Cellular Reproduction Mitosis. I) Cell Division in Eukaryotes A) Eukaryotes use Mitosis to produce...
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Transcript of Cellular Reproduction Mitosis. I) Cell Division in Eukaryotes A) Eukaryotes use Mitosis to produce...
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Cellular Reproduction
Mitosis
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I) Cell Division in EukaryotesA) Eukaryotes use Mitosis to produce
identical daughter cells by means of Asexual Reproduction
B) Eukaryotes use Meiosis to produce a new mix of genes by means of Sexual Reproduction
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II) Interphase (blue arrows)A) G1: Gap 1
1) Normal housekeeping
2) Basic cell functions
3) Is usual “stopping point” for cells
B) S: Synthesis (copying) of DNA1) Centrioles copied too
C) G2: Gap 2
1) Preparation to divide before mitosis begins
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III) M Phase (pink arrow)
A) Prophase
B) Metaphase
C) Anaphase
D) Telophase
E) Cytokinesis (yellow)
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IV) Mitosis: Early Stages
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IV) Mitosis: Early StagesA) Prophase:
1) Early: nuclear envelope degrades, chromatin start to condense
2) Late: chromatin thickens (now called chromosomes) & matching chromosome pair-up (sister chromatids)
3) Spindle apparatus forms between the centrioles
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IV) Mitosis: Early StagesB) Metaphase:
1) Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at centromeres
2) Sister chromatids line up at cell equator
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V) Mitosis: Late Stages
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V) Mitosis: Late StagesA) Anaphase:
1) Sister chromatids separate (back into chromosomes) at their centromeres
2) Chromosomes move to the cell’s poles
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V) Mitosis: Late StagesB) Telophase:
1) Nuclear envelope reforms in each daughter cell & chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin.
2) Cytokinesis: separates two new cells by division of the cytoplasm & organelles
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V) Mitosis: Late StagesC) Interphase:
1) Daughter cells are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell, but they are smaller
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VI) Animal Cell Cytokinesis
A) Separation of the two daughter cells by the microtubules & microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
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VII) Plant Cell Division & CytokinesisA) Spindle forms
without centriolesB) Golgi apparatus
forms vesicles over the equatorial plate, forming a cell wall while splitting into two cells
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VIII) Controls of MitosisA) Reasons cells go through mitosis:
1) Growth
2) Repair
3) Replace old cells
4) Asexual reproduction
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X) CancerA) Cancer cells do not have a
properly functioning cell cycle control system1) They divide excessively & can
invade other tissues of the body
B) Tumor – abnormal mass of cells1) Benign tumor – abnormal mass
of essentially normal cells
2) Malignant tumor – mass of cancer cells capable of spreading into neighboring tissues
C) Metastasis - spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
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X) CancerA) Cancer cells do not have a
properly functioning cell cycle control system1) They divide excessively & can
invade other tissues of the body
B) Tumor – abnormal mass of cells1) Benign tumor – abnormal mass
of essentially normal cells
2) Malignant tumor – mass of cancer cells capable of spreading into neighboring tissues
C) Metastasis - spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
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XI) Cell Division in ProkaryotesA) Prokaryotes undergo Binary
Fission, producing identical daughter cells — type of Asexual Reproduction
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XI) Cell SizeA) Most cells are small
1) ~1-100 micrometers (μm)
2) Nerve cells may be a meter or more in length
3) Most egg cells are large
4) Prokaryotic cells are about 1-10 μm
5) Eukaryotic cells about 10-100 μm
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XI) Cell SizeB) Cells are limited in size by the
ratio between their outer surface area (SA) & their inner volume (V). 1) Need sufficient (SA) to supply
the cell with its needs & remove its wastesa) As size increases, (V) increases faster
than (SA)
2) Larger the cell, longer it would take substances to reach organelles where they are needed