Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is...

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Cellular Chemistry

Transcript of Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is...

Page 1: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

Cellular Chemistry

Page 2: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

A. A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical reaction. Chemicals made up of more than one type of element are called compounds.

Page 3: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? B. Living things are

composed of two main types of chemical compounds:

Inorganic: compounds that do not contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Water (made of the elements hydrogen and oxygen) is the most important inorganic compound for life:

Page 4: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

i. Water is the most abundant compound in a cell (and organism). Most organisms are 60-90% water by weight

ii. Most chemical reactions occur in water because it provides an optimum environment

Ex. transport of molecules in the cell

Page 5: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

Fill It In ….

Chemical formula of water:

Inorganic because …

Page 6: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

2. Organic: compounds that DO contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Page 7: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

a. Carbohydrates (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)Ex. Provide energy source for respiration (glucose)

Page 8: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

b. Lipids (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)Ex. Insulate and protect organs in the body (fats)

Page 9: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

c. Nucleic Acids (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus)Ex. Allow traits to be passed from parent to child (DNA)

Page 10: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

d. Proteins (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus) Ex. Provide specifically shaped molecules that can carry other molecules (hemoglobin carries oxygen)

Page 11: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

Fill It In …

The “Core Four” organic compounds: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Page 12: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? Scientists can test for

the presence of the different chemicals, such as carbohydrates, using indicators.

For example, iodine changes to a blue-black color in the presence of starches

Page 13: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

D. The six essential elements (CHNOPS) are essential to life because they help maintain homeostasis.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

Page 14: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

a. The elements make up essential organic and inorganic compounds. Each type of molecule performs specific jobs in organisms (see examples above).

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

Page 15: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

Hydrogen is also important in the regulation of pH

More H+ = acidLess H+ = base

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

Page 16: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

pH Scale-Acid: form H+ ions in a solution

pH range 0-6.9Base: Form OH- ions in a solution

pH range 8-14

Page 17: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

Foods you eat and chemical reactions in your body increase or decrease your pH

Page 18: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

b. Hydrogen is also donated or accepted by weak acid-base pairs to regulate the pH of a system like cells and blood. These weak acid-base pairs are called buffers.

Page 19: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? i. When a cell’s pH drops

(becomes more acidic), the buffers in the cell “accept” the hydrogen ions which reverses the pH change

ii. When a cell’s pH rises (becomes more basic), the buffers in the cell “donate” hydrogen ions

Page 20: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

I. Where can I find chemicals in my body?

iii. In a cell, acid is being produced as the cell respires. To maintain the pH, a cell must use buffers to counteract the acid

iv. Different cells or areas of the organism need different pH levels to perform. Buffers help keep that pH level constant

Page 21: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

Buffers Regulate pHNot enough hydrogen? Here’s another H atom!

Buffers can donate hydrogen

Too much hydrogen? I’ll hold a hydrogen atom!

Buffers can accept hydrogen.

Ahhhhh – just the right pH!

Page 22: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

Fill It In …

HOW does a buffer help maintain homeostasis?

Page 23: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

Check Yourself

What are the six essential elements? What is the most important inorganic compound

to life? What are the four major organic compounds?

How are the six essential elements important to homeostasis?

What is a buffer?

Page 24: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

Check Yourself

What are the six essential elements? CHNOPS What is the most important inorganic compound

to life? What are the four major organic compounds?

How are the six essential elements important to homeostasis?

What is a buffer?

Page 25: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

Check Yourself

What are the six essential elements? CHNOPS What is the most important inorganic compound

to life? WATER What are the four major organic compounds?

How are the six essential elements important to homeostasis?

What is a buffer?

Page 26: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

Check Yourself

What are the six essential elements? CHNOPS What is the most important inorganic compound

to life? WATER What are the four major organic compounds? CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, PROTEINS

How are the six essential elements important to homeostasis?

What is a buffer?

Page 27: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

Check Yourself

What are the six essential elements? CHNOPS What is the most important inorganic compound

to life? WATER What are the four major organic compounds? CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, PROTEINS

How are the six essential elements important to homeostasis?

1. MAKE UP ESSENTIAL COMPOUNDS 2. CREATE BUFFERS What is a buffer?

Page 28: Cellular Chemistry. I. Where can I find chemicals in my body? A.A chemical is a substance that is made up of elements/molecules and used in a chemical.

Check Yourself

What are the six essential elements? CHNOPS What is the most important inorganic compound

to life? WATER What are the four major organic compounds? CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, PROTEINS

How are the six essential elements important to homeostasis?

1. MAKE UP ESSENTIAL COMPOUNDS 2. CREATE BUFFERS What is a buffer? COMPOUND THAT ACCEPTS OR DONATES H+