{{ CELL CELL

FUNDAMENTAL UNITSFUNDAMENTAL UNITS

Two types of cellTwo types of cell

Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell

Three main parts:Three main parts:

-Membrane cell-Membrane cell-Cytoplasm-Cytoplasm-Nucleus-Nucleus

Animal cellAnimal cell Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus Cell membraneCell membrane NucleusNucleus CentriolesCentrioles Endoplasmic Endoplasmic

reticulumreticulum CytoplasmCytoplasm RibosomesRibosomes LysosomeLysosome MithocondrionMithocondrion Nuclear Nuclear

membranemembrane

Plant cellPlant cell Cell wallCell wall VacuoleVacuole Membrane cellMembrane cell LysosomeLysosome CytoplasmCytoplasm ChloroplastChloroplast NucleusNucleus NucleolusNucleolus MitochondriaMitochondria EndoplasmicEndoplasmic ReticulumReticulum Golgi complexGolgi complex

Specialised cells:Specialised cells:

-Leaf cell-Leaf cell-Root hair cell-Root hair cell-Sperm cell-Sperm cell-Red blood cell-Red blood cell-Egg cell-Egg cell-Nerve cell -Nerve cell

Leaf cellLeaf cell

light energylight energy photosynthesisphotosynthesis chlorophyll chlorophyll

Root hair cellRoot hair cell

Water and Water and mineral ions mineral ions from the soilfrom the soil

Sperm cellSperm cell

FertilisesFertilises Egg cellEgg cell Head gametesHead gametes TailTailmovemove

Red blood cellsRed blood cells

haemoglobin haemoglobin oxygenoxygen cells.cells.

Egg cellEgg cell

LargeLarge Much Much

cytoplasmcytoplasm

Nerve cellNerve cell

LongLong ConnectionConnection Electrical Electrical

signalssignals

CellsCellsTissueTissueOrgansOrgansOrgan Organ SystemSystem

Tissue:Tissue:-muscle -muscle -the lining of the intestine -the lining of the intestine -the lining of the lungs -the lining of the lungs --phloem phloem --root hair tissue root hair tissue

Organs:Organs:-Heart-Heart-Stomach-Stomach-Brain-Brain-Lung-Lung-Leaf-Leaf-Root-Root

Organ systems.Organ systems.-Circulatory system -Circulatory system -Respiratory system -Respiratory system -Digestive system -Digestive system -Nervous system -Nervous system -Reproductive system -Reproductive system -Leaf canopy -Leaf canopy

DiffusionDiffusion Movement of particles Movement of particles

from an area of higher from an area of higher concentration to a area concentration to a area of lowerof lower

Osmosis

Important for plants

Inside the Cell

Nucleus • Almost all cells contain a single nucleus.• Directs cell activities• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane• Function-Stores and transmits genetic information in the form of DNA. Genetic

information passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Nucleolus• Inside nucleus• Contains RNA to build proteins

Nuclear Membrane• Surrounds nucleus• Made of two layers

Nuclear envelope

Nuclear pores• Openings allow material to enter and

leave nucleus

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Chromosomes• In nucleus• Made of DNA• Contain instructions for traits &

characteristics

Endoplasmic Reticulum• Moves materials around

in cell• Smooth type (Agranular):

lacks ribosomes. Site of lipid molecule synthesized

• Rough type (Granular): ribosomes embedded in surface. Packaging of proteins to be secreted or distributed.

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Ribosomes

• Composed of proteins and several RNA molecules

• Proteins factories of the cell

• Either bound to the organelle or found free in the cytoplasm

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Golgi Apparatus

• Most cells have single Golgi apparatus.

• Protein 'packaging plant'

• Move materials within the cell

• Move materials out of the cell

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Lysosome• Spherical or oval• Typical cell may contain

several hundreds• Digestive enzyme for

proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

• Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal

• Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Mitochondria

• Spherical rode like structure• Produces energy through

chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates

• Controls level of water and other materials in cell

• Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html