How Cells Divide Chapter 9-10. Cell Division *growth and repair *reproduction.
Cellular Reproduction Ch. 9. I.Cellular Growth -Cells grow until they reach their size limit, then...
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Transcript of Cellular Reproduction Ch. 9. I.Cellular Growth -Cells grow until they reach their size limit, then...
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Cellular Reproductio
n
Cellular Reproductio
n
ChCh.. 99ChCh.. 99
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I. Cellular GrowthI. Cellular Growth- Cells grow until they reach their
size limit, then they either stop growing or divide.
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A. Cell Size Limitations A. Cell Size Limitations - Why are cells so small?
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1. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
1. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume - As a cell grows, its volume
increases faster than its surface area.
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1. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
1. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume - As a cell grows, its volume
increases faster than its surface area.
- Large cells don’t have enough surface area (cell membrane) to support the cell with food and oxygen by diffusion.
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2. Transport of Substances 2. Transport of Substances - Most materials (O2, CO2, water,
wastes, etc.) enter and exit the cell by diffusion.
- Diffusion is efficient only over very short distances.
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3. Cellular Communications 3. Cellular Communications - If the cell is too large, it cannot
make proteins fast enough to support itself.
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B. The Cell Cycle B. The Cell Cycle - Cell reproduction enables an
organism to grow, heal injuries, or to reproduce.
Sea Sea Urchin Urchin EmbryoEmbryo
Sea Sea Urchin Urchin EmbryoEmbryo
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B. The Cell Cycle B. The Cell Cycle - Cell reproduction enables an
organism to grow, heal injuries, or to reproduce.
Mitotic cell division &
Differentiation
Mitotic cell division &
Differentiation
Tissues
Fertilized egg
(zygote)
Fertilized egg
(zygote)
Multicell stage
(embryo)
Multicell stage
(embryo)
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Asexual Reproduction by Mitosis
Asexual Reproduction by Mitosis
Binary Fission in Paramecium
Binary Fission in Paramecium
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Asexual Reproduction by Mitosis
Asexual Reproduction by Mitosis
Budding in
Yeast
Budding in
Yeast
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- The cell cycle is a continuous process consisting of 3 stages: Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.
- Takes place in 12 – 24 hours.
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1. Interphase 1. Interphase - Stage of normal cell activity, growth, and DNA replication.
- Occurs in 3 phases:
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1. Interpase 1. Interpase - Stage of normal cell activity, growth, and DNA replication.
- Occurs in 3 phases:
a) G1: cell growth and normal activity
b) S: DNA replication
- Chromosomes: structure in nucleus that contain DNA
- Chromatin: active, extended form of chromosomes
c) G2: preparation for mitosis
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DNA DNA Double Double HelixHelix
DNA DNA Double Double HelixHelix
ChromatiChromatinn
ChromatiChromatinn
ChromosomChromosomee
ChromosomChromosomee
Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Structure
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DNA Packaging
1:44
DNA Packaging
1:44
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2. Mitosis 2. Mitosis - Division of the nucleus
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3. Cytokinesis 3. Cytokinesis - Division of the cell into
2 identical daughter cells
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4. Prokaryotic Cell Division 4. Prokaryotic Cell Division - Binary fission: simple cell
division
E.E.
colicoliE.E.
colicoli
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Binary Fission in Bacteria
Binary Fission in Bacteria
attachment site
cell wall
plasma membran
ecircular DNA
11
DNA ReplicatesDNA Replicates
22
33
Cell ElongatesCell Elongates
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Binary Fission in Bacteria
Binary Fission in Bacteria
Fission OccursFission Occurs
55
Cell ConstrictsCell Constricts
44
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II. Cell DivisionII. Cell Division- Mitosis and Cytokinesis A. Mitosis
- 4 stages (P, M, A, T)
ProphasProphaseeProphasProphasee
MetaphasMetaphaseeMetaphasMetaphasee
TelophasTelophaseeTelophasTelophasee
AnaphasAnaphaseeAnaphasAnaphasee
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1. Prophase1. Prophase
- first and longest stagea. Chromatin condenses
to form chromosomes. - Each replicated
chromosome consists of 2 identical sister chromatids attached at the centromere.
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DNA DNA Double Double HelixHelix
DNA DNA Double Double HelixHelix
ChromatiChromatinn
ChromatiChromatinn
ChromosomChromosomee
ChromosomChromosomee
Chromosome Structure
Chromosome Structure
ChromatidChromatidChromatidChromatid
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Human ChromosomesHuman Chromosomes
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b. Nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear.
c. Spindle fibers form
- microtubule structures that aid in movement of chromosomes
d. Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell (animal cells only).
ProphasProphaseeProphasProphasee
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2. Metaphase 2. Metaphase - second and shortest stage
- Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell.
MetaphasMetaphaseeMetaphasMetaphasee
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3. Anaphase 3. Anaphase - Centromeres
split and chromosomes move apart to opposite sides of the cell.
AnaphaseAnaphase AnaphaseAnaphase
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TelophasTelophaseeTelophasTelophasee
4. Telophase 4. Telophase - last stage
- "reverse" of prophase
a. Chromosomes revert to chromatin.
b. Spindle fibers disappear.
c. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform.
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CytokinesCytokinesisisCytokinesCytokinesisis
B.Cytokinesis B.Cytokinesis 1.Animal Cells
- Cell membrane pinches in forming 2 daughter cells.
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2. Plant Cells2. Plant Cells- Cell plate forms
between 2 daughter cells.
Cell plateCell plate
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Which stage of the cell cycle?
Which stage of the cell cycle?
AnaphaseAnaphase
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Which stage of the cell cycle?
Which stage of the cell cycle?
InterphaseInterphase
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Which stage of the cell cycle?
Which stage of the cell cycle?
MetaphaseMetaphase
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Which stage of the cell cycle?
Which stage of the cell cycle?
ProphaseProphase
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Which stage of the cell cycle?
Which stage of the cell cycle?
TelophaseTelophase
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Which stages of the cell cycle?
Which stages of the cell cycle?
ProphaseProphase
InterphaseInterphase
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Which stage of the cell cycle?
Which stage of the cell cycle?
Early AnaphaseEarly Anaphase
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Which stage of the cell cycle?
Which stage of the cell cycle?
MetaphaseMetaphase
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Which stage of the cell cycle?
Which stage of the cell cycle?
ProphaseProphase
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Which stage of the cell cycle?
Which stage of the cell cycle?
TelophaseTelophase
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Onion Root Tip Cells
Onion Root Tip Cells
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Mitosis Video
6:11
Mitosis Video
6:11
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III. Cell Cycle Regulation III. Cell Cycle Regulation - The timing and rate of cell
division varies by cell type.
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A. Normal Cell Cycle A. Normal Cell Cycle - Cell division is complex, crucial,
and highly regulated.1. Cyclins and Cyclin-
dependent Kinases (CDKs)- Various combinations trigger different stages of the cell
cycle.2. Quality Control Checkpoints
- Coordinate important events in the cell cycle.
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B. Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer
B. Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer - disease in which cells have lost
the ability to control their own growth
Cervical Cancer Cell Dividing
Cervical Cancer Cell Dividing
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1.Causes of Cancer 1.Causes of Cancer - due to changes in a gene
(mutations) that controls cell division
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- Carcinogens: cancer causing agents (asbestos, tobacco smoke, dioxin, UV radiation, X rays)
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2.Cancer Genetics 2.Cancer Genetics - More than 1 mutation is required
to produce a cancer cell.
- Some genes that lead to cancer (oncogenes) can be inherited.
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3.Characteristics of Cancer Cells
3.Characteristics of Cancer Cells a)Rapid cell division
b)Undifferentiated cells
c) Metastasis:
- cells don't stick together and can move elsewhere
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C. Apoptosis C. Apoptosis - programmed cell death
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C. Apoptosis C. Apoptosis - programmed cell death- occurs in worn out cells and
during embryonic development
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C. Apoptosis C. Apoptosis - programmed cell death- occurs in worn out cells and
during embryonic development
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D.Stem Cells D.Stem Cells - unspecialized cells that can
differentiate into specialized cells
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1.Embryonic Stem Cells 1.Embryonic Stem Cells - Cells from an early embryo can
differentiate into any cell type.
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2.Adult Stem Cells 2.Adult Stem Cells - Stem cells found in various adult
tissues can give rise to several types of tissues where they are found.
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The EndThe End
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Zygote
Nervoussystem,outerskin, mus-culature
Musculature,gonads
Outer skin,nervous system
Germ line(futuregametes)
Musculature
First cell division
Tim
e af
ter
fert
iliza
tio
n (
ho
urs
)0
10Hatching
Intestine
Intestine
Eggs Vulva
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR1.2 mm
Fate Map of Cell
Lineage in C. elegans
Fate Map of Cell
Lineage in C. elegans
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Caenorhabditis elegans Adult crawling
Caenorhabditis elegans Adult crawling
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C. elegans Embryonic Development
C. elegans Embryonic Development