Cell adaptations
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Transcript of Cell adaptations
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Cell Adaptations
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Homeostasis ?
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Cellular Response To Stress
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Causes Of Injury Hypoxia Physical Agents Chemicals Infections Immunological Reactions Genetic Errors Nutritional Imbalances
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Types Of Cell Adaptations Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Atrophy Metaplasia
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Hypertrophy Non dividing cells Physiological Pathological Cells not capable of replication Mechanisms mechanical triggers trophic triggers Ex :hypertrophy of heart uterus in pregnancy Skeletal muscle in body builders
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Mechanism Of Hypertrophy
Increased production of structural proteins
Switch of contractile proteins from adult to fetal
Expression of fetal genes
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Hyertrophy
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Hyperplasia Cells capable of replication Increase in no of cells Increase in size of the organ Physiologic and pathologic
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Physiologic Hyperplasia Hormonal Compensatory
Mechanisms of hyperplasia local production of growth factors
activation of intra cellular pathway stem cells
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Pathologic Hyperplasia Excessive hormonal stimulation Bph , endometrial hyperplasia Fertile soil for cancerous proliferations
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Atrophy Shrinkage in cell size by loss of substances Organ shrinkage Physiologic or pathologic
Physiologic Atrophy
Ex : 1. Development – notocord , thyroglossal duct
2. uterus after parturition
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Pathological Atrophy Decreased workload Loss of innervation Diminished blood supply Inadequate nutrition Loss of hormonal stimulation Senile atrophy
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Mechanism Imbalance between protein production
and utilization Ubiqutin proteosome pathway
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Atrophy
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Metaplasia Reversible change Replacement of one adult cell by other type Mc – columnar to squamous Seen in respiratory epithelium Ducts of glands impacted by stones Vitamin A deficiency Malignant transformation on chronic stages Barrets esophagus Connective tissue metaplasia Cervical metaplasia
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Mechanism Stem cell reprogramming Uncoordinated growth factors Vit A deficiency Cytostatic drugs Virus
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Metaplasia
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