Cédric Notredame (20/09/2015) Finding What you Need in Biological Databases Cédric Notredame.
Cédric Lorcé
description
Transcript of Cédric Lorcé
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Cédric LorcéIFPA Liège
ECT* Colloquium:
Introduction to quark and gluon angular momentum
August 25, 2014, ECT*, Trento, Italy
Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum of Quarks and
Gluons in the Nucleon
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Outline
• What is it all about ?
• Why is there a controversy ?
• How can we measure AM ?
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Outline
• What is it all about ?
• Why is there a controversy ?
• How can we measure AM ?
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Structure of matter
10-14m 10-15m 10-18m10-10m
d
u
Atom Nucleus Nucleons
Quarks
Atomic physics
Nuclear physics
Hadronic
physics
Particle physics
Proton
Neutron
Up
Down
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Structure of nucleons
Our picture/understanding of the nucleon evolves !
But many questions remain unanswered …
• Where does the proton spin come from ?• How are quarks and gluons distributed inside the nucleon ?• What is the proton size ?• Why are quarks and gluons confined ?• How are constituent quarks related to QCD ?• …
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Angular momentum decomposition
Sq
SgLg
Lq Sq
SgLg
Lq
Sq
Jg
Lq
Many questions/issues : • Frame dependence ?• Gauge invariance ?• Uniqueness ?• Measurability ?• … Review:
Dark spin
Quark spin?
~ 30 %
?
?
?
[Leader, C.L. (2014)]
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Outline
• What is it all about ?
• Why is there a controversy ?
• How can we measure AM ?
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In short …
Noether’s theorem :
Continuous symmetry
Translation invarianceRotation invariance
Conserved quantity
Total (linear) momentumTotal angular momentum
We all agree on the total quantities
BUT …
We disagree on their decomposition
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In short …
3 viewpoints :
• Meaningless, unphysical discussions
No unique definition ill-defined problem
• There is a unique «physical» decomposition
Missing fundamental principle in standard approach
• Matter of convention and convenience
Measured quantities are unique BUT physical interpretation is not unique
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In short …
3 viewpoints :
• Meaningless, unphysical discussions
No unique definition ill-defined problem
• There is a unique «physical» decomposition
Missing fundamental principle in standard approach
• Matter of convention and convenience
Measured quantities are unique BUT physical interpretation is not unique
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Back to basics
AM decomposition is a complicated story
Let’s have a glimpse …
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Back to basics
Classical mechanics
Free pointlike particle
Total AM is conserved but not unique !
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Back to basics
Classical mechanics
Free composite particle
CM motion can be separated
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Back to basics
Classical mechanics
Internal AM
Conventional choice : Option 2 with
Boost invariance
Uniqueness
Option 1 :
Option 2 : Boost invariance
Uniqueness
The quantity is boost-invariant BUT its physical interpretation is simple only in the CM frame !
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Frame
Frame-dependent quantity (e.g. )
Boost-invariant extension (BIE)
Back to basics
Classical mechanics
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Frame
BIE1
Frame-dependent quantity (e.g. )
«Natural» frames
Boost-invariant extension (BIE)
Back to basics
Classical mechanics
CM
(e.g. )
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Frame
BIE1
BIE2
Frame-dependent quantity (e.g. )
«Natural» frames
Boost-invariant extension (BIE)
Back to basics
Classical mechanics
CM
(e.g. )
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Back to basics
Classical electrodynamics
Charged pointlike particle in external magnetic field
AM conservation ???
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Back to basics
Charged pointlike particle in external magnetic field
Kinetic and canonical AM are different
«Hidden» kinetic AM
Conserved canonical AM
System = matter + radiation
Ambiguous !
Classical electrodynamics
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Back to basics
Quantum mechanics
Pointlike particle at rest has intrinsic AM (spin)
In general, only is conserved
AM is quantized
All components cannot be simultaneously measured
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Back to basics
Composite particle at rest
Quantum average
Expectation values are in general not quantized
Quantum mechanics
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Back to basics
Special relativity
Lorentz boosts do not commute
Spin uniquely defined in the rest frame only !
Rest frame
Moving frame
«Standard» boost
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Back to basics
Special relativity
Relativistic mass is frame-dependent
No (complete) separation of CM coordinates from internal coordinates !
Lorentz contraction
Relativity of simultaneity
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Frame-dependent quantity (e.g. )
Frame
LIE1
LIE2
«Natural» frames
Lorentz-invariant extension (LIE)
Back to basics
Rest
(e.g. )
Special relativity
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Back to basics
Gauge theory
Gauge invariant
Gauge non-invariant
[…] in QCD we should make clear what a quark or gluon parton is in an interacting theory. The subtlety here is in the issue of gauge invariance: a pure quark field in one gauge is a superposition of quarks and gluons in another. Different ways of gluon field gauge fixing predetermine different decompositions of the coupled quark-gluon fields into quark and gluon degrees of freedom.
[Bashinsky, Jaffe (1998)]
A choice of gauge is a choice of basis
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Back to basics
Gauge theory
Analogy with integration
«Gauge» 1
«Gauge» 2
Riemann Lebesgue
Which one is «physical» ?
Some would say :
Others would say:
None! Only the total area under the curve makes sense
Both! Choosing one or another is a matter of convenience
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Back to basics
3 strategies :
1) Consider only simple (local) gauge-invariant quantities2) Relate these quantities to observables3) Try to find an interpretation (optional)
Gauge theory
1) Fix the gauge2) Consider quantities with simple interpretation3) Try to find the corresponding observables
1) Define new complicated (non-local) gauge-invariant quantities2) Consider quantities with simple interpretation3) Try to find the corresponding observables
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Gauge non-invariant quantity (e.g. )
Gauge
GIE1
GIE2
«Natural» gauges
Gauge-invariant extension (GIE)
Back to basics
Coulomb
(e.g. )
Gauge theory
[Dirac (1955)]
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Infinitely many GIEs
Back to basics
Gauge theory
[…] one can generalize a gauge variant nonlocal operator […] to more than one gauge invariant expressions, raising the problem of deciding which is the “true” one.
[Bashinsky, Jaffe (1998)]
In other words, the gauge-invariant extension of the gluon spin in light-cone gauge can be measured. Note that one can easily find gauge-invariant extensions of the gluon spin in other gauges. But we may not always find an experimental observable which reduces to the gluon spin in these gauges.
Uniqueness issue
[Hoodbhoy, Ji (1999)]
Some GIEs are nevertheless measurable
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Back to basics
• Time dependence and interaction• Forms of dynamics• Scale and scheme dependence• Should Lorentz invariance be manifest ?• Quantum gauge transformation• Surface terms• Evolution equation• How are different GIEs related ?• Should the energy-momentum tensor be symmetric ?• Topological effects ?• Longitudinal vs transverse• …
As promised, it is pretty complicated …
Additional issues
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luonluon
Spin decompositions in a nutshell
Kinetic
uark uarkluonluon
Canonical
uarkuark luon
luon
Decomposition?
uarkuark
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Spin decompositions in a nutshell
[Jaffe, Manohar (1990)]
[Ji (1997)]
Sq
SgLg
Lq Sq
Lq
Jg
Canonical Kinetic
Gauge non-invariant ! « Incomplete »
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Spin decompositions in a nutshell
[Chen et al. (2008)] [Wakamatsu (2010)]
Sq
SgLg
Lq Sq
Lq
Lg
Canonical Kinetic
Sg
Gauge-invariant extension (GIE)
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Spin decompositions in a nutshell
[Chen et al. (2008)] [Wakamatsu (2010)]
Sq
SgLg
Lq Sq
Lq
Canonical Kinetic
Sg
Gauge-invariant extension (GIE)
Lg
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[Wakamatsu (2010)][Chen et al. (2008)]
Stueckelberg symmetry
Ambiguous !
[Stoilov (2010)][C.L. (2013)]
Sq
SgLg
Lq Sq
SgLg
Lq
Coulomb GIE
[Hatta (2011)][C.L. (2013)]
Sq
SgLg
Lq
Light-front GIE
Lpot
LpotSq
Sg
Lg
Lq
Infinitely many possibilities !
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Outline
• What is it all about ?
• Why is there a controversy ?
• How can we measure AM ?
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Parton correlators
General non-local quark correlator
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Parton correlators
Gauge transformation
Gauge invariant but path dependent
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Partonic interpretation
Phase-space «density»
2+3D
Longitudinal momentum
Transverse momentum
Transverse position
[Ji (2003)][Belitsky, Ji, Yuan (2004)]
[C.L., Pasquini (2011)]
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[C.L., Pasquini (2011)][C.L., Pasquini, Xiong, Yuan (2012)]
[Hatta (2012)]
Example : canonical OAM
« Vorticity »
Spatial distribution of average transverse momentum
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Parton distribution zoo
2+3D
[C.L., Pasquini, Vanderhaeghen (2011)]
GTMDsTh
eore
tical
tools
Phase-space (Wigner) distribution
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Parton distribution zoo
2+1D0+3D
2+3D
[C.L., Pasquini, Vanderhaeghen (2011)]
GTMDs
TMDs GPDs
«P
hysic
al»
ob
jects
Th
eore
tical
tools
Phase-space (Wigner) distribution
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Parton distribution zoo
2+1D
2+0D
0+3D
0+1D
2+3D
[C.L., Pasquini, Vanderhaeghen (2011)]
GTMDs
TMDs
FFsPDFs
Charges
GPDs
«P
hysic
al»
ob
jects
Th
eore
tical
tools
Phase-space (Wigner) distribution
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Parton distribution zoo
[C.L., Pasquini, Vanderhaeghen (2011)]
GTMDs
TMDs
FFsPDFs
Charges
GPDs
«P
hysic
al»
ob
jects
Th
eore
tical
tools
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Asymmetries
Example : SIDIS
[Mulders, Tangermann (1996)][Boer, Mulders (1998)]
[Bacchetta et al. (2004)][Bacchetta et al. (2007)][Anselmino et al. (2011)]
Angular modulations of the cross section are sensitive to AM
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Kinetic vs canonical OAM
Quark naive canonical OAM (Jaffe-Manohar)
Model-dependent !
Kinetic OAM (Ji)
but
No gluons and not QCD EOM !
Pure twist-3
Canonical OAM (Jaffe-Manohar)
[C.L., Pasquini (2012)]
[C.L., Pasquini (2011)][C.L., Pasquini, Xiong, Yuan (2012)]
[Kanazawa, C.L., Metz, Pasquini, Schlegel (2014)]
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Lattice results
CI DI
[Deka et al. (2013)]
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Summary
• We all agree on total angular momentum
• We disagree on its decomposition (matter of convention ?)
• Observables are gauge invariant but physical interpretation need not
• Scattering on nucleon is sensitive to AM
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Summary
Nucleon
FFs PDFsTMDsGPDs
GTMDs
LFWFs
DPDs
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Backup slides
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Back to basics
Special relativity
Different foliations of space-time
Instant-form dynamics Light-front form dynamics
[Dirac (1949)]
«Space» = 3D
hypersurface
«Time» = hypersurface
label
Light-front components
Time
Space
Energy
Momentum
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Back to basics
Quantum optics
Photons have only 2 polarization (helicity) states
Twisted light carry OAM
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We measure frame-dependent quantities
Then combine them in a frame-independent way
And finally interpret in a special frame
Back to basics
Special relativity
The proper length of a pencil is clearly frame independent. When we say the length of a house in the frame v = 0.9999c is the same as the proper length of the pencil, we are not saying that the length of the house is frame-independent. Rather, we are saying that the length of the house in a special frame can be known from measuring a frame-independent quantity.
v
[Hoodbhoy, Ji (1999)]
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Chen et al. approach
Gauge transformation (assumed)
Field strength
Pure-gauge covariant derivatives
[Chen et al. (2008,2009)] [Wakamatsu (2010,2011)]
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Explicit expressions
Stueckelberg symmetry
Geometrical interpretation
Non-local !
Fixed reference point
[Hatta (2012)][C.L. (2013)]
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Stueckelberg symmetry
Non-local !
Decomposition is path-dependent !
Path dependence Stueckelberg non-invariance
? [Hatta (2012)][C.L. (2013)]
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Stueckelberg symmetry
Non-local color phase factor
Path dependence Stueckelberg non-invariance
Path-dependent
Path-independent
[C.L. (2013)]
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FSIISI
SIDISDrell-Yan
OAM and path dependence[Ji, Xiong, Yuan (2012)]
[Hatta (2012)][C.L. (2013)]
Coincides locally with kinetic quark OAM
Naive T-even
x-based Fock-SchwingerLight-front
LqLq
Quark generalized OAM operator
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Stueckelberg symmetry
Degrees of freedom
[C.L. (2014)]
ClassicalNon-dynamical
QuantumDynamical
plays the role of a background field !
PassiveActive
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Passive Active
« Physical »
« Background »
Active x (Passive)-1
Stueckelberg
Stueckelberg symmetry
Quantum Electrodynamics
Phase in internal space
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Light-front wave functions (LFWFs)
Fock expansion of the nucleon state
Probability associated with the Fock states
Momentum and angular momentum conservation
gauge
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[C.L., Pasquini, Vanderhaeghen (2011)]
~
Overlap representation
Light-front wave functions (LFWFs)
GTMDs
Momentum Polarization
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[C.L., Pasquini, Vanderhaeghen (2011)]
Light-front wave functions (LFWFs)
Light-front quark models
Wigner rotation
Light-front helicity Canonical spin
SU(6) spin-flavor wave function
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Parametrization
GTMDs
TMDs GPDs
Nu
cle
on
pola
riza
tion
Quark polarization
[Meissner, Metz, Schlegel (2009)][C.L., Pasquini (2013)]Quarks & gluons
Complete parametrizations : Quarks
Twist-2
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Energy-momentum tensor
A lot of interesting physics is contained in the EM tensor
Energy density
Momentum
density
Energy flux
Momentum flux
Shear stress
Normal stress (pressure)
[Polyakov, Shuvaev (2002)]
[Polyakov (2003)][Goeke et al. (2007)]
[Cebulla et al. (2007)]
In rest frame
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Energy-momentum tensor
In presence of spin density
In rest frame
No « spin » contribution !
Belinfante « improvement »
Spin density gradient Four-momentum circulation
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QCD Energy-momentum operator
Matrix elements Normalization
Energy-momentum tensor
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Energy-momentum FFs
Momentum sum rule
Angular momentum sum rule
[Ji (1997)]
Vanishing gravitomagnetic moment !
Energy-momentum tensor
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Energy-momentum FFs
Momentum sum rule
Angular momentum sum rule
[Ji (1997)]
Vanishing gravitomagnetic moment !
Non-conserved current
Energy-momentum tensor
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Leading-twist component of
Link with GPDs
[Ji (1997)]
Accessible e.g. in DVCS !
Energy-momentum tensor