Cell Organelles. 3-2 Animal cell anatomy 3-3 Plant cell anatomy.
Cell Division Chapter 10. Anatomy of a Chromosome.
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Transcript of Cell Division Chapter 10. Anatomy of a Chromosome.
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Cell DivisionChapter 10
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Anatomy of a Chromosome
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Centromere- where the two chromatids attach
Chromatid- two exact copies of DNA that make up a chromosome
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Limits to Cell Growth• DNA Overload
– The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA
• Exchanging Material– The cell has trouble moving enough nutrients
and wastes across the cell membrane if the cell is too big.
– Surface Area:Volume ratio can’t be too small
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Cell Cycle• Interphase (inter- means “between”)
– G1 phase – Cell growth– S phase – DNA replication– G2 phase – preparation for cell division– Cells are in interphase most of the time.
• M phase– Mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase, cytokinesis
• G0 phase– Cells that cannot divide like nerve cells, red
blood cells, and cardiac cells
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Prophase
• What are the important events happening during Prophase?
Pair of centrioles
Plant cells in prophase
A? B? C? D?
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Prophase
• Chromosomes condense into sister chromatids
• Chromatids are joined by a centromere
• Centrioles appear and form mitotic spindle
• Nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope dissolves
• Longest phase of mitosis (50-60%)
Pair of centrioles
Plant cells in prophase
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Metaphase
• What events are occurring during Metaphase?
Animal cell
Plant cell
A? B? C? D?
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Metaphase
• Centrioles on opposite ends of the cell
• Microtubules of mitotic spindle attach to the centromeres
• Chromosomes line up across the middle (equator) of the cell
Animal cell
Plant cell
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Anaphase
• What important events are occurring at Anaphase?
Early anaphase (plant) Late anaphase (plant)
Anaphase (animal)A? B? C? D?
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Anaphase
• Sister chromatids separate
• Chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell
Early anaphase (plant) Late anaphase (plant)
Anaphase (animal)
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Telophase
• What important events happen during Telophase?
Animal cell
Plant cell
A? B? C? D?
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Telophase
• Chromosomes begin to disperse
• Nuclear envelopes reform
• Mitotic spindle breaks apart
Animal cell
Plant cell
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Cytokinesis
• Difficult to distinguish from telophase• In animal cells the cell membrane pinches in
forming two daughter cells• In plant cells a cell plate forms between the
daughter nuclei and a new cell wall forms at the cell plate
Animal cell
Plant cell
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Which stage is each photo in??
How do you know??
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What are the important events at each phase?G1 phase –??S phase –??G2 phase –??
What types of cells would be inG0 phase??
Now its YOUR turn!
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Cancer
• Uncontrolled cell growth– Caused by smoking, exposure to radiation or
certain chemicals, some viruses
• Cancer cells smother normal cells
• Treatment options– Surgery to remove tumor– Radiation therapy to halt cell division– Chemotherapy to halt cell division