Cellular Structure
description
Transcript of Cellular Structure
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Cellular Structure
Chapter 4
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Eubacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
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Eubacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
AnimaliaFungiPlantaeProtista
Monera (defunct)
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Bacterial Structure
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Outwardly, there is little to go by in bacterial structure
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Bacteria may be of various shapes (morphologies)
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Coccus = Spherical
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Bacillus = Rod
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Spiral = Spiral
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Pleomorphic = Varied, Undefined
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On a microscopic level there are layers of structure.
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Glycocalyx = Outer Coating.
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Flagella = Motive structures
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Fimbriae and Pili = Attachment
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Bacteria are divided into two large groups based on overall cellular structure
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Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative
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Gram Identity is about cell structure more than staining
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Gram Positive = Single Membrane
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Gram Negative = Double Membrane
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EXCEPTION Mycobacterium
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EXCEPTION Mycoplasma
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Even exceptions to normal Gram staining can be classified by their overall structure and genetics.
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Internal structure in bacteria is limited, but organized.
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Specialized internal structures are found in some bacteria.
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EndosporesG+ structure to go dormant.
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MagnetosomesMagnetite crystals for alignment
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Storage Granules PHB Energy Storage
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Eukarya Structure
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Eukarya externally lack the complexity of Bacteria but are more internally structured
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There are three classes of organelles.
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Non-membrane BoundRibosomes, flagella, etc.
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Endomembrane SystemNuclear Membrane, ER, etc.
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Non-Endomembrane Membrane-BoundMitochondria and Plastids
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Non-Membrane Organelles
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A Note on Evolution
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Ribosomes
Public Domain - PDB
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Endomembrane System
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Nucleus
Cell Nuclei inHeLa Cells
Public Domain Image-Wikipedia
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The Nucleus has numerous functions
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Contains the DNA of the Cell
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Controls access to the DNA
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Regulates division of the DNA
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Endomembrane System
Wikimedia Commons
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Mitochondria and Plastids
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Chloroplasts
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These organelles share a number of unique characteristics
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Internal DNA Each possess a small circular piece of DNA
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RibosomesEach possess ribosomes internal to their structure
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Binary FissionBoth reproduce independent of the cell cycle.
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Endosymbiotic TheoryAerobic Eubacteria
Photosynthetic Eubacteria
Protoeukaryote
Aerobic Eukaryote
Photosynthetic Eukaryote
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Various lines of evidence support this theory.
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Organelle ribosomes more closely resemble bacterial ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes.
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DNA of Mitochondria is closely related to Rickettsia bacteria.
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DNA of Chloroplasts is closely related to blue-green photosynthetic bacteria.