τ)

BroadbandSource

cτ

Detector

Sample

Mirror

1I(τ)

τ

Classical

OCT = Interferometric reflectometry using a source of short coherence length (broadband)

SLD

Axial resolution can be a few μm.Submicron resolution is possible with fs lasers & supercontinuum light.In a dispersive medium, the resolution deteriorates to tens of μm

4/22/09 19

Laser Pump

Quantum Optical Coherence Tomography (QOCT)

Advantages of QOCTFactor of 2 improvement in axial resolution for same spectral width Insensitivity to group-velocity dispersion with concomitant improvement in axial resolution

C(τ)

z

cτ

Detector 2

Sample

Mirror

xNLC

Detector 1

C(τ)

τ

Laser PhotonCoincidence

= OCT based on quantum interferometry of spectrally-entangled photons

generated by spontaneous parametric downconversion from an NLC

4/22/09 20

AccomplishmentsAccomplishments

Invention of QOCT and development of its theory

First measurement of dispersion cancellation in QOCT

Measurement of dispersion coefficient of interstitial layers

Theory & demonstration of polarization-sensitive QOCT

Inversion algorithms

4/22/09 21

ObjectiveObjectiveDesign and build a QOCT system with performance competitive with OCT for acquisition of dispersion-cancelled 3D images

New source based on periodic & chirped QPM crystal (PPLN, PPLT)New superconducting single photon detectors (broadband) Improved system layout (miniaturization)Optimized axial & transverse resolutionUse of gold nanoparticles to enhance reflectance

Approach

Low entangled photon flux and small detection efficiency. → Long run timeLimited axial resolution

ChallengesChallenges

4/22/09 22

Resolution Enhancement: From 19 to 1 μm in seven years !

Resolution Enhancement: From 19 to 1 μm in seven years !

Imaging with ultra-broadband ‘biphotons”

generated using a quasi phase matched parametric down conversion scheme

4/22/09 23

First QOCT Image of a Biological Specimen: An Onion Skin Enhanced with Nanoparticles First QOCT Image of a Biological Specimen: An Onion Skin Enhanced with Nanoparticles

1.96 1.98 2.00 2.02 2.04

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

Nor

mal

ized

Coi

ncid

ence

Delay-Line Displacement in mm.

FWHM = 7.5 μm

Front Surface Axial Scan

4/22/09 24

Norm

alized Coincidence

QOCT XY-Scan of an Onion CellQOCT XY-Scan of an Onion Cell

4/22/09 25

1

μm steps

QOCT 3D Scan of an Onion CellQOCT 3D Scan of an Onion Cell

4/22/09 26

Current & Future Work

Continue QOCT experiments in scattering media &biological samplesDevelop a new detection technique based on SFG, which is expected to be several orders of magnitude faster

Sustainability:Additional support from a DOD MURI program for

developing photon-counting optical coherence tomography, in both classical and quantum implementations

4/22/09 27

Objectives of R1 ThrustObjectives of R1 Thrust

Test and validate new sensors Incorporate modeling in testBEDsTest and validate new sensors Incorporate modeling in testBEDs

Incorporate new sensors in Engineered System Incorporate new modeling algorithms in Software Resource Center

Incorporate new sensors in Engineered System Incorporate new modeling algorithms in Software Resource Center

L1L1

L2L2

L3L3

Develop new SSI conceptsDevelop better understanding of physics of SSIDevelop new computational modeling algorithms Integrate phys & math modeling with inversion

Develop new SSI conceptsDevelop better understanding of physics of SSIDevelop new computational modeling algorithms Integrate phys & math modeling with inversion

EE Enhance engineering curriculumin photonics, acoustics, electromagneticsEnhance engineering curriculumin photonics, acoustics, electromagnetics

I–PLUS

EngineeredSystemEngineeredSystem

ValidatingTestBEDsValidatingTestBEDs

Fundamental Science Fundamental Science

EducationEducation

4/22/09 28

Develop new SSI conceptsDevelop new SSI concepts

New modality for Acousto-Optic Imaging (AOI)New photorefrative detector for speckle cancellation New form of Optical Coherence Tomography (Q-OCT)New source of broadband light for OCTNew broadband superconducting photon detectorsNew form of nanomicroscopy: Spectral Self-Interference Fluorescence Microscopy (SFM)New sources and detectors for THz imaging

New modality for Acousto-Optic Imaging (AOI)New photorefrative detector for speckle cancellation New form of Optical Coherence Tomography (Q-OCT)New source of broadband light for OCTNew broadband superconducting photon detectorsNew form of nanomicroscopy: Spectral Self-Interference Fluorescence Microscopy (SFM)New sources and detectors for THz imaging

4/22/09 29

Develop a better understanding of physics of SSIDevelop a better understanding of physics of SSI

Interaction of pulsed ultrasound with diffuse optical waves

Using ultrasound as a pump to enhance photo-acoustic emissions

Speckle cancellation by use of photorefrative detection

Optics of entangled photons

Nano-imaging using wavelength-domain interferometry

Tissue harmonic imaging

Interaction of pulsed ultrasound with diffuse optical waves

Using ultrasound as a pump to enhance photo-acoustic emissions

Speckle cancellation by use of photorefrative detection

Optics of entangled photons

Nano-imaging using wavelength-domain interferometry

Tissue harmonic imaging

4/22/09 30

R1A p1 “Intelligent Diagnostics IGERT: Bridge Deck Assessment through Sensing and Identification with Mechanical Waves” D. Ambramo

R1A p2 “Nanoparticle-targeted Photoacoustic Cavitation for Tissue Imaging and Therapy” H. Ju

R1A p3 “Resonance Isolation in the Presence of Noise and Clutter by Single-Channel Time Reversal” Z. Waters

R1A p4 “Characterizing the Dynamic Properties of HIFU Lesions” A. Draudt

R1A p5 “Quantitative Optical Characterization of Tissue-like Medium Using Light and Sound” P. Lai

R1A p6 “A Flow-Through Acoustic Waveguide For Two-Phase Void Fraction Measurement” C. Ormonde

R1A p7 “Detecting Cavitation in Liquid Merury Exposed to a High Energy Pulsed Proton Beam” N. Manzi

R1A p1 “Intelligent Diagnostics IGERT: Bridge Deck Assessment through Sensing and Identification with Mechanical Waves” D. Ambramo

R1A p2 “Nanoparticle-targeted Photoacoustic Cavitation for Tissue Imaging and Therapy” H. Ju

R1A p3 “Resonance Isolation in the Presence of Noise and Clutter by Single-Channel Time Reversal” Z. Waters

R1A p4 “Characterizing the Dynamic Properties of HIFU Lesions” A. Draudt

R1A p5 “Quantitative Optical Characterization of Tissue-like Medium Using Light and Sound” P. Lai

R1A p6 “A Flow-Through Acoustic Waveguide For Two-Phase Void Fraction Measurement” C. Ormonde

R1A p7 “Detecting Cavitation in Liquid Merury Exposed to a High Energy Pulsed Proton Beam” N. Manzi

Research Posters: Nonlinear/Dual-Wave Probes & Applications Research Posters: Nonlinear/Dual-Wave Probes & Applications

4/22/09 31

R1A p8 “Ultra-Broadband Optical Coherence Tomography Using Parametric Downconversion and Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors at 1064 nm” N. Mohan

R1A p9 “Raman spectroscopy of Graphene in high magnetic fields: G-band splitting in the QHE regime” S. Remi and C. Metzger

R1A p10 “Detection of Molecular Conformations and Orientations on Surface via Self-Interference Fluorescence Microscopy” A. Yalcin

R1A p11 “Omni-directional standoff terahertz detection for explosives” J. Liu

R1A p12 “Terahertz Technologyfor Sensing Exploives and Related Compounds (ERCs)” J. Chen

R1A p13 “Self-assembled Monolayer Adsorption/Desorption Cycling Effects on Gold Silver Surfaces” D. Snow

R1A p8 “Ultra-Broadband Optical Coherence Tomography Using Parametric Downconversion and Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors at 1064 nm” N. Mohan

R1A p9 “Raman spectroscopy of Graphene in high magnetic fields: G-band splitting in the QHE regime” S. Remi and C. Metzger

R1A p10 “Detection of Molecular Conformations and Orientations on Surface via Self-Interference Fluorescence Microscopy” A. Yalcin

R1A p11 “Omni-directional standoff terahertz detection for explosives” J. Liu

R1A p12 “Terahertz Technologyfor Sensing Exploives and Related Compounds (ERCs)” J. Chen

R1A p13 “Self-assembled Monolayer Adsorption/Desorption Cycling Effects on Gold Silver Surfaces” D. Snow

Research Posters: Nonlinear/Dual-Wave Probes & Applications Research Posters: Nonlinear/Dual-Wave Probes & Applications