Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the...
-
Upload
britton-bailey -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the...
![Page 1: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle
![Page 2: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
DiffusionAt all temperatures above absolute zero,
the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always in movement. Indeed, the amount of this movement is what constitutes temperature itself.
Simply put, diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
![Page 3: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Diffusion Cont. Particles of a
substance will move from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration.
The difference in concentration of atoms is know as a concentration gradient
As particles move in a given area, an equilibrium is reached where the space between the particles becomes fairly uniform.
This equal distribution of atoms is called dynamic equilibrium
![Page 4: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Diffusion Cont.Follow link to animation of diffusion
The Diffusion AppletFollow link to tutorial of diffusion and
osmosis
Diffusion and osmosis tutorial
![Page 5: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Plasma Membrane
Made up of two layers of phospholipids
Controls what moves into and out of the cell
Selectively permeable
![Page 6: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Passive TransportTransport (diffusion) of particles across
the membrane without the use of energy by the cell
Particles move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across the concentration gradient
![Page 7: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Passive transport by proteins
Common method for moving sugars and amino acids across membranes
Driven by a concentration gradient (substances on both sides of the membrane are trying to reach equal concentration)
Facilitated Diffusion - Transport of materials across the plasma membrane with the aid of channel proteins
![Page 8: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Passive TransportVideo
![Page 9: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What is Osmosis?Osmosis – Diffusion of water
across a selectively permeable membrane
The plasma membrane does not limit the diffusion of water
In a cell, water always tries to reach an equal concentration on both sides of the membrane
Regulation of water flow through the membrane is important in maintaining homeostasis
![Page 10: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What Controls Osmosis?Concentration gradient - Unequal
distribution of particles
![Page 11: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cells in an Isotonic Solution Isotonic Solution – when
the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside of the cell
Equal movement of water into and out of the cell, cell stays the same size
![Page 12: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cells in a hypotonic solution Hypotonic solution – when
the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell
Water is pulled into the cell, the cell swells and the internal pressure increases
![Page 13: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cells in a hypertonic solution Hypertonic Solution –
where the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell.
Water moves out of the cell, the cell shrinks, and internal pressure decreases
![Page 14: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Water moves into a cell placed in a ___________________ solution.
A. Osmotic
B. Hypertonic
C. Isotonic
D. Hypotonic
![Page 15: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Water moves out of a cell if it is placed in a _______________ solution
A. Hypotonic
B. Hypertonic
C. Isotonic
D. Passive
![Page 16: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
A cell moves particles from a region of lesser concentration to a region of greater concentration by _________________.
A. Facilitated Diffusion
B. Passive Transport
C. Osmosis
D. Active Transport
![Page 17: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
If a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by _____________.
A. Osmosis
B. Diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Phagocytosis
![Page 18: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Pickles and Osmosis????• View the recipe for making pickles.
Dill Pickles• 15 pickling cucumbers or Kirbies
• Pickling Liquid: 3 cups water
2 cups white vinegar 1/4 cup coarse salt
2 tablespoons granulated sugar 8 garlic cloves, peeled
1 bunch dill 1 sprig thyme
• Bring a large stockpot water to a boil. Add cucumbers, immediately remove from heat, and drain in a colander. Rinse with cold water and reserve.
• Combine pickling liquid ingredients in a medium saucepan and bring to a boil. Place cucumbers in a large container with remaining vegetables and herbs.. Pour hot
pickling liquid over cucumber mixture and let cool. Tap down solids until liquid rises to top. Cover with plastic wrap and let stand at room temperature 1 day.
Transfer to a sealed container
After viewing the recipe above, explain the role of osmosis in making pickles. Be ready to share your answers!
![Page 19: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Active TransportCells can move particles from a region
of low concentration to a region of high concentration, but it takes !
Active Transport – movement of materials through a membrane against the concentration gradient
![Page 20: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Active Transport Cont.Proteins in the cell membrane (Carrier
proteins) bind with particles of the substance. When the right molecule binds to the right carrier protein, chemical energy allows the carrier protein to change shape so that the particle can be moved to the other side of the membrane
![Page 21: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Transport of Large Particles Some cells can take in large molecules, groups
of molecules, or even whole cells Endocytosis – process by which a cell engulfs a
material and forms a vacuole inside of the cell Exocytosis – expulsion or secretion of materials
from the cell Used to get rid of waste, secrete hormones
Both endocytosis and exocytosis require cellular energy (Active transport)
![Page 23: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Endocytosis and Exotytosis
Use the play dough to model the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. Be able to explain the process. When you have finished, wait for Mrs. Johnson to come and check your work and hear your explanation.
![Page 26: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Active TransportVideo
![Page 27: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Release of waste or large cell products from inside to outside of cell _____________________.
A. Endocytosis
B. Exocytosis
C. Osmosis
D. Facilitated Diffusion
![Page 28: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Type of cell transport which requires energy from the cell.
A. Osmosis
B. Facilitated Diffusion
C. Active Transport
D. Passive Transport
![Page 29: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Active Transport is to carrier protein as _____________ is to channel protein.
A. Osmosis
B. Endocytosis
C. Exocytosis
D. Facilitated Diffusion
![Page 30: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
When cell engulfs a large particle
and forms a vacuole inside the cell
_____________________.
A. Endocytosis
B. Exocytosis
C. Osmosis
D. Facilitated Diffusion
![Page 31: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Term for “cell eating”
A. Osmosis
B. Exocytosis
C. Pinocytosis
D. Phagocytosis
![Page 32: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cell Growth
![Page 33: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cells come in different sizes Red blood Cells = 8 µm Some nerve cells can be up to 1mm in
lengthThe yolk of an Ostrich egg measures 8cmMost living cells are between 2 and 200
µmGiven the wide range of cell sizes, why
can’t most organisms be just one giant cell?
![Page 34: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
What limits cell size?Diffusion
Diffusion is fast and efficient over short distances but slow and inefficient over larger distances
a mitochondrion at the center of a hypothetical cell with a diameter of 20 cm would have to wait months before receiving molecules entering the cell
![Page 35: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What limits cell size? cont. DNA
The nucleus contains blueprints for the cell’s proteins (proteins are used throughout the cell by the organelles)
There is a limit as to how quickly the DNA (blueprints) can be copied
The cell can’t survive unless there is enough DNA to support the protein needs of the cell
Some large single celled organisms have developed more than 1 nucleus
![Page 36: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What limits cell size? Cont.Surface area to volume ratio
As cell size increases, its volume increases faster than its surface area
If cell size doubles, the cell would require eight times more nutrients and would have eight times more waste to excrete. The surface area would increase only by a factor of four. The plasma membrane would not have enough surface area for nutrients, waste and oxygen to diffuse through
![Page 37: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Surface area to volume ratio
1mm
1mm
2mm
2mm
4mm
4mm
Surface area = 6mm2
Volume = 1mm3
Surface area = 24mm2
Volume = 8mm3
Surface area = ??
Volume = ??Refer to PS lab 8.1 pg 209
![Page 38: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Cell SizeVideo
![Page 39: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
To summarize…. Substances move into and out of cells
Passive transport Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion
Active transport Carrier proteins Endocytosis/Exocytosis
Cell size must be limited in order for a cell to function effectively
Video
![Page 40: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis is the ___________.
A. Cytoplasm
B. Mitochondria
C. Cell Wall
D. Plasma Membrane
![Page 41: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Which of the following explain why a cell’s size is limited?
A. Volume increases faster than surface area
B. Surface area increases faster than volume
C. Homeostasis is disrupted by a cell that is too large
D. Both a and c
![Page 42: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
As a cell grows, its ___________ increases more than its ___________.
A. Length, volume
B. Width, surface area
C. Volume, surface area
D. None of these
![Page 43: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Cell Reproduction
![Page 44: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Cell Reproduction (video clip)The cell theory states: all cells come from
preexisting cells We know that all organisms grow and
changeThroughout our lives, worn-out tissues are
repaired or replace by new cells All of this occurs through Cell Division
The process by which new cells are produced from one cell
Results in two cells that are identical to the parent cell
![Page 45: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
What are Chromosomes? Chromosomes – dark staining structures that
contain genetic material (DNA) Made up of DNA and protein
Chromatin – long strands of DNA wrapped around protein (resembles a tangled plate of spaghetti)
Before a cell can divide, the long strands of chromatin must be organized into a chromosome
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/modchromosome.jpg
![Page 46: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Chromosomes
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/realchromo.jpeg
![Page 47: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
http://lhs.lps.org/staff/sputnam/Biology/U3Cell/chromosome_1.png
Video clip
![Page 48: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The Cell CycleThe sequence of growth and division of
a cell
2 phases: Growth Division
![Page 49: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Growth Phase: Interphase
The majority of a cell’s life is spent growing and making more DNA, this period is called – Interphase During interphase, cell grows in size and the
chromosomes are duplicated G1 phase - rapid growth S phase – DNA synthesis and replication G2 phase – Centrioles replicate and cell prepares
for division
![Page 50: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The Division Phase:Mitosis Cells undergo mitosis as they approach the maximum
cell size at which the nucleus can provide blue-prints for proteins and the plasma membrane can efficiently transport nutrients and waste into and out of the cell
4 phases of Mitosis:
ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase
![Page 51: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The Cell Cycle
http://lhs.lps.org/staff/sputnam/Biology/U3Cell/cellcycle_1.png
![Page 52: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Mitosis: Prophase 1st stage of mitosis
(longest stage) Chromatin coils up into
visible chromosomes Each duplicated
chromosome is made of 2 sister chromatids held together by a centromere
The nucleus begins to disappear
Centrioles migrate to opposite ends of cell
Spindle fibers become visible
![Page 53: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Mitosis: Metaphase 2nd stage of mitosis
(short stage) Chromosomes
become attached to the spindle fibers by their centromeres
Chromosomes line up on the midline
![Page 54: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Mitosis: Anaphase 3rd stage of mitosis Sister chromatids are
pulled apart the spindle fibers
attached to the centromere and the centriole begin to shorten pulling the chromatids from each other
![Page 55: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Mitosis: Telophase 4th stage of mitosis Chromatids reach the
opposite poles of the cell Chromosomes unwind,
spindle begins to break down, nucleolus reappears and nuclear envelop forms around each set of new chromosomes
![Page 56: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Mitosis
http://www.sirinet.net%2F%7Ejgjohnso%2Fmodchromosome.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sirinet.net%2F%7Ejgjohnso%2Freprod.html&size=35.1kB&name=modchromosome.jpg&p=chromosome+structure&type=jpeg&no=85&tt=573&ei=UTF-8
![Page 57: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Mitosis animation
![Page 58: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Division of Cytoplasm Cytokinesis – division of
cytoplasm between the two newly formed cells
Different for plant and animal cells
![Page 59: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Life Cycle of a Cell and Cell Division
Video clip
![Page 60: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Among the following, the term that includes the others is ___________.
A. Interphase
B. Nuclear division
C. Mitosis
D. Cell Cycle
![Page 61: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
By the end of prophase, each of the following has occurred except ______________.
A. Tighter coiling of the chromosomes
B. Breaking down of the nuclear envelope
C. Disappearing of the nucleolus
D. Lining up of chromosomes in the cell
![Page 62: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The longest phase of the cell cycle is ________________.
A. Prophase
B. Interphase
C. Metaphase
D. Mitosis
![Page 63: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
A chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber by the ________________.
A. Nucleolus
B. Deep furrow
C. Centromere
D. Centriole
![Page 64: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The sequence of growth and division of a cell makes up ______________
A. Mitosis
B. The Cell Cycle
C. Chromosomes
D. Cytoplasmic Division
![Page 65: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Identify the stage of mitosis
A. Anaphase
B. Metaphase
C. Prophase
D. Telephase
![Page 66: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Identify the stage of mitosis
A. Anaphase
B. Metaphase
C. Prophase
D. Telephase
![Page 67: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Results of Mitosis
![Page 68: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
So what’s the point?Mitosis guarantees that the two new
cells that are produced are genetically identical. The two new daughter cells will carry out the same cellular processes and functions as those of the parent cell and will grow and divide just as the parent cell did.
![Page 69: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Control of the Cell CycleThe full story of how the cell cycle is
controlled is not fully understoodScientist do agree on some aspects of
what causes cells to divide
Enzymes
![Page 70: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Enzymes Control the Cell CycleDifferent enzymes control different parts
of the cell cycleInterphase
growth (G1 phase) synthesis (S phase)getting ready (G2 phase)
mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
![Page 71: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Sometimes cells lose control of the cell cycle
Can result from: Not enough enzyme Too much enzyme Production of enzymes at the wrong time
Enzyme production is controlled by genes
![Page 72: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Cancer Uncontrolled cell
division can result in cancer
Cancer is a mistake in the cell cycle
Cancerous cells form tumors
Tumors deprive normal cells of nutrients
Cancer cells can enter the blood stream and spread throughout the body (metastasis)
![Page 73: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Causes of Cancer Genetic factors (Heredity) Viruses that cause damage to genes Environmental Factors that damage genes
Cigarette smoke Air pollution Water pollution UV exposure Radiation
![Page 74: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Incidence of CancerPeople of different countries develop
different types of cancer Ex. Breast cancer is high in the U.S,
Stomach cancer is high in China
When people move from one country to another, cancer rates follow the pattern of the country in
which they are currently living
![Page 75: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Cancer Prevention There is a clear link between a health lifestyle
and incidence of cancer Diet
Low fat, high fiber Fruits, vegetables, grains
Vitamins & Minerals Caratenoids Vitamins A, C & E Calcium
Exercise No tobacco use
![Page 76: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Cell Aging and CancerVideo clip
![Page 77: Cellular Transport And the Cell Cycle. Diffusion At all temperatures above absolute zero, the individual atoms that constitute any substance are always.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e765503460f94b77a8f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Growth and Development in Multicellular Organisms
CellsTissuesOrgansOrgan systemsOrganism
Video clip
No matter how complex the organism, the cell is still the basic unit of organization