Cellular Cellular EnergeticsEnergetics

Energy is needed in ALL organisms in order to Energy is needed in ALL organisms in order to perform work. The source of this energy is perform work. The source of this energy is

ultimately the sun, but it is vital to regulate the ultimately the sun, but it is vital to regulate the rate of chemical reactions through the use of rate of chemical reactions through the use of

biological catalystsbiological catalystsOrganisms must store energy in a usable form Organisms must store energy in a usable form so again control the rate of chemical reactionsso again control the rate of chemical reactions

Matter and EnergyMatter and Energy

Matter: Anything that takes up space Matter: Anything that takes up space and has massand has mass

Energy: The ability to do work (no Energy: The ability to do work (no mass, does not take up space)mass, does not take up space)

Energy is conserved but constantly Energy is conserved but constantly transformed transformed Different forms: radiant, kinetic, Different forms: radiant, kinetic,

potential, thermalpotential, thermal Heat vs. temperatureHeat vs. temperature

Station 4 explanationStation 4 explanation

If only 10% of If only 10% of energy is energy is transferred when it transferred when it moves up the moves up the trophic level, trophic level, where does this where does this energy go?energy go?

Station 3 explanationStation 3 explanation

HH22OO22 H H220 + O0 + O22

2H2H22OO22 2H 2H220 + O0 + O22

Energy always required to break bonds, some Energy always required to break bonds, some reactions release a net amount of energy, reactions release a net amount of energy, some absorb a net amount of energysome absorb a net amount of energy

Exothermic reaction: NET release of energyExothermic reaction: NET release of energy Endothermic reaction: NET absorption of Endothermic reaction: NET absorption of

energyenergy

reactant

products

Energy

Station 3 explanationStation 3 explanation

Station 3 explanationStation 3 explanation

Organisms live at the Organisms live at the expense of free energy, expense of free energy, the energy available in the energy available in a system for worka system for work

It combines the energy It combines the energy in bonds with the in bonds with the natural disorder of natural disorder of systemssystems

ДДG: Difference of free G: Difference of free energy between energy between reactants and productsreactants and products

Scientific reasoning with Scientific reasoning with station 3station 3

MacroscoMacroscopicpic

sketchsketch

MicroscoMicroscopicpic

sketchsketch

ExplanatiExplanationon

Reaction Reaction graphgraph

How does the enzyme How does the enzyme catalase work?catalase work?

2H2H22OO22 2H 2H220 + O0 + O22

This reaction, like many This reaction, like many others will happen on its others will happen on its own, but V E R Y S L O W own, but V E R Y S L O W L YL Y

Adding the enzyme Adding the enzyme catalasecatalase speeds upspeeds up the reaction. How? the reaction. How?

A catalyst is anything that speeds up a

reaction. Enzymes are

biological catalysts

Catalase is built from repeated amino acids, therefore what kind of macromolecule are enzymes?

Enzymes – Activation Enzymes – Activation energyenergy

Enzymes lower the activation energy Enzymes lower the activation energy needed to drive reactants to needed to drive reactants to products by…products by…

-Bringing the substrates -Bringing the substrates togethertogether-Orientating the -Orientating the substrates correctlysubstrates correctly-Putting strain on the -Putting strain on the bondsbonds-Providing favorable -Providing favorable conditionsconditions

Set up your notebook as followed (draw it Set up your notebook as followed (draw it while you work on the lab). Turn in cell while you work on the lab). Turn in cell booklet pages and keep ONLY catalase booklet pages and keep ONLY catalase lab, notebook, pencil, and calculator on lab, notebook, pencil, and calculator on

your deskyour desk.. Part IPart I

Part IIPart II

Part IIIPart III DeductionDeduction MaterialsMaterials ProcedureProcedure

Analysis questions Analysis questions (on a third page)(on a third page)

Enzyme regulation (add on Enzyme regulation (add on to notes from last class)to notes from last class)

Substrate concentration: What Substrate concentration: What happens when every active site is happens when every active site is occupied by a substrate? How can occupied by a substrate? How can the reaction rate be increased?the reaction rate be increased?

Temperature, pH, salinity can all Temperature, pH, salinity can all alter an enzymes shaped, even alter an enzymes shaped, even denature itdenature it

Reading quizReading quiz 1. List an example of an autotroph and an 1. List an example of an autotroph and an

example of a heterotrophexample of a heterotroph 2. Autotrophs get energy from ____ or ___ 2. Autotrophs get energy from ____ or ___

to make organic compoundsto make organic compounds 3. Heterotrophs use energy form ____ to 3. Heterotrophs use energy form ____ to

make organic compoundsmake organic compounds 4. Which molecule is the main source of 4. Which molecule is the main source of

energy “currency”energy “currency” 5. How many phosphate groups does the 5. How many phosphate groups does the

molecule from question 4 have?molecule from question 4 have?

Sources of energySources of energy

Autotrophs (self-feed from CO2 and inorganic materials): plants, some algae, some bacteria Synonym: Producers

Photosynthesis (photoautotroph)

Chemosynthesis (chemoautotroph)

Sources of energySources of energy

HeterotrophsSynonym: Consumers

Herbivores

Carnivores

Omnivores

Detritivores

ATPATP Energy in glucose is Energy in glucose is

TOO great, so TOO great, so energy released energy released from ATP is used from ATP is used insteadinstead

P

Biology of FirefliesBiology of Fireflies

Light produced via a chemical Light produced via a chemical reaction in a photic organreaction in a photic organ

Luciferase is the enzyme that Luciferase is the enzyme that converts luciferin converts luciferin

Control of their Control of their bioluminescence still has bioluminescence still has several hypothesize as does several hypothesize as does the use of itthe use of it