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Cellular Communication Systems (previously UMTS Networks)
Graduate course in Computer Science
Integrated Communication Systems (ICS) Group
http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/ics
-> Teaching -> Master studies -> Cellular Communication Systems
Winter Semester
Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim (lecturers)
Nauman Zia, Elke Roth-Mandutz (seminars)
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Course Motivation – Why is this important?
Enormous growth in mobile communications
Enormous growth of Internet traffic
Transition from voice to data services
Transition towards flat rates
Convergence of the Telecommunication world and the Internet world
Transition from circuit-switched to packet-switching technology
Mobile/Wireless Internet
New applications and services
New services and challenges
mobile TV and streaming: broadcast vs. unicast
car-to-car and (cooperative) multihop communications
machine-to-machine communications: scalability and overhead
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Growth in Mobile Data
See http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html for details
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Growth in Mobile Data by Devices
See http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html for details
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Course Contents
• Review of the basics of mobile communications • Overview on GSM, GPRS and EDGE • UMTS (3G) networks, including
- network architecture, - network elements, - protocols and - service aspects
• Architecture, protocols and services of UMTS networks especially - the radio access network and - the core network
• Evolution towards the 4G - High-speed Packet Data (HSPA), - Long-term Evolution (LTE) and System Architecture Evolution (SAE) - Self-organization in LTE and LTE-Advanced
Focus on network aspects rather than radio details
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Course Objectives
Understand how mobile networks work
Be able to navigate and understand UMTS and LTE standards
Understand why UMTS and LTE has been defined the way it is
Understand the 2G to 4G evolution path
=> Acquire a reasonable deep understanding of a highly complex
system
=> Understanding of the system from the system architect´s view
or: abstract from the details and understand the story as a whole
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Working Method
Study of real Telco systems with their specific problems
Identify and solve the identified problems instead of a general study
of abstract problems
Lots of discussion (hopefully)
Individual studies and teamwork
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Organisational Stuff
Lecture: first half of semester (4 hrs per week)
Individual studies: second half of semester (term paper and presentations)
Course prerequisites:
Basics of Communication Systems and Protocols (mandatory)
Basics of Mobile Communication Networks, e.g. Advanced Mobile Communication Networks course (recommended)
Slides and additional information are provided at
http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/ics -> Teaching -> Master Studies -> Cellular Communication Systems
Instructor contact: Andreas Mitschele-Thiel Jens Mückenheim
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Phone: 03677-69 2819/2829 Phone: 03461-462107
Course budget: appr. 30 hours of classes
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Schedule
Red topics are provided by Jens Mückenheim
1 Introduction 16.10.14
2 Basics of Wireless Transmissions
3 2G: GSM and GSM Evolution 23.10.14
4 UMTS Architecture
5 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 30.10.14
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
6 UTRAN Procedures
7 Numbering, Addressing and Location Identities 06.11.14
8 UE Modes, Mobility and Comm. Management (Overview)
9 Wideband CDMA Principles 13.11.14
10 Radio Resource Management
11 High-Speed Packet-Access (HSPA) 20.11.14
12 High-Speed Packet-Access (EDCH)
13 UMTS-Evolution (HSPA+) 27.11.14
14 LTE/SAE (Arch., Radio, Res. Mgmt., LTE-A)
15 Self-organization in LTE (Motiv., Functionality, Architecture) 04.12.14
16 Self-organization in LTE (Use Cases and UC Coordination)
Introduction
Mobile Business and Services
Market Expectations
UMTS Services and Applications
Technical Trends
From 2G to 4G
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First Mobile Radio (1924) – How it began...
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Revenue for Mobile Operators (total) in Germany
Total
revenue
Average
revenue per
user (ARPU)
[US$m] [US$] [%]
Total Mobile Revenues $27,559 $25.33 100.0%
Voice Revenue $21,417 $19.68 77.7%
Data Revenue $6,142 $5.64 22.3%
Messaging Revenue $4,704 $4.32 17.1%
SMS $4,026 $3.70 14.6%
MMS $260 $0.24 0.9%
Email $399 $0.37 1.4%
Other Messaging $19 $0.02 0.1%
Non-Messaging Revenue $1,438 $1.32 5.2%
Ringtones $332 $0.31 1.2%
Graphics/Images $162 $0.15 0.6%
Games $263 $0.24 1.0%
Information Services $163 $0.15 0.6%
Music $59 $0.05 0.2%
Video $88 $0.08 0.3%
Mobile Data/Remote Access $371 $0.34 1.3%
German Mobile Operators‘ Revenue, estimates for 2007: more than 27 B$ = 21 B€
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Worldwide Number of Subscribers by Technology
Region Q2 2006 Q2 2007
Q2 2007
(%)
World
Total 2,431,732,781 2,948,357,080 100.0%
GSM 2G 1,934,109,924 2,377,790,703 80.6%
UMTS (WCDMA) 3G 70,242,769 131,240,644 4.5%
UMTS/HSPA 3G 259,396 4,987,178 0.2%
TDMA 2G 31,491,377 12,126,883 0.4%
PDC 2G 39,319,525 23,481,602 0.8%
iDEN 2G 25,321,560 27,078,771 0.9%
Analog 1G 4,467,113 2,021,415 0.1%
cdmaOne 2G 29,466,577 15,551,230 0.5%
CDMA2000 1X 3G 260,661,808 288,503,817 9.8%
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO 3G 36,394,017 65,405,731 2.2%
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A 3G - 171,311 0.0%
The Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) states that, as of November 2006, GSM/UMTS services are available in 134 networks in 59 countries,
with 85% of mobile subscriptions worldwide = more than 2.5 billion (source: www.gsacom.com).
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Services:
- Traditional Voice
- Teleservices like and Fax, SMS, MMS messaging
- Wide-band Data for Multimedia and Wireless Internet:
via dedicated access (Basic Release99)
up to 144 kb/s for high speed mobiles
up to 384 kb/s for low speed mobiles
up to 2 Mb/s for portable/fixed users
via high-speed packet access (HSPA, Release5, 6&7)
up to 7.2-14.4/28.8 Mbit/s download
up to 5.7/11.5 Mbit/s upload
Spectral Efficiency: High
Mobility & Roaming: Worldwide
Compatibility: with 2G systems, especially GSM
Physical characteristics:
Wideband (W-)CDMA system with 5MHz bandwidth, 3.84 Mchps
around 2000 MHz (EU), 1900 MHz (US), 1700 MHz (Japan)
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
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Why UMTS?
GSM (2nd generation):
Optimized for circuit-switched voice
High delay (180 ms round-trip)
Small band, inflexible assignment of data rates
Low data rates
Suboptimal use of radio resources (spectral efficiency)
Complicated RF planning (layout of frequency usage)
Standard set by Europe
Globally available, but not planned as such
UMTS (3rd generation):
Focus on packet-switched data
Lower latency
Flexible assignment of spectrum with variable data rates
Higher data rates for multimedia services
Higher capacity of radio system
Simplified RF engineering (no frequency planning)
Worldwide agreed standard
Worldwide roaming by design
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What is 3GPP?
3GPP stands for 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP is a collaboration agreement, established in December 1998, to
ensure a worldwide acceptance of 3G W-CDMA/UMTS standards
It is a partnership of 6 regional SDOs (standard development organization)
These SDOs take 3GPP specifications and transpose them to regional (Europe, NorthAmerica, Korea, Japan, China) standards
ITU references the regional standards “IMT-2000”, “IMT-Advanced” see: www.3gpp.org
Japan
USA
S.Korea Europe
China
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3GPP Standards Releases (summary from/links to Wikipedia, 2013)
Version Released Info
Release 99 2000 Q1 Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporating a CDMA air
interface
Release 4 2001 Q2 Originally called the Release 2000 - added features including an all-IP
Core Network
Release 5 2002 Q1 Introduced IMS and HSDPA
Release 6 2004 Q4 Integrated operation with Wireless LAN networks and adds HSUPA,
MBMS, enhancements to IMS such as Push to Talk over Cellular
(PoC), GAN (UMA)
Release 7 2007 Q4 Focuses on decreasing latency, QoS and improvements to real-time
applications like VoIP. This specification also focuses on HSPA+
(High Speed Packet Access Evolution), SIM high-speed protocol
and contactless front-end interface (Near Field Communication
enabling operators to deliver contactless services like Mobile
Payments), EDGE Evolution.
Release 8 2008 Q4 LTE (E-UTRA), All-IP Network (SAE). Release 8 constitutes a
refactoring of UMTS as an entirely IP based fourth-generation
network.
Release 9 2009 Q4 SAES Enhancements, WiMAX and LTE/UMTS Interoperability. Dual-
Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual-Cell HSUPA.
Release 10 2011 Q1 LTE Advanced fulfilling IMT Advanced 4G requirements. Backwards compatible with release 8 (LTE). Multi-Cell HSDPA (4 carriers).
Release 11 2012 Q3 Advanced IP Interconnection of Services. Service layer interconnection between national operators/carriers as well as third party application providers.
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Evolution of 3GPP Standards (Europe & Asia)
Release 99 Specs are Functionally frozen in March
2000 Essential corrections until late 2003
Release 4 Specs Functionally frozen in March 2001 Small delta to Release 99 Main features: TD-SCDMA, HSDPA
feasibility study Release 5
Functionally frozen in March 2002 & June 2002.
corrections until late 2004 Main features: HSDPA, IP-RAN, Network
Sharing, feasibility study of UTRAN evolution, IMS
Release 6 Functionally frozen in Dec. 2004 Corrections still ongoing. Main features: MBMS, Enhanced UL DCH,
Remote Electrical Tilting, Voice over IP, LTE Study
Release 7 Specs are Functionally frozen in March
2006. Main features: MIMO, gaming on IP,
Enhanced Push over Cellular, Evolved-UTRA (LTE) feasibility study. System Arch. Evolution (SAE) Study.
Release 8 Published in Dec. 2007/ March 2008 Main features: HSPA+, LTE (E-UTRA), SAE,
enhancements for UMTS
GSM
1989
GPRS
1997
Rel98 AMR
1998
LTE (part of Rel 8)
Dec 2007
Rel99 UMTS
Rel5 HSDPA
Rel6 E-DCH
Rel7 MIMO
Rel8
HSDPA
IP-RAN
Network Sharing
Subscriber
Trace
E-DCH
MBMS
VoIP
BF
Rel99 EDGE
1999
Rel6 SAIC
2004
Rel7
2006
HSPA Evolution
MIMO
CPC
HoM
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
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Evolution of 3GPP2 Standards (mainly USA)
2G technology: CDMAone = IS-95
Beyond 3G technology: was: EV-DO Rev.C now: UMB = Ultra Mobile Broadband;
3G technology: CDMA2000 EV-DO = Evolution-Data Optimized EV-DV = Evolution-Data/Voice
3GPP2 is the 3G partnership project to promote the US-driven 3G standards family of cdma2000 in competition to W-CDMA/UMTS of 3GPP
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IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) Roadmap
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2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS
GSM
RAN
Base station
Base station controller
Base station
Base station
MSC
ISDN
GSM Core (Circuit switched)
HLR AuC EIR
GMSC
ATM based transport
GSM
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2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS
GPRS Core (Packet Switched)
SGSN
GGSN
Inter-net
GSM
RAN
Base station
Base station controller
Base station
Base station
MSC
ISDN
GSM Core (Circuit switched)
HLR AuC EIR
GMSC
ATM based transport
GSM+GPRS
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2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS
GPRS Core (Packet Switched)
SGSN
GGSN
Inter-net
GSM
RAN
Base station
Base station controller
Base station
Base station
UTRAN
Radio network controller
Base station Base station
Base station
MSC
ISDN
GSM Core (Circuit switched)
HLR AuC EIR
GMSC
ATM based transport
GSM+GPRS+UMTS R99
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2G to 3G Evolution: GSM - GPRS - UMTS
GPRS Core (Packet Switched)
SGSN
GGSN
Inter-net
GSM
RAN
Base station
Base station controller
Base station
Base station
UTRAN
Radio network controller
Base station Base station
Base station
IP based transport
3G Core
GERAN GERAN+UMTS R5 + IMS
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IP Multimedia System (IMS)- Architecture (simplified)
PSTN
PDN
Media
Gateway
MGW
Control
Session
Control
Services
Common
Multimedia
Service Network (IMS)
Access
Proxy
BTS BSC/RNC MSC/
SGSN/GGSN UE UE
GSM/GPRS RAN
(GERAN)
Common
IP
Core
Network
NodeB RNC SGSN/
GGSN IP Router
UE UE
UMTS/HSPA RAN
UE UE
802.11 WiFi
802.16 WiMax
AG
Service and Core Architecture is “Access Agnostic”
AG
FW
GGSN
PDN
RAN
SGSN
Access Gateway
Firewall
Gateway GPRS Serving
Node
Packet Data Network
Radio Access Network
Serving GPRS Serving
Node FW UE SIP phone
Cable, ethernet, DSL, etc
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4G Mobile Communication Systems: Radio Integration
Wireless
IP
Society S-UMTS
Satellite
Broadband
DVB-S
DVB-T DAB
GSM
GPRS/EDGE
DECT
IR
Broadband
W-LAN
UMTS
Satellite/HAPS
Broadcasting
Cellular
Indoor
MBS 40 xMDS
Broadband
WFA
Wireless Local Loop
Body LANs
Personal
Area Networks UMTS ++
4th Generation
Local Area Networks MBS 60 MWS
Bluetooth
Quasi-Cellular
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4G Mobile Communication Systems: Network Integration
Services andapplications
IP based core network
IMT-2000
UMTS
WLAN
type
cellular
GSM
short range
connectivity
Wireline
xDSL
other
entities
DAB
DVB
return channel:
e.g. GSM
download channel
New radio
interface
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Cellular Communication Systems 28 Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2013
4G Mobile Communication Systems: System Integration
distribution layer
cellular layer
hot spot layer WLAN
DAB and / or DVB
2G: e.g. GSM
IMT-2000 UMTS
personal network layer
X X X X X X X X X X X X X fixed ( wired ) layer
• full coverage • global access • full mobility • not necessary individual links
• full coverage and hot spots
• global roaming • full mobility • individual links
• local coverage • hot spots • global roaming • local mobility • individual links
• short range communication (e.g. Bluetooth, DECT )
• global roaming • individual links
• no mobility • global roaming • individual links
horizontal handover within a system vertical handover between systems
possible return channels
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Cellular Communication Systems 29 Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2013
Summary of the Evolution Path (European View)
1G: Analog systems
2G (GSM): global digital personal communication system
FDMA, TDMA, FDD
circuit-switched voice (voice service)
SMS
global roaming
2G+ (GSM+GPRS): introduction of packet-switched data
IP to the terminal; ATM transport in the network
multiplexing of packet-switched data on traffic channels of radio link
IP tunneling in the packet-switched core network
SS7 signaling, AAA, mobility management
QoS: best effort
still ongoing efforts
EDGE: enhanced radio efficiency (adaptive modulation)
GERAN: generalized access network, to connect to 3G core networks
3G (UMTS): packet-switched data
...
Cellular Communication Systems 30 Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mückenheim October 2013
Summary of the Evolution Path (cont’d)
2G (GSM): global digital personal communication system
2G+ (GSM+GPRS): introduction of packet-switched data
3G (UMTS): packet-switched data
CDMA-FDD/TDD predominantly data communication focus on services and content all IP transport (3GPP R4): mobile, radio access network, core network SS7 signaling: AAA, mobility management, etc. QoS support seamless service (global roaming) Enhanced packet data perfromance: HSDPA+HSUPA HSPA
Common Ip-based service architecture (IMS)
4G: Integration of various radio technologies (satellite, broadcast, cellular, WLAN,
BAN)
use of the ‘optimal’ radio link (w.r.t. spectral efficiency, delay, throughput, error rate, emission)
IETF protocols for everything (all IP for transport and control)
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Important Readings
Books:
Kaaranen, Ahtiainen, Laitinen, Naghian, Niemi: UMTS Networks – Architecture, Mobility and Services. 2nd edition, Wiley, 2005
Holma, Toskala: WCDMA for UMTS. 4th edition, Wiley, 2007
Holma, Toskala: LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced, 2011
Important 3GPP Documents:
21.101 to 21.104: List of standards for Release 3 (R99), 4, 5 and 6, respectively
21.905: UMTS vocabulary and abbreviations
23.002: UMTS network architecture (core network and access network entities)
23.060: GPRS architecture
25.401: UTRAN overview
25.301: Radio link protocols (UTRA)
25.931: UTRAN procedures
(all documents are available at www.3gpp.org)