Cells and Tissues - Mrs. Flieg's Classroom - Home · 2019-08-09 · Cells at the apical surface are...
Transcript of Cells and Tissues - Mrs. Flieg's Classroom - Home · 2019-08-09 · Cells at the apical surface are...
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PART D3
Cells and
Tissues
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Body Tissues
Tissues
Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
Four primary types
Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
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Epithelial Tissues
Locations
Body coverings
Body linings
Glandular tissue
Functions
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion
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Epithelium Characteristics
Cells fit closely together and often form sheets
The apical surface is the free surface of the tissue
The lower surface of the epithelium rests on a
basement membrane
Avascular (no blood supply)
Regenerate easily (readily divide) if well
nourished
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Epithelium Characteristics
Figure 3.17a
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Classification of Epithelia
Number of cell layers
Simple—one layer
Stratified—more
than one layer
Pseudostratified
Columnar – appears
to have several
layers but only has 1
layer
Figure 3.17a
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Classification of Epithelia
Shape of cells
Squamous
flattened
Cuboidal
cube-shaped
Columnar
column-like
Figure 3.17b
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Simple Epithelia
Simple Squamous
Single layer of flat cells
Usually forms membranes
Basement membrane anchors
epithelium to underlying
connective tissue.
Location: Capillary walls,
blood vessels, air sacs in
lungs, inner surface of ear
drum, lymph vessels
Function: filtration, diffusion,
osmosis, protection
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Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18a
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Simple Epithelia
Simple Cuboidal
Single layer of cube-like
cells
Closely packed
Basement Membrane with
free surface
Location: Common in
glands and their ducts,
walls of kidney tubules,
covers the ovaries
Function: protection,
secretion, and absorption
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Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18b
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Simple Epithelia
Simple Columnar
Single layer of tall cells
Basement membrane
Location: Lines digestive
tract (stomach and intestine
wall), uterus
Function: Secretion (often
includes mucus-producing
goblet cells),absorbs
nutrients from digested food,
protection, moves eggs
Can be ciliated or
nonciliated
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Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18c
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Simple Epithelia
Pseudostratified Columnar
Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
Often looks like a double layer of cells
Commonly ciliated (Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium)
Basement membrane
Location: Respiratory tract (trachea, nasal cavity,
bronchi, bronchioles, lungs)
Function: Secretion, Protection, Moves mucous
Goblet cells within tissue secrete mucous
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Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18d
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Stratified Epithelia
Stratified Squamous
2 or more layers
Cells at the apical surface are flattened (in the
deeper layers, they may be cuboidal or columnar)
Tightly packed
Basement membrane
Function: Found as a protective covering where
friction is common, regeneration of cells,
keratinization (in epidermis)
Locations: Epidermis, lines oral cavity, esophagus,
vagina, anal canal
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Stratified Epithelia
Figure 3.18e
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Stratified Epithelia
Stratified cuboidal
Two or more layers of cube shaped cells
Basement Membrane
Location: Lines larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat
glands, salivary glands, and pancreas.
Function: protection, secretion, and absorption
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Stratified Epithelia
Stratified Columnar—surface cells are columnar, cells
underneath vary in size and shape
Location: male urethra, ducted deferens, pharynx
Function: protection and secretion
Stratified cuboidal and columnar
Rare in human body
Found mainly in ducts of large glands
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Stratified Epithelia
Transitional epithelium
Shape of cells depends upon the amount of
stretching
Function: Change in response to increased
tension – expandable lining
Location: Lines organs of the urinary system
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Stratified Epithelia
Figure 3.18f
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Glandular Epithelium
Glands
One or more cells responsible for secreting a
particular product
Exocrine Glands – glands that secrete
their products into ducts that open onto
surfaces (skin, digestive tract)
Endocrine Glands- glands that secrete
their products into tissue fluid or blood.
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Glandular Epithelium
Two major gland types
Endocrine gland
Ductless since secretions diffuse into
blood vessels
All secretions are hormones
Exocrine gland
Secretions empty through ducts to the
epithelial surface
Include sweat and oil glands
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Connective Tissue
Found everywhere in the body
Includes the most abundant and widely
distributed tissues
Functions
Binds body tissues together
Supports the body
Provides protection
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Connective Tissue Characteristics
Variations in blood supply
Some tissue types are well vascularized
Some have a poor blood supply or are
avascular
Extracellular matrix
Non-living material that surrounds living cells
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Extracellular Matrix
Two main elements
Ground substance—mostly water along with
adhesion proteins and polysaccharide
molecules
Fibers
Produced by the cells
Three types
Collagen (white) fibers
Elastic (yellow) fibers
Reticular fibers
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Connective Tissue Types
Bone (osseous tissue)
Composed of
Osteon, central canal, lamella, osteocytes,
solid matrix of calcium salts, collagen
fibers
Location: In spongy and compact bone (femur,
humerus)
Function: Protection, support, framework,
mineral storage
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19a
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Connective Tissue Types
Hyaline cartilage
Most common type of cartilage, glassy
appearance
Composed of:
Chondrocytes, collagen fibers, rubbery
matrix
Locations: ends of bones, end of nose, ribs,
larynx
Function: Support, framework, smooth
surface, bone growth/development
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19b
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Connective Tissue Types
Elastic cartilage
Location: Supports the external ear
Function: Provides elasticity, more flexible than hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Highly compressible, tough, collagenous fibers
Location: Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae, knee, pelvic girdle
Function: Shock absorption
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19c
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Connective Tissue Types
Dense Regular Connective Tissue (dense fibrous tissue)
Main matrix element is collagen fiber (tightly packed)
Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers
Locations:
Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone
Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints
Dermis—lower layers of the skin
Function: strength, support, bind organs, connects
bones to bone, and muscles to bones.
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19d
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Connective Tissue Types
Loose connective tissue types
Loose Areolar Tissue
Most widely distributed connective tissue
Soft, loosely intertwined, pliable tissue like
“cobwebs”
Contains all fiber types (elastic and collagen), in a
gel-like matrix
Location: below epithelial tissues, between muscles, in
wall of stomach and intestines, dermis, blood vessels
Function: flexibility, support, connects epithelium to
muscle, “packing tissue”, can soak up excess fluid
(edema)
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19e
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Connective Tissue Types
Loose connective tissue types
Loose Adipose tissue
Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules
predominate
Adipocytes store fat (lipid deposits) in droplets in
cytoplasm
Nucleus is pushed to the side, against plasma
membrane
Location: Under skin, around joints, around organs,
behind eye ball
Functions: Insulation, protection, support, energy
storage
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19f
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Connective Tissue Types
Loose connective tissue types
Reticular connective tissue – NOT ON TEST
Delicate network of interwoven fibers
Forms stroma (internal supporting
network) of lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19g
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Connective Tissue Types
Blood Connective Tissue (vascular tissue)
Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called
blood plasma
Formed Elements: Red blood cells, white
blood cells, platelets
Fibers are visible during clotting
Location: In blood vessels (veins, arteries,
capillaries), heart chambers
Function: Transport vehicle for materials
(oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones),
immunity
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Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19h
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Muscle Tissue
Function is to produce movement
Three types
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
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Muscle Tissue Types
Skeletal muscle
Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells:
Striated
Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)
Long, cylindrical
Function: Voluntary movement of bones,
produces heat, facial expression
Location: attached to bones of the skeleton
(biceps, quadriceps)
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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20a
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Muscle Tissue Types
Cardiac muscle
Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells
Cells are attached to other cardiac muscle
cells at intercalated disks
Striated
One nucleus per cell
Branching cells
Location: Heart Wall
Function: Contraction of heart wall (pump
blood), involuntary, produces heat
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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20b
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Muscle Tissue Types
Smooth muscle
Characteristics of smooth muscle cells
No visible striations
One nucleus per cell
Spindle-shaped cells
Location: Wall of hollow organs (stomach,
intestines, colon, bladder, uterus, blood
vessels)
Function: Involuntary movement of organs
(digestion), produce heat
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Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20c
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Nervous Tissue
Composed of:
Neuron – Axon, dendrite, cell body
Neuroglia (support cells)
Location: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Function: Send impulses to other areas of the
body
Irritability
Conduction of sensory information and motor
impulses
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Nervous Tissue
Figure 3.21
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Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)
Regeneration
Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same
kind of cells
Fibrosis
Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue
(scar tissue)
Determination of method
Type of tissue damaged
Severity of the injury
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Events in Tissue Repair
Capillaries become very permeable
Introduce clotting proteins
A clot walls off the injured area
Formation of granulation tissue
Growth of new capillaries
Rebuild collagen fibers
Regeneration of surface epithelium
Scab detaches
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Regeneration of Tissues
Tissues that regenerate easily
Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous
membranes)
Fibrous connective tissues and bone
Tissues that regenerate poorly
Skeletal muscle
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal
cord
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Developmental Aspects of Tissue
Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary
germ layers
Muscle and connective tissue arise from the
mesoderm
Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm
With old age, there is a decrease in mass and
viability in most tissues
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