Cellular Respiration. Introduction Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be...
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![Page 1: Cellular Respiration. Introduction Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. Two main.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1b5503460f94c31a68/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration
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Introduction
Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration.
Two main types of respiration exist in living things. Both begin with glycolysis. Glycolysis: a process by which one glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules.
Fermentation (anaerobic respiration): pyruvic acid is broken down without the use of oxygen
Oxidative Respiration (aerobic respiration): pyruvic acid is metabolized using oxygen
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Glucose
Glycolysis Krebs cycle
Electrontransport
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Alcohol or lactic acid
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
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Glycolysis
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
It does not require oxygen. Each of its four stages is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.
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Glycolysis
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GlucoseATP ATP
ADP + P ADP + P
PGAL PGAL
PGAL + P PGAL + P
Pyruvic Acid Pyruvic Acid
NADH + H+ NADH + H+
2 ADP + 2 P 2 ADP + 2 P
2 ATP 2 ATP
NAD+ +2 H+ + 2 e-
NAD+ +2 H+ + 2 e-
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Anaerobic Respiration
FermentationFermentation
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Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)
Fermentation is the breakdown of pyruvic acid without the use of oxygen.
Glycolysis + Fermentation = Anaerobic Respiration
The metabolism of pyruvic acid during fermentation does not produce any ATP. Instead, the function of fermentation is to break down pyruvic acid and regenerate NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis.
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Pyruvic Acid
NADH + H+ NAD+ + 2 H+ + 2 e-
Lactic Acid
Pyruvic Acid
NADH + H+ NAD+ + 2 H+ + 2 e-
EthylAlcohol(Ethanol)CO2
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
To Glycolysis
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Aerobic Respiration
Oxidative RespirationOxidative Respiration
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Aerobic Respiration
The result of glycolysis and aerobic respiration is shown by the reaction:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 38 ATP Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria outer and inner membrane matrix: dense solution enclosed by inner membrane
cristae: the folds of the inner membrane that house the electron transport chain and ATP synthase
Steps: Conversion of Pyruvic Acid Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain
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Structure of Mitochondrion
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Kreb’s Cycle
The Krebs Cycle is the central biochemical pathway of aerobic respiration. It is named after its discoverer, Sir Hans Krebs. Because citric acid is formed in the process, it is also known as the Citric Acid Cycle.
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Conversion of PAKreb’s Cycle
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NADH + H+NAD+
CoA
CoA
NAD+
NAD+
NADH + H+
NAD+
NADH + H+
NADH + H+
FAD
FADH2
ATPADP + P
CO2C
PyruvicAcidC C C
Acetyl-CoAC C
Citric AcidC C C C C C
CO2
C
KetoglutaricAcid
C C C C C
SuccinicAcid
C C C CCO2
C
MalicAcid
C C C C
OxaloaceticAcid
C C C C
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Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis, the conversion of PA to acetyl-CoA, and the Krebs Cycle complete the breakdown of glucose.
Up to this point: 4 ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs)
10 NADH + H+ (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the conversion of PA, 6 from Krebs)
2 FADH2 (from Krebs)
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Electron Transport Chain NADH + H+ and FADH2 carry electrons to an electron transport chain, where additional ATP is produced.
10 NADH 30 ATP 2 FADH2 4 ATP
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Electron Transport Chain
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NAD+
FAD
NADH + H+
FADH2
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
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Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
![Page 40: Cellular Respiration. Introduction Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. Two main.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1b5503460f94c31a68/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
![Page 41: Cellular Respiration. Introduction Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. Two main.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1b5503460f94c31a68/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
![Page 42: Cellular Respiration. Introduction Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. Two main.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1b5503460f94c31a68/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
![Page 43: Cellular Respiration. Introduction Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. Two main.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1b5503460f94c31a68/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
![Page 44: Cellular Respiration. Introduction Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. Two main.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1b5503460f94c31a68/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
![Page 45: Cellular Respiration. Introduction Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. Two main.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1b5503460f94c31a68/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
![Page 46: Cellular Respiration. Introduction Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. Two main.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1b5503460f94c31a68/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
![Page 47: Cellular Respiration. Introduction Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. Two main.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1b5503460f94c31a68/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
![Page 48: Cellular Respiration. Introduction Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. Two main.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1b5503460f94c31a68/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
![Page 49: Cellular Respiration. Introduction Before food can be used to perform work, its energy must be released through the process of respiration. Two main.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070401/56649f1b5503460f94c31a68/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Intermembrane Space
Matrix
Inner Membrane
NADH + H+
NAD+
FAD
FADH2
~
e
ADP + P
ATP
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Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
ATP Production
ATP synthase
Channel
Inner Membrane
Matrix
Intermembrane Space
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Energy Yield
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Energy Yield
Aerobic respiration produces a maximum of 38 ATP. 2 ATP from Glycolysis 2 ATP from Krebs 34 ATP from ETC
Reasons why ATP yield can be less than 38: Sometimes energy is required to transport NADH + H+ formed by glycolysis from the cytoplasm through the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Some H+ in chemiosmosis may leak through the membrane.
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Energy Yield
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Energy Yield
Aerobic Respiration is generally 19 times more efficient than anaerobic respiration.
The ATP produced during aerobic respiration represents about 1/2 of the energy stored in a molecule of glucose.
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