Cellular Telephony Future - Electrical Engineering and...

8/30/2011

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Cellular TelephonyCellular TelephonyPastPastPastPast

PresentPresentFutureFuture

Victor MatosCleveland State University

Universidad de Costa Rica

1. Android – How‐do‐cellular‐phones‐work

What is a Cellular Phone?What is a Cellular Phone?

Oversimplifying…

Cellular phone = radio + computer*

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= +

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Benefits of Using Cellular PhonesBenefits of Using Cellular Phones

Cell phones are indispensablefor today’s mobile work‐force and society at large.y g

Why?

Global instant communication and data exchange.

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Risks of Using Cellular PhonesRisks of Using Cellular Phones

• Easy to misplace or to have stolen.

• Unwanted access to private information (if )fallen in the wrong hands).

• Potential victims of malware, intrusion, virus attacks.

• Could receive spam (unwanted messages).

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• Risk of eavesdropping.

• Surreptitious location tracking and monitoring.

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Decision: Using Cellular PhonesDecision: Using Cellular Phones

Adoption: Benefits outweigh risks!

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Mobile Phone EvolutionMobile Phone Evolution

1876

• Alexander Graham Bell became the first to receive a patent for this the electric phone.

1936

• Alfred Gross. Case Tech / Case Western Reserve University. Invented/Patented Walkie‐talkie, CB radio, Telephone Pager.

1975• Dr. Martin Cooper invented first commercial portable Motorola radio phone

Chester Gould

2007

• iPhone

• Android – G1

6666

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Telephony Technology 1936

http://www.motorola.com/staticfiles/Consumers/Corporate/US‐EN/_Documents/Motorola_History_Timeline.pdf

Bell Phone 1934‐1936

Police CruiserRadio Receiver

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Ford Model 68‐730. Dated 1936

Radio Receiver1936


Cell Phone FrequenciesCell Phone Frequencies

Early 1G Networks

POSITIVE:Mobile users can access the telecommunication network.

NEGATIVE:Only a few radio telephones could connect to the central

8888

city antenna tower.

70 Km

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ChannelsChannels

Splitting Frequencies

A cell‐phone carrier typically p yp ygets 832 radio frequencies to use in a city.

To avoid collisions a single cell uses 1/7 of the available duplex voice channels (832 / 7 ≈ 118 / 2 = 56 )

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In other words, in any cell, only 56 people can be talking on their cell phone at one time.


Cell Phone FrequenciesCell Phone Frequencies

Great idea!!!

The core idea of the cellular system is the division of a city into small cells.

Each hexagonal cell covers approx. 10 sq miles (26 km2)

1010101010

Because cell phones and base stations use low‐power transmitters, the same frequencies can be reused in non‐adjacent cells. The two dark purple cells can reuse the same frequencies.

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Placing a Phone Call Placing a Phone Call cont.cont.

HAND OFF. As you travel, the signal is passed from cell to cell.

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ChannelsChannels

G‐volution

1G – First‐generation networks used analog devices (56 channels) g g ( )

2G – Uses digital transmission methods. Number of channels increases. For example, a TDMA‐based digital system can carry three times as many calls as an analog system ( 168 channels ).

3G ‐ Allows simultaneous use of speech and data services.

12121212

4G – Same as 3G + Broadband + faster speeds than 3G (slow mobile users will operate around 1Gbps, fast moving 50 Mbps)

5G ‐ …

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access, as used in SGM

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How do cellular phones work?How do cellular phones work?

Roaming

Let's say you're on the phone and you move

Kolbi: ICE

from one cell to another ‐‐ but the cell you move into is covered by another service provider, not yours.

Instead of dropping the call, it'll actually be handed off to the other service provider. This

is called roaming.

Verizon

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How do cellular phones work?How do cellular phones work?

Your turn…

What do you yexpect to have in a cell phone 10 years from now?

1414141414

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The Maturing Mobile ExperienceI want my 2015 Smartphone to act as …

1. Phone / Pager2. PDA Organizer3. High Quality Camera (still & video)4. Portable music player / Portable TV / Video Player / Radio5. Laptop6. Knowledge Assistant7. Play Station8. GPS 9. Translator / Interpreter10. Golf Caddy (ball retriever too)11. Book Reader (I don’t read, It reads to me)12 C / H / Offi K12. Car / Home / Office Key13. Remote Control (Garage, TV, …)14. Credit Card / Driver’s License / Passport / Air plane tickets15. Cash on Demand16. Cook, house chores 17. Psychologist / Mentor / Adviser 18. Dance instructor19. ???? 15

Mobile Market Player$

Stakeholders:

Mobile network operators want

Operators

SoftwareDevice

to lock down their networks, controlling and metering traffic.

Device manufacturers want to differentiate themselves with features, reliability, and price points.

VendorsManufacturers

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Software vendors want complete access to the hardware to deliver cutting‐edge applications.

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Open Handset AllianceOperators Software Co. Commercializat. Semiconductor Handset Manf

China Mobile Ascender Corp. Aplix Audience ACERChina UnicomKDDI Corp.NTT DoCoMoSprint NextelT‐MobileTelecom ItaliaTelefónicaVodafoneSoftbank

eBayEsmertecGoogleLivingImageNMS Comm.Nuance Comm.PacketVideoSkyPopSONiVOX

Noser EngineeringAstonishing TribeWind River SystemsOmron Software…Teleca

Broadcom Corp.Intel Corp.Marvell Tech.GroupNvidia Corp.QualcommSiRF Tech. HoldingsSynapticsTexas Instr.AKM Semicond

ASUSHTCLGMotorolaSamsungASUSTekGarminHuawei Tech…

…Ericsson

…Borqs

AKM Semicond.ARMAtheros Comm...EMP

Sony EricssonToshiba

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The Android Platform

• Android is a software environment built for mobile devices.

• It is not a hardware platform.• Android includes:

• Linux kernel‐based OS, • a rich UI, • telephone functionality, • end‐user applications, • code libraries,code libraries, • application frameworks, • multimedia support, ...

• User applications are built for Android in Java.

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Android Components

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The Size of the Mobile Market – 2009Extracted from: http://gizmodo.com/5489036/cellphone‐overshare

1 4bn

480 mPapers

2009 Mobile market compared to other

h l4 bn

Mobile Phone worldwide(half the

population of the planet)

1.5bnTelevisions worlwide

1.4bn Internet usersworldwide

technologies

7.13%Traded Stocks and

Financial

6.69%Movie information

5.33%Business Directory

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48.7%News and Sport Information

20.21%Social

Networking

11.94%Entertainment

News

Content accessed from mobile phones

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2009 Mobile Revenue

The $ize of the Mobile Market – 2009

Revenue Year 2009

Mi ft

Extracted from: http://gizmodo.com/5489036/cellphone‐oversharehttp://www.microsoft.com/investor/reports/ar09/10k_fr_bal.htmlExxon Mobil 2009 Summary Annual Report2010 Toyota Annual Report (pp 12)

$600 bnVoice

$130 bnMessaging

$70 bnNon‐messaging

Microsoft $78bn

Toyota Motors$204bn

Exxon Mobil

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Exxon Mobil$301bn

Revenue is the collective amount of income made by a company (usually from the sales of goods & services)


2009 Mobile Search Market

97.57%Google

1.94% Yahoo

0.63% Other

2.43%

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0.25% Ask

0.11% MSM

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Appendix. The Size of the Mobile Market – 2009Extracted from: http://gizmodo.com/5489036/cellphone‐overshare

2009

How SMS compares as a text communication

3.05 bnSMS users worldwide

2.6 SMS per day per person world

average

the most used communication

600 mIM users worldwide

application

232323

tool of the planet

1.3 bnEmail users worldwide


13%

2009 Mobile Operating System Market Share Worldwide

19%RIM

13%iPhone

9%Windows

6% Other

2%

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51%Symbian

2%Android

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The Size of the Mobile Market – Q2 / 2010Extracted from: http://www.businessinsider.com/android‐iphone‐market‐share‐2010‐8

Google

Microsoft5%

Others5%

Google17%

RIM18%

2525

Nokia41%

Apple14%

The Size of the Mobile Market – Q4 / 2010Extracted from http://www.canalys.com/pr/2011/r2011013.pdf

RIM

Microsoft 3.1%

Others, 2.9%

Google32.9%

Apple16.0%

RIM 14.6%

Combined sales in Q4 300 million units

2626

Nokia30.6%

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The Size of the Mobile Market – Q2 / 2011Extracted from http://www.channelinsider.com/c/a/Messaging‐and‐Collaboration/Android‐Smartphone‐Marketshare‐Grows‐NPD‐Report‐469609/

Windows, WebOs, 5%

Others, 3%

Android, 52%

iPhone , 29%

RIM, 11%

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,

New Products for the 2011 Year

Motorola Atrix 4G (ATT Store)Dual‐core processor ‐ 1 GB RAM

2828Tablets

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Cell‐Phone Diffusion

Dr. Lyza LythMama Justine & Children

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Tanzania, October 2010

Thanks for being hereThanks for being here

Cellular PhonesCellular PhonesPastPast


Questions?Questions?

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How do Cell Phones Work?How do Cell Phones Work?

Credits (on line books available at books.google.com)

Link: How Stuff Works h // l h ff k / ll h hLink: How Stuff Works http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cell‐phone1.htm

Principles of Information Systems. Ralph M. Stair, George Reynolds, George W. Reynolds ‐ Course Technology, 2009

How Do Cell Phones Work?Richard Hantula, Debra Voege ‐ Chelsea Clubhouse Publisher, 2009

Guidelines on Cell Phone and PDA Security: Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology By Wayne Jansen, Karen Scarfone, National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), 2009

3131313131

RF measurements for cellular phones and wireless data systemsAllan W. Scott, Rex Frobenius ‐ Ed. J. Wiley, 2008

RF engineering for wireless networks: hardware, antennas, and propagationDaniel Mark Dobkin. Elsevier Inc., 2005

Cell Phones: Invisible Hazards in the Wireless AgeGeorge Louis Carlo, Martin Schram ‐ 2002

Cellular TelephonyCellular TelephonyCellular TelephonyCellular TelephonyPastPast


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Victor MatosCleveland State University

Universidad de Costa Rica

Cellular Telephony Future - Electrical Engineering and...

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