Cells : Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
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Cells: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
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Cells have evolved two different architectures:
Prokaryote “style”Eukaryote “style”
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Prokaryote cells are smaller and simpler
Commonly known as bacteria10-100 microns in sizeSingle-celled(unicellular) orFilamentous (strings of single cells)
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These are prokaryote E. coli bacteria on the head of a steel pin.
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Prokaryote cells are simply built (example: E. coli)
capsule: slimy outer coatingcell wall: tougher middle layercell membrane: delicate inner skin
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cytoplasm: inner liquid fillingDNA in one big looppilli: for sticking to thingsflagella: for swimmingribosomes: for building proteins
Prokaryote cells are simply built (example: E. coli)
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Prokaryote lifestyleunicellular: all alonecolony: forms a filmfilamentous: forms a chain of cells
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Eukaryotes are bigger and more complicated
Have organellesHave chromosomescan be multicellularinclude animal and plant cells
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Organelles are membrane-bound cell parts
Mini “organs” that have unique structures and functionsLocated in cytoplasm
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Cell membranedelicate lipid and protein skin around cytoplasmfound in all cells
Cell Structures
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Nucleusa membrane-bound sac evolved to store the cell’s chromosomes(DNA)has pores: holes
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Nucleolusinside nucleuslocation of ribosome factor.
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mitochondrion makes the cell’s energythe more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it has
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Ribosomesbuild proteins from amino acids in cytoplasmmay be free-floating, ormay be attached to ERmade of RNA
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Endoplasmic reticulum
may be smooth: builds lipids and carbohydratesmay be rough: stores proteins made by attached ribosomes
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Golgi Complextakes in sacs of raw material from ERsends out sacs containing finished cell products
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Lysosomessacs filled with digestive enzymesdigest worn out cell partsdigest food absorbed by cell
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Centriolespair of bundled tubesorganize cell division
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Cytoskeletonmade of microtubulesfound throughout cytoplasmgives shape to cell & moves organelles around inside.
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Structures found in plant cellsCell wall
very strongmade of celluloseprotects cell from rupturingglued to other cells next door
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Vacuolehuge water-filled sackeeps cell pressurizedstores starch
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Chloroplastsfilled with chlorophyllturn solar energy into food energy
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How are plant and animal cells different?
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Structure Animal cells Plant cellscell membrane Yes yes
nucleus Yes yesnucleolus yes yesribosomes yes yes
ER yes yesGolgi yes yes
centrioles yes nocell wall no yes
mitochondria yes yescholorplasts no yes
One big vacuole no yescytoskeleton yes Yes