Stem Cell Basics Introduction to Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells.
Cell Biology Review and Altered Functions. Embryonic Stem Cells.
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Transcript of Cell Biology Review and Altered Functions. Embryonic Stem Cells.
![Page 1: Cell Biology Review and Altered Functions. Embryonic Stem Cells.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649e795503460f94b794b9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell Biology
Review and Altered Functions
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Embryonic Stem Cells
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Man Made Stem Cells
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Adult Stem Cells
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Major Parts
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Eukaryotic Cell Structure
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Cell Functions
CommunicateAbsorbSecreteExcreteRespireMoveConductReproduce
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What is the “Brain” of the cell?
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Cell Membrane (“membrain”)
StructureFunctionReceptorsJunctionsSignal TransductionTransport Gradients
ConcentrationDependentIndependent
Electrical Pressure
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Bulk Transport
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Cell Membrane Proteins
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Na+/K+ Pump
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Cell Junctions
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Adhesion Molecules
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM)Bind growth factors
CadherinsBind cell membranes to form junctions
SelectinsBind WBCs during inflammatory reactions
IntegrinsBinds extra cellular matrix proteins
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Cell Junctions
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Cancer Metastasis
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Cell Signals
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Hormone vs. Neurotransmitter
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Target Cell
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Receptors
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Cell Receptor Summary
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Abnormal Intercellular Communication
Alterations in Membrane:
enzymes, ionsreactive oxygen species
(ROS) Adhesion molecules:
defense, clotting, metastasis
Gradients: water, ions, glucose
Transport Proteins: pumps, channels
Signaling molecules: hyper/hypo production
Receptors: destroyed, blocked,
triggered
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Mitochondria
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Cellular Metabolism
MacromoleculesEnergy Requirements:
BMR, TMR
Energy FormsMetabolic Pathways
Glycolysis Aerobic Respiration Beta Oxidation Deamination
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Metabolic Pathways: Aerobic
Krebs Cycle
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Metabolic Pathways: Proteins & Lipids
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Metabolism Summary
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Metabolic Alterations Alterations
Impaired Input MalnutritionMalabsorption
Impaired BalanceHypoxiaToxicityTraumaGenetic
Demand ChangesHypometabolic State
• Aging,• Immobility
Hypermetabolic State• Pregnancy• Hypothermia• Wound healing• Stress
Alcohol Metabolism
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Cell Cycle
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Cell Divisions Compared
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Tissue Types
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Tissues
RepairRegenerationScar Tissue
DeathApoptosisNecrosis
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Mechanisms of Cellular Injury
Response depends on Type of injury Duration Severity
Consequences depend on Type of cell Current physiology of cell Adaptability
Vulnerable cell sites Cell Membrane Mitochondria Nucleus
Hypoxia Ischemia Oxidants
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Causes of Cellular Injury
PhysicalChemicalMicrobialImmunologicGeneticNutritionalAging
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Toxic, Chemical, or Physical Injury
ChemicalEnvironmental agentsDrugsMetabolites
PhysicalTraumaTemperatureRadiation
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Heat Injury to RBCs
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Pathogenesis example
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Sequella to injury
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Changes due to injury
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Reversible Injury Processes
Transient if stress is removed Compensatory responses
Full capacity to repair Adaptation with diminished
capacity Cell Responses
Cell swelling (hypertrophy)Na+/K+ pump damagedOsmosis
Fatty changesCell metabolism changesSevere injurySlower to recover
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Reversible Injury in the LiverGross Findings
GreasyPaleEnlarged
Cellular Metabolism StopsDisruption of Beta
OxidationFA TriglyceridesCytoplasmic fat
droplets
Fatty Liver
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Hypoxia and Ischemia
Define HypoxiaEnd results
ATP production changes
Anaerobic mechanismspH changes
Organ DiseasesLungsHeartBlood VesselsBlood
Define IschemiaEnd results
Hypoxia Infarct
Organ problemsArteriesVeins
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Ischemia Infarct Necrosis
Coagulative necrosis in the kidney
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Ischemia Pathway
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Reversible Injury from Hypoxia/Ischemia
Decreased Oxidative phosphorylation
Decreased ATPDepletion of glycogenDecreased pHDecreased protein
synthesisElectrolyte changes
Na+ K+ Ca++
Increased osmosisSwollen organelles
Small Intestine
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Stress and Intracellular Changes
CytoskeletonLysosomesMitochondriaSERIntracellular
accumulationsFatProteinGlycogenPigmentsCholesterol
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Stressors and Cell Death
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Lipofuscin Pigment in hepatocytes
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Irreversible Injury from Hypoxia/Ischemia
Cell Membrane injury Free radical formationLipid breakdownLysosomal enzyme
release Ribosomes Nuclear changes Protein digestion
Ca++ accumulates in mitochondria
Activation of Inflammatory chemicals
Lung
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Pathological Calcification
Dystrophic CalcificationOccurs in dead, dying, or damaged tissue
AtherosclerosisHeart Valves
Metastatic CalcificationOccurs in hypercalcemic states
Renal FailureSecondary Hyperparathyroidism
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Free Radical Formation and Damage
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Effects of Oxidative Stress
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Enzymes involved in Oxidative Stress
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Mitochondrial Function and Damage
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Mitochondrial Damage
Release of Cytochrome C
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Mitochondrial Changes in Injury
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DNA damage
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Antioxidants
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Reversible vs Irreversible DamageCardiac Function
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Cellular Adaptations
PhysiologicUp or down regulationProtein synthesisAtrophyHypertrophyHyperplasia
Pathological AtrophyHypertrophyHyperplasia /
DysplasiaMetaplasia
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Atrophy
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Hypertrophy
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
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Hyperplasia
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Metaplasia and Dysplasia
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Necrosis Morphological Types
Coagulative Necrosis Protein coagulation due to acidosis MI
Liquefactive Necrosis Complete digestion of dead cells Nervous system, Bacterial and Fungal Diseases
Gangrenous Necrosis Ischemic coagulative necrosis Post op
Caseous Necrosis Amorphous granular debris (cheese like appearance) TB infections
Fat Necrosis Fat destruction due to liquefaction Fatty acids combine with calcium to create chalky white areas (saponification) Pancreatitis
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Liquefactive Necrosis in the brain
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Necrosis
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Caseous Necrosis (lung)
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Gangrenous Necrosis
Skin
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Apoptosis
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Differences between cell death:Necrosis and Apoptosis
Necrosis Contiguous cells Membrane loss Gradient changes Organelles swell Nucleus
Pyknosis (shrinks)Karyorrhexis (fragment)
Apoptosis Individual cells Normal process Cells shrink Fragmented bodies Phagocytosis
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Factors in Cell Death
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Necrosis stimulates inflammation
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Tissue Repair
Tissue TypesParenchymal (fxn)Stromal (CT)
RepairRegenerateReplacement
Regenerating AbilityLabile cells Stable cells Permanent cells
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Tissue Repair and Chronic injury
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Cellular Aging Theories
Cellular SenescenceLoss of redundant DNA sequencesRadom errors/mutations/repair Free Radical DamageTelomere ShorteningDecreased heat shock responseGlycosylation of proteins and NAMetabolic Rate (inverse)Homeostatic Systems decline
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Cellular Damage vs Repair Cycle
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Summary of Cellular Damage Events
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Examples of someDiseases/ConditionsCaused by alterations In Cell Function
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Questions?