Additives1

Dowell

Dowell

Cement Additives

Additives2

Dowell

Well Conditions

PROBLEM

Well control over pressure and weak formations

Temperature

Permeable formations

Mud removal Friction pressure Mixability/Pumpability

Lost circulation

Abnormal and specialized conditions:Strength retrogression Foamers

Foam

Density

Thickening time

Fluid Stability Fluid loss control

Plugging/Bridging properties Density

Hydration product Stabilized foam capability

Foaming tendency

SLURRY PARAMETER

Rheology

ExtendersWeighting agents

Accelerators Retarders

FLAC

Dispersants Gelling Agents

Silica Foaming agent &

stabilizers Anti foamers

LCM Extenders

ADDITIVE CATEGORY

SOLUTIONS

{

Additives3

Dowell

Cement AdditiveslAccelerators and Retarders

n Change thickening time

n Alter rate of compressive strength development

lExtendersn Reduce slurry density

n Increase slurry yield

lWeighting Agentsn Increase density

lDispersantsn Improve mixability

n Reduce friction pressure

Additives4

Dowell

Cement Additivesl Fluid Loss Control

l Lost Circulation Material

lSpecialty:n Antifoam/defoamer additivesn Bonding agentsn Expansive additivesn Gas migration control additivesn Gelling and suspending additivesn Foaming additives

Additives5

Dowell

Conductors

lPrevents washing out underrig

lShort rig downtime

lQuick setting cement - rapiddevelopment of compressivestrength

lAccelerated slurries, e.g..:n Neat cement + NaCl (D44) 3-5%

n Neat Cement + CaCl2 (S1) 2-4%

n Neat cement + seawater

l Lightweight slurries

Additives6

Dowell

Surface Casingsl Unconsolidated zones

l BOP support

l Protect surface waters

l Prevent fluid flow

l Very large volumes of slurry

l Light weight slurries

l Strong slurry at shoe (accelerated)

l Extended lead with neat tail, e.g..:n Prehydrated bentonite 2-3% 12.8 ppg

n Neat cement + 0.5-1% S1 15.8ppg

Additives7

Dowell

Thickening & Setting TimelControl to

n Reduce WOC (reduce rig-time)

n Reduce chance for fluid/gas flow

n Allow time to complete job

lAffected byn Temperature

n Pressure

n Cement type (class and grind)

n Mixing and placement methods

n Accelerators and Retarders

n Other additives (salt, dispersant, fluid loss additives)

Additives8

Dowell

AcceleratorslApplications

n Shallow casings (conductor, surface)

n Low temperature conditions

n Offset retarding effects of other additives

lAdditivesn Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) - 1-4%

n Sodium Chloride (NaCl) - <15%

n Other salts (carbonates, silicates, nitrates, etc..)

n Organic chemicals (formates, oxalic acid, etc..)

lReduced water

Additives9

Dowell

Calcium Chloride

lS1, S2, D77n Most active accelerator

n Range 1-4%

n Effect on Thickening Time

Thickening Time (h:mn)CaCl2

(%BWOC)91oF 103oF 113oF

0 4:00 3:30 2:322 1:17 1:11 1:104 1:15 1:02 0:58

Additives10

Dowell

Compressive Strength

Compressive Strength at Temperature(psi)

60oF 80oF 100oFCaCl2(%)

6 hr 12 hr 24 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr

0 NS 60 415 45 370 1260 370 840 17802 125 480 1510 410 1020 2510 1110 2370 39504 125 650 1570 545 1245 2890 1320 2560 4450

Additives11

Dowell

Secondary Effects of CaCl2l Increased temperature

n Heat of solution of CaCl2n Additional accelerating effect (on surface?)

n Casing expansion

l Increased rheology (gelation)

lPossible permeability increasen Reduced sulfate resistance

Additives12

Dowell

Sodium Chloride

Tim

e to

rea

ch 1

00 B

c (h

r)

l Sodium Chloride (D44) as an acceleratornNot very efficient nActs as an accelerator < 15% BWOWnPreferred range is 3 - 5 % BWOW

136°F (58°C)

154°F(68°C)

179°F (81°C)

210°F (99°C)

8

6

4

2

00 5 10 15 20 25 30

NaCl in Mix Water (% BWOW)

Effect of Salt concentration:

Additives13

Dowell

Retardation of Cement SystemslApplications

n Intermediate and production stringsn Surface and conductor casings (long pumping times)n Squeeze and cement plugsn High temperature and depth

lChemical Classes of Retardersn Lignosulphonates (D13, D81, D800, D801)n Hydroxycarboxylic acids (D109, D110, D45)n Inorganic compounds (D93, D74)n Cellulose derivatives (D8)n Blended retarders (D28, D150, D121)n Special materials (D161)n (Blend of above components)

Additives14

Dowell

Mechanisms of Retardationl Factors affecting mechanism of action

n Chemical nature of retardern Chemical composition of cement

l Theories of mechanism of actionn Adsorption theoryn Precipitation theoryn Nucleation theoryn Complexation theory

lPossible negative effects on slurriesn Gelationn Dispersionn Increased fluid lossn Incompatibility

Additives15

Dowell

Cement Retarders

D13/D81

D13/D81 with Dispersant

D800/D801

D800/D801 with D93/L10

D110

D110 with D93/L10

D28/D150

D28/D150 with D121

D28/D150 with D93

D74 - for RFC only

D161

BHCTBHCT ooFFRetarder

100 200 300 400

140

100 185

125 250

250 310

300175

300 375

220 300

350300

400300

100 140

450250

100

Fresh Sea 37% NaCl

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Additives16

Dowell

Lignosulfonates

l Low to mid temperature usen D13 (D81) <185oF

n D800 (D801) 140o - 220oF

lPulping by-productn Variable performance

lEfficiency improved 150o - 175oF

l Tendency to gel at higher concentrations

lMay require dispersion

Additives17

Dowell

Hydroxycarboxylic Acid

lPowerful retardersn D110 (D109) - 175o - 325oF

n D45 (salt dispersant)

lDetrimental effect with lattices

lSome dispersion

lRecommended retarder for silicate extended slurry

Additives18

Dowell

Inorganic Retarders

lRetarder aid - D93n Has no retarding capacity by itself

n Extends temperature range for other retarders

n Detrimental effect on fluid loss

lSodium Chloride (D44)n Retards at concentrations over 20%

n May over-retard at low temperatures

lD74 - Retarder for RFC (D53 version)

Additives19

Dowell

Cellulose

lCMHEC (D8) - Diacel LWLn Sometimes used for retardation

n Viscosifying

n Effective to 250oF

n Some fluid loss control

lOther fluid loss additivesn D59, D60, D112

Additives20

Dowell

Blended Retarders

lGenerally lignosulfonate with other materialn D28 (D150) - 220o - +300oF

n D121 - 250o - 350oF

lDispersing action as well, especially at highconcentration

lD121 erratic below 300oF

lD121 may overdisperse

Additives21

Dowell

D161

lHigh Temperature Retarder (>250oF)

lRapid Strength Developmentn Lengthens Dormant Period; not Hydration Rate

lReduced Sensitivity ton Concentration Error

n Temperature Error

lEffective in Fresh Water, Seawater, and Salt Water

l Liquid

Additives22

Dowell

ApplicationslCementing Long Liners and Casing

n Single Stage vs. Two-Stage Jobs

n Single Slurry Replacing a Lead and Tail Slurry

lSqueeze Cementing

lKick-off Plugs

lCoiled Tubing Applications

Additives23

Dowell

D161 Setting Characteristics

Thickening Time @ 350oF

Rat

io o

f T

TR

50

psi

@ 3

20oF

to T

T @

350

oF

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Conventional

D161

Rat

io o

f T

TR

50

psi

@ 3

20oF

to T

T @

350

oF

Additives24

Dowell

CS to TT Ratio

D161 D121/D28 D93/D110D66 (%BWOC)D47 (gps)D158 (gps)Disp (% or gps)

350.050.50.06

350.050.51.00

350.050.51.00

350.050.50.06

350.050.50.06

Retarder (% or gps)D93 (%BWOC)

1.25---

1.50---

2.00---

0.240.40

0.400.40

Thickening Time (hr:min) at 350oF:5:27 3:32 4:12 4:12 8:53

Compressive Strength (hr:min) at 320oF:TTR 50 psiTTR 500 psi

8:1810:10

19:0321:48

25:4628:59

35:5238:45

30:1333:27

Ratio of TTR 50 psi @ 320oF toTT @ 350oF1.5 5.4 6.1 8.5 3.4

Dyckerhoff Red Label at 16.0 ppg

Additives25

Dowell

Compressive Strength Development

02468

10121416182022

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Thickening time @ 350°F (hr)

Tim

e to

rea

ch c

om

pre

ssiv

e st

ren

gth

at

320°

F (

hr)

3000 psi

500 psi

50 psi

Additives26

Dowell

Slurry DensityCHANGING OF SLURRY DENSITY

LIGHTER

MORE WATER*

ABSORBENT LIGHT

MATERIAL

LOWER

DENSITY

* D124 and Foamed Cement are exceptions

Neat Cement15.6 Class A 15.8 Class G 16.4 Class H

Additives27

Dowell

Cement Extenders

Bentonite

LITEPOZ* 3 D35

LITEPOZ 7 D61

TXI Lightweight Cement

Diacel D D56

Expanded Perlite D72

Gilsonite D24

KOLITE* D42

Sodium Metasilicate D79

Sodium Silicate D75

LITEFIL* D124

Foamed Cement

Microsilica

LiteCRETE* Cement

Slurry Density (lb/gal)Extender orLightweight System 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1512 14.7

10.8 13.6

12 14.2

11 14.5

10.6 13.8

12 15

11 14.5

9 12

156

1511

14.511.5

11.5

12 15

10.5 12.5* Mark of Schlumberger

Additives28

Dowell

Classification of ExtenderslWater “absorbing” extenders

n Clays (Bentonite) - D20, D128

n Chemical extenders (Silicates) - D75, D79

l Low density solidsn Pozzolans (Fly ashes) - D35, D56, D61, D602

n KOLITE* and gilsonite - D42, D24

n Expanded perlite - D72

n Silica fume (Microsilica) - D154, D155

lVery low density materialsn Nitrogen - Foamed Cement

n Ceramic microspheres - D124 (LITEFIL*)

* Mark of Schlumberger

Additives29

Dowell

Bentonitic Extenders

• General properties:•

BENTONITE CLAY

BENEFICIATED (PEPTIZED) NON - TREATED

MONTMORILLONITE - D20

(FRESH)ATTAPULGITE - D128

(SEA)

nn Water based extendernn SG = 2.65nn Dry blended or pre-hydratednn Concentration range, 0-20% BWOCnn Density range, 11.5 - 15 ppg

nn

nn

nn

nn

nn

Economical and widely availableDecreases compressive strength,increases permeabilityViscosifies slurries

nnnn Provides fluid loss control

nnnn nnnn

nnnn

Additives30

Dowell

Bentonite (D20)l Allow addition of extra water, yet control free water

n Optimum water content must be determinedn Starting point - 5.3% additional water per 1% bentonite

l Additional water meansn Reduced cost (increased yield)n Reduced strengthn Increased permeabilityn Reduced resistance to chemical attack by brines

l Viscosifies slurries (requires dispersant >6% D20)l Slurry stabilizer (free water and sedimentation)l High concentrations (>12%) provide fluid loss control (<400

mL/30 minl May be prehydrated (1% prehydrated = 4% dry)l Inhibited by salt

Additives31

Dowell

Chemical ExtenderslSilicates

n React with cations in cement system (Ca2+, Mg2+)n Form viscous, gelatinous silicate gel - Capable of binding extra water - Low free water separationn Low rheologies for turbulent flown Better properties and mixing than bentonite slurriesn No inherent fluid-loss controln Relatively low concentrations requiredn Ca - Silicate formed acts as acceleratorn Use D110 (or D109) retarders

lD79, Sodium Metasilicate - dry

lD75, Sodium Silicate - liquid

Additives32

Dowell

Point of Departure

2068

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200Time (min)

Co

nsi

sten

cy (

Bc)

470* 468*

245* 170*

* 24 hr compressive strength (psi) of slurry removed and cured at 170oF

Class G + 2% D79 (12.5 ppg)

Schedule 4g6 (118oF)

Point of Departure is the time at which the slurry begins to increase in consistency.

Additives33

Dowell

D75 Slurries

Shear 24 hr Compressive Strength(min) (psi)

20 65090 640140 470260 200

POD is 90 minutes - plateau of 40 Bc at 150 minutes

Class G + 0.28 gps D75 @ 12.5 ppg

D109 POD Time to 70 Bc(gps) (hr:mn) (hr:min)

0 1:50 +4:000.04 2:00 3:150.07 4:10 5:35

Class G + 0.24 gps D75 @ 13.0 ppg

Tests at 118oF

Test at 131oF

Additives34

Dowell

Silicate Slurry Design

lPoint of departure is the thickening timen Optimize D75/D110

lUse D110 (D109) as retarder (erratic behavior withlignosulfonates)

lCalcium chloride has little effect on compressivestrength

lMixingn Do not mix D75 with any other liquid additive

n Add CaCl2, then D75, then D110 if using fresh water

n Keep water/D75 solution agitated (keep gel suspended)

Additives35

Dowell

Lightweight AggregateslPOZZOLANS: Fly Ash( D35), Volcanic Ash and

Diatomaceous Earth (D61, D602)n React with calcium hydroxide in cementn Corrosion brine resistancen Low permeabilityn Thermal resistance

lEXPANDED PERLITE (D72)n Inert material and does not affect thickening timesn Normally add 2 - 6% BWOC bentonite to prevent floatationn Gives reduced cement permeabilityn Bridging action at higher concentrations

lMICROSILICA (Silica Fume, D154, D155):n Pozzolanic materialn Good slurry properties

Additives36

Dowell

PozzolanslNaturally occurring

n Volcanic ashes

n Diatomaceous earth (D61)

lArtificialn Fly ashu Type F (D35, D48) - most common

u Type C (D132) - more reactive (cementitious)

lKey Propertiesn React with Ca(OH)2

u Contribute strength

u Reduce permeability

n Increased brine resistance

Additives37

Dowell

Microsilica (silica fume)l Amorphous sub-micron spheresl Pozzolanic properties (reactive)l Low bulk density (<15 lb/ft3)l Provides some slurry stabilityl Frequently blended with other lightweight additives (HiLITE -

blend with D124)l Bulk blending is difficult with dry materiall Liquid can be stored with minimal agitationl Concentration up to 20%l Dispersant is required to effectively disperse in water and

prevent gelationl Additives

n D154 - dryn D155 - liquid

Additives38

Dowell

Ultra-Lightweight Extenders

lCeramic microspheres, LITEFIL* D124n Ceramic or glass microspheres

n Inert

n Specific gravity 0.7 - 0.8

n Fragile - pressure limitation of 5,000 psi

n Density range: 8.5 lb/gal to 14.5 lb/gal

n Enhanced strength and permeability

l Foamed cement systemsn Nitrogen injected into slurry with foamer

n Very low densities > 6.0 lb/gal

n Good mechanical properties* Mark of Schlumberger

Additives39

Dowell

Lost Circulation Control

lReduce density

lReduce friction pressure

lAdd LCMnGranular

nFlake

Additives40

Dowell

Granular Lost Circulation MaterialslD42 - KOLITE* additive

n Ground coaln SG - 1.3n Concentration - 5 - 25 lb/skn Slurry stability is key

lD24 - Gilsoniten Ground asphaltinic materialn SG - 1.07n Similar to D42n Temperature limitation of 300oF due to softening

lMechanismn Bridgingn Mixing difficulties at high concentrations

Additives41

Dowell

Flake Lost Circulation Materials

lD29 (Cellophane flake)n Concentration - 1/8 to 1/2 lb/sk

lD130 (Polyester flakes)n Concentration - 1/8 to 1/2 lb/sk

lMechanismsn Form “mat” on fractures, vugs, etc..

lHandlingn Mixing difficulties at high concentrations

Additives42

Dowell

Intermediate Casingsl Protect weak or sensitive

formations (production)

l May be 2 stage

l Low cost

l Extended lead and neat tail

l Most slurries are retarded

l May require fluid loss control

l May require special properties(e.g.. gas migration control)

Additives43

Dowell

Production Casingsl Isolate production zones

l Smaller diameter casings

l Cost less important

l Good bonding

l Fluid loss control is usuallyrequired

l Low friction pressures

l Mud removal is important

l 15.8 ppg or more slurries

l All slurries to be retarded

Additives44

Dowell

Dispersants

l Cement slurry rheologyn Volume of particles / total volumen Particle interactionsn Aqueous phase rheology

Change with dispersants

l Why dispersants ?n Reduce viscosity and yield pointn Reduce friction pressuresn Improve cement slurry mixabilityn Reduced water slurries (density up to 18.0 lb/gal)n Improve efficiency of fluid loss additives

Additives45

Dowell

Dispersantsl TIC* Additive

lSuperplasticizersn PNS - D65, D80, D604M, D604AM

n PMS - D145

lPlasticizersn Cement retarders (D13, D81, D800, D801)

n Mud thinners

l Organic salts and acidsn D45

n D121

* Mark of Schlumberger

Additives46

Dowell

Dispersant Action

• Amount of dispersant adsorbed depends on concentration

• Cement grain surfaces become uniformly negative• Like signs repel one another ---> dispersion

CEMENT

DispersantMolecule

SO3

SO3

C2SH- -03S+Ca+

+Ca+ -03S C2SH-

Additives47

Dowell

Use of TIC D80 in ETD

Note: ETD Cement at 185°F

Yie

ld V

alue

(/1

00ft2 )

20

15

10

5

5

10

15

20

30

5

10

15

20

30

25

0.00 0.05 0.15 0.250.200.10

D80 (gal/sk)

25

Overdispersed

Yield value

Free water

ViscosityPlastic Viscosity(Cp)

Free Water(%)

Underdispersed

Acceptable Range

Additives48

Dowell

Use of TIC D604M in ETD

Note: ETD Cement at 185°F

Yie

ld V

alue

(lb

/100

ft2 )

20

15

10

5

5

10

15

20

30

5

10

15

20

30

25

0.00 0.05 0.15 0.250.200.10

D604M (gal/sk)

25 Yield value

Free water

Viscosity

Plastic Viscosity(Cp)

Free Water(%)

Underdispersed

Acceptable Range

Additives49

Dowell

Fluid Loss in Cement SlurrieslDefinition:

n Filtrate lost to the formation

n Filter cake deposited at formation face

n Cement particles left in annulus

lWhy cement loses water:n Differential pressure

n Permeable medium (formation)

l Fluid loss stages:n Dynamic

n Static

Additives50

Dowell

Dynamic vs. Static Fluid LosslDynamic

n Placement

n Loss is proportional to time

n Filter cake reaches pseudo-stable thickness

n Density increases

n Slurry properties change

lStaticn After placement

n Loss is proportional to square root of time

n Cake grows

n May result in annular restrictionsu Causes loss of hydrostatic pressure

Additives51

Dowell

Effect of Fluid Loss

lDamage to some formations by filtrate

lGas migration through thick filter cake and throughpoor quality cement

lOther properties:

Slurry yieldFree waterThickening timeSettlingBulk ShrinkageMud removal efficiency (?)

REDUCED

Bondingnnnn

INCREASEDnn Hydrostaticnn Slurry densitynn Plastic viscositynn Yield pointnn Compressive strength

nn

nn

nn

nn

nn

nnnn

nnnn

nnnn

nnnn

nnnnnnnn

Additives52

Dowell

Thickening Time versus Density

THICKENING TIME

THICKENING TIME

YIELD VALUEYIELD VALUE

160

40

16.415.6

Th

icke

nin

g T

ime

(min

)

Yie

ld V

alu

e

Slurry Density (ppg)

Additives53

Dowell

Mechanisms of Fluid Loss Control

lReduce cement filter cake permeabilityn Particulate materials to fill voids

n Polymer particles to plug pores

n Change cement particle distribution with dispersants

l Increase viscosity of aqueous phasen Water soluble polymers

n Small effect compared to permeability reduction

Additives54

Dowell

Mechanisms

Particle Plugging Polymer Plugging

Additives55

Dowell

FLAC* AdditiveslParticulate -

n Gel - D20n Latex - D600 (MT,M-HD,L) D134(HT,HD,L)n Microgels - D300, D500(AD,LT,L)

lWater Soluble Polymersn Cellulose DerivativeuD60, D59(MT,ND,S) D112(MT,LD,S)

n Non-Ionic PolymeruD127(LT,S) B30(LT,S) D159(L-MT,AD,L) D160(L-MT,AD,S)

n Anionic PolymeruD603(MT,ND,L) D143, D158(M-HT,HD,L), D156(LT,AD,S)

n Cationic Polymer - D73.1(M-HT,ND,L)n FLAC Enhancer - D136 (below 200oF)

* Mark of Schlumberger

Additives56

Dowell

Dispersant Effect on Fluid LossMechanism of action• Disperse cement grains and improve packing --> reduced permeability

• Flocculate w/salt ---> plugging action

•

•

FILTER CAKE

RANDOM PACKING

HIGH PERMEABILITY

WITHOUT DISPERSANT WITH DISPERSANT

ORDERED PACKING

LOW PERMEABILITY

Additives57

Dowell

Acceptable Fluid Loss LimitslGas zones 30 - 50 mL/30 min

l Liner < 50 mL/30 min

lCasing 200 - 300 mL/30 min

lHorizontal well <50 mL/30 min

lHigh density slurries: <50 mL/30 min

lSqueeze :n Formation with K < 1 md 200 mL/30 min

n Formation with K 1 md - 100 md 100 - 200 mL/30 min

n Formation with K > 100 md 35 - 100 mL/30 min

Neat cement = +1000 mL/30 min

Additives58

Dowell

Slurry Density

Less Water

Changing Slurry Density

Lighter HeavierMore

Water* Less

Water

Absorbent LightMaterial

HeavyMaterial

Dispersant

LowerDensity

HigherDensity

* D124 and Foamed Cement are exceptions

Neat Cement15.6 Class A 15.8 Class G 16.4 Class H

Additives59

Dowell

Weighting AgentslRequirements

n High specific gravityn Compatible particle size and distribution (settling)n Low water adsorption (efficiency)n Availability and acceptable costn Purity and consistency of productn Inert

lCommonly used weighting agents

Code Agent SG Additional water

D31 Barite 4.33 0.024 gal/lbD76 Hematite 4.95 0.0023 gal/lbD157 MicroMax 4.80 0.0011 gal/lb

Cement 3.15 0.049 gal/lb

Additives60

Dowell

Strength RetrogressionAbove 230oF cement undergoes:

n Reduction in strengthn Increase in permeability

l Due to crystalline changes in CSH gelCSH gel ---------> alpha dicalcium silicateamorphous crystallinestrong, impermeable weak, permeableC/S = 1.5 C/S = 2.0

l Prevented by addition of 30 - 40% BWOC silica (reduces C/Sratio of C-S-H gel)

CSH gel + silica ---------> TobermoriteC/S = 0.8

Tobermorite ---------> Xonotlite + GyroliteC/S + 1.0 C/S + 0.8

Care should be given to production temperatures

Additives61

Dowell

D30 Silica Sand & D66 Silica Flour

Particle size US Mesh

Additional Water Specific gravity Applications: High density Low density Settling Problems Mixing Problems (Rheology) Use above 300°F

NAME D30 D66SILICA SAND SILICA FLOUR

70 - 200

±10% 1.12 gal/sk

2.63

Preferred

Alternative

Alternative

Preferred

Alternative

Alternative

Preferred

Preferred

Alternative

Preferred

> 200

+ 12% 1.34 gal/sk

2.63

Additives62

Dowell

Antisettling Agent D153lControls free water and/or sedimentation

lCompatible with all Dowell products and cements

lNo significant effects on slurry properties, exceptrheology

lDry-blend or prehydrated (preferred), fresh or seawater

l Temperature range: less than 302oF (150oC)

lConcentration: 0.1 to 1.5%BWOC (depending ondensity)

Additives63

Dowell

Slurry Stability

Additives64

Dowell

Antifoam AgentslPurpose

n Prevent slurry gelationn Allow true slurry density to be mixed and pumpedn Prevent pump cavitation (due to aeration)

lMechanism of action:n Lower surface tensionn Reduces film and causes rupture

l Types of antifoam agentsn Polyglycol ethers Solid : D46 (0.2 lb/sk) Liquid : D47 (0.05 gal/sk)n Silicones Liquid : D144 (0.01 - 0.02gal/sk) Liquid : M45 (0.05 gal/sk)