Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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Transcript of Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL
& VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
REVITALISATION PROJECT-
PHASE II
YEAR I- SEMESTER 1PRACTICAL
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS
COURSE CODE: CEC107
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTORY FLUID MECHANICS (CEC 107)
COURSE CONTENTS
WEEK 1
Application of specific energy momentum function
WEEK 2
Continuation of practical in week one
WEEK 3
Flow over weirs
WEEK 4
Continuation of the practical in week three
WEEK 5
Diffusion of gas
WEEK 6
Applying the momentum flow on a jet of water
striking flat plate
WEEK 7 4.0 FLOW IN PIPES
4.1 Fluid in motion
4.2 Uniform and steady flow4.3 Rate of flow
4.4 Continuity equation
PRACTICAL
Minor losses in pipes
WEEK 8
Site visit to Gurara Dam to see pipe laying
WEEK 9
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Site visit to Kangimi Dam to see different types of
weirs
WEEK 10
Site visit to a site where construction of open drain is
In progress
WEEK 11Experiment on Reynolds' dye
WEEK 12
Visit to irrigation sites to see water pumps
WEEK 13
Visit to Malali treatment plant to see more pumps
WEEK 14
Visit to Barnawa water treatment plant to see more
pumps
WEEK 15
Second visit to Gurara Dam to see turbine
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK ONE
APPLICATION OF SPECIFIC ENERGY AND MOMENTUM
FUNCTIONS
AIM
1) To confirm the theory relating to the flow under a sluice gate with the formation
of a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel;
2) To estimate the force exerted by the sluice gate on the flow from the momentum
function consideration;
3) To estimate the energy head loss and the power loss due to the hydraulic jump by
specific energy consideration.
APPARATUS
a) A rectangular open channel model with down stream control weir;b)
Constant and steady supply of water into the channel with a means of
varying the flow;
c) Sluice gate;d) Depth measuring device;e) Flow rate measuring facility;f) Stop watch andg) Measuring scale.
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Adjustable
Sluice gateHydraulic jump
channel
Downstream controlweir
pump
Fig.1
y3 y1
y2
Fig. 2
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
From fig. 2 above, at any point the specific energy E and momentum function M
is given by:
E = y + q2
2gy
2
and
M = q2
+ y2 per unit width
gy 2
where y = depth of flowq = flow rate per unit width = Q/b
Q = total discharge
b = channel width
Applying the E and M concepts to the flow under sluice gate with the formation
of a hydraulic jump, gives:
a) For flow under sluice gate;
E1 = E2
And P = P/g = M2 M1
Where P = force per unit width exerted by the sluice gate on the fluid.
b) For hydraulic jumps:
M2= M3
i.e. q2 + y22 = q2 + y3
2
gy2 2 gy3 2
y3 = y2 [1 + 8F22] - 1
2
Where F = Froude number = q
gy23
Due to lack of time, we stopped the practical here. We will continue and finish the
remaining next week
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK TWO
The practical started in the first week continued in this week because we are not
able to finish it last week.
Procedure
Adjust the channel bed model to a horizontal position and place sluice gate at a
fixed height above bed, sealing the openings between the gate and channel well to
prevent leakage.
Record the height of the gate above the channel bed and the width of the channel
(b).
Admit water into the channel and adjust the flow control and downstream control
weir to give the required flow profile.
Allow the system to steady and take the discharge Q, and the flow depths y1, y2
and y3.
Vary the flow rates and repeat the readings. Take at least 4 readings and record
them as shown on the observation table below:
Readings:
Channel width (b) = .
Height of gate above channel bed =
Vol. of
water
collected
Time
(s)
Discharge
Q (m3/s)
y1
(m)
y2 (m) y3 (m) q(m2/s) E2
(m)
E3
(m)
E2-E3
(m)
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
(m3)
Choose any experimental value of q and with varying depth of flow, using the
equation E = y + q2 Plot the depths against specific energy E.
2gy2
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK THREE
FLOW OVER WEIRS
Objectives
1. To determine the relationship between head H and flow rate Q over rectangular
and Vee notches (weirs).
2. To determine the discharge coefficient C for each notch by comparing the
measured flow with the ideal flow.
Method
1. Stand the apparatus on the hydraulic bench and connect the bench supply hoseto the inlet pipe. Fix the flexible outlet hose into the pipe leading to the bench
weighing tank.
2. Carefully slide the rectangular notch plate into the groove on the apparatus and
check that the rubber seal makes contact with the plate along all three edges.
3. Switch on the bench pump and open the bench supply valve. Fill the apparatus
with water until the level reaches the bottom crest of the notch. Close the supply
valve.
4. Using a beaker, add or remove water until the water surface is just level with the
notch crest. Use a steel rule to check that the level is correct.
5. Set the hook gauge dial to zero and slide the hook up and down until the point of
the hook just coincide with the water surface. Subsequent readings of the water
level will then be relative to the true datum at crest level.
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
6. Set the hook gauge to a reading of 60 mm. Then adjust the bench supply valve
until the water level corresponds roughly to the hook gauge setting.
7. Wait until the water level had settled to a constant value, then adjust the hook to
this level and read the value of the head.
8. Measure the flow rate by timing the collection of water in the bench weighing
tank. Again use the hook gauge to measure the water level and record a mean value
of head.
9. Now decrease the head by about 5 mm and take another set of head and flow rate
readings. Repeat this procedure until you have about 8 sets of readings over a range
of heads down to about 15 mm.
10. Close the bench supply valve and fix the Vee notch to the apparatus. Set the
water level to the base of the Vee notch by adding or removing water. Check that
the level is correct by observing the notch from close to the water surface. The point
of the Vee and its reflection should coincide.
11. Repeat the procedures given in steps (5) to (9), but this time obtain readings
over a range of heads between 80 to 30 mm.
12. Switch off the bench pump. Record the width of the rectangular notch and the
semi-angle of the Vee notch
We will stop here and the practical will be concluded next week.
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK FOUR
This week we will conclude the practical we started last week.
Results
The Volume flow rates for the two notches are given by the following equations:
Rectangular:
Q = C 2 [2gb H3/2]
3
Vee Notch:
Q = C 8 [ 2g tan] H5/215
The expressions in square brackets represent the ideal fix rates. The discharge
coefficient C is thus the ratio of the actual flow to the ideal flow for each notch.
Both equations can be expressed in logarithmic form as:
Log Q = log K + n log H
1. Convert your values of Q and H to units of m3/ sec and m of water. Plot
curves of Q against H.
2. Plot graphs of log Q against H. The points should lay on straight lines of
slope n = 3/2 and 5/2.
1. Now obtain values of k and hence calculate the discharge coefficient C foreach notch using the following expressions:
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
For rectangular:
C = k
2/3 2gb
For Vee Notch
C = k
8/152g tan
Conclusion
In his laboratory report, the student is expected to write a summary of what he has
learnt, which will answer the following questions:
1. To what extent has the results obtained confirmed the theory learnt in thelectures.
2. Is the value of C constant over the flow range for each notch?3. If the drawing of the graphs were to be drawn on the logarithmic sheets, at
slightly different slopes, how would this affect the values of C?
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK FIVE
DIFFUSION OF GAS
EXPERIMENT
To determine the diffusion coefficient of a gas by evaporation from a liquid
surface.
Theory
Consider a liquid evaporating by the diffusion of its vapour up a tube with zero
concentration at the top.
Let x be the length of the diffusion path.
i.e. x = xoat time = 0
and x = xtat time = t
From the diffusion equation, the following c an be derived for pseudo-state
conditions:
CLdx = c D (M1 M2)dt x ML
where
CL= Molar density of A in liquid phase
c = Total molar concentration in gas phase
D = Diffusion constant
M1= Molar fraction of A in gas phase at liquid surface
M2= Molar fraction of A in gas phase at top of tube (zero in this
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Experiment
dx = Rate of change of diffusion path with time.
dt
ML= Vapour of liquid
ln (mole fraction of air at the top of tube/ mole fraction of air atbottom of tube)
Readings to be taken
o Switch on the temperature controlled water bath and obtain asteady temperature of say, 40
0C.
oPartially fill the vertical tube of the diffusion apparatus with
acetone and immerse in the water bath.
o With a flow of air across the top, take readings with the measuringmicroscope, of the acetone level at intervals of time and take a
reading of the top of the vertical line.
Results
Reading of top of tube:
Time (t) Liquid level
reading
X02
Xt2
Xt2- X0
2
Plot Xt2- X0
2as a function of time. A straight line should result.
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Repeat the experiment at different temperatures and comment on the effect of
temperature on the diffusion.
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK SIX
APPLYING THE MOMENTUM EQUATION ON A JET OT WATER
STRIKING FLAT PLATE
y
V1Q1 x
V2Q2
Nozzle
Consider a jet of ideal flow (fluid without viscosity) striking a flat smooth plane.
Hence there is no shear force parallel to the plate working on the body of fluid.
Velocity on the jet to the plane is the same on that leaving the plane, i.e. V1= V2.
As there are no forces working on the fluid in x-direction and applying the
momentum equation in x-direction it is possible to determine the quantities Q1and
Q2 as follows:
Q1- Q2= Q Cos
The only force working on the plate is (in opposite direction on the fluid) is in Y
direction. Applying again the momentum equation it is clear that no fluid after
striking the plane is flowing in Y direction.
Conclusion: Force on the plate is working normal to the plate in magnitude eQv
Sin
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Students are expected to determine Q1and Q2according to how they taught in the
class.
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK SEVEN
EXPERIMENT: MINOR LOSSES IN PIPES
AIM
1) To examine the minor energy head loss at:a) sudden contraction;b) a gate valvec) a 900flow elbowd) a 900 long radius bend2) to determine the loss coefficient K for each fittings.
PROCEDURE
Record the diameters of the pipe upstream and downstream of the fittings and the
length between pressure taping for each fitting.
Connect the sudden contraction apparatus to the experimental system and fit the
pressure tapings upstream and downstream of the contraction. Purge the system of
air and check the manometer.
Adjust the flow control valve to give maximum flow. Allow the flow conditions to
steady and record the flow rate C, and water levels h1 and h2 in the manometer
limbs.
Reduce the flow rate in steps and take a series of readings of Q, h1and h2.
Repeat the procedure for each fitting.
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
THEORY
Minor energy head loss hein pipe is given as:
he= Kv2
2g
Where:
K = loss coefficient
For sudden contractions he= Kv2
2g
Where:
K = (1/C-1)
2
v = velocity of flow downstream of contraction.
For elbows, bends, valves etc,
hL= Kv2
2g
Where v = velocity of flow downstream of fitting.
If velocity loss is taken into account, the total energy head loss (h 1- h2) is equal to
the sum of hfand hLwhich is given by:
Total energy head loss H = hf+ hL
h1 h2= FLV2
+ Kv2
2gd 2g
Where L = Length of pipes between pressure tappings.
d = Pipe diameter
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Readings
h1(m) h2
(m)
h1
h2
(m)
hf(m) hL
(m)
H20
volume
(m3)
Time
(sec)
Q
(m3/sec)
Velocity
(m/sec)
V2/2g
(m)
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK EIGHT
The students were taken to a site visit where a contractor is excavating and laying
new pipes to connect the Gurara water in Kaduna state with Abuja, the Federal
Capital of Nigeria. During the visit, the students were conducted around the area
and they asked the site engineer of the project various questions.
After our return, the students were asked to write on the following:
1) The diameter of the pipes laid;2) The distance between the project site to Usma Dam in Abuja where the water
will be transferred to;
3) The expected velocity of the water;4) Then calculate the expected amount of water (Discharge) that will be
delivered to Abuja
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK NINE
This week the students were taken for a visit to Kangimi village along Jos road. The
dam is used for water supply and irrigation. The purpose of the visit is for the
students to see various types of weirs and spillway.
The students were given assignment on the visit as follows:
1) Draw the types of weirs that you saw at Kangimi dam;2) All the parameters needed to calculate the discharge in trapezoidal and
rectangular weirs were given to the students at the dam site. Therefore the
students are expected to calculate the discharges at theses weirs.
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK TEN
This week the students were taken to a construction site in Kaduna town where
constructions of open drains are in progress. The students were conducted round to
different parts of the project. After the visits, the students were asked the following
questions:
1) What are the dimensions of the rectangular drain? Draw a section.2) What are the sides' slopes of the trapezoidal drain? Also draw the section?3) Calculate the areas of these drains and the expected run off water that they will
carry.
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK ELEVEN
The students were taken to the laboratory where they were shown a model of
Reynolds' dye experiment. Starting with a low velocity, the students were
shown the behaviour of the applied dye. After the increase in velocity, they
saw how the dye filament scattered.
At the end of many demonstrations, the students were given assignment as
follows:
1) Draw and explain how Reynolds' apparatus is working.2) Using the following data determine the types of flow in the following
cases:
i) if the density of water is 1000 kg/m3, pipe diameter of 250 mm and the
coefficient viscosity of 100 x 10-3 Ns / m2. Take the velocity to be 2.5 m
/sec.
ii) if the density of the fluid is 800 kg / m3 and a pipe diameter of
300mm. The velocity of flow is 3 m and the coefficient of dynamic
viscosity is 110 x 10-3
Ns
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICALWEEK TWELVE
The students were taken on a visit to two irrigation sites in Igabi local Government
of Kaduna State. In both sites, the students saw how water pumps are used to raise
water from one position to other. They saw different types of water pumps and they
asked the farmers how they are using the pumps and how efficient are the pumps in
lifting water for the irrigation work they are doing.
The students were asked to answer the following questions:
1) Explain the working principles of the different types of pumps you saw at thetwo sites.
2) From your observations which of the pumps is more efficient in lifting the waterand at what head?
3) What are the problems that the farmers are facing in operating and maintenanceof the pumps?
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK THIRTEEN
This week the students were taken for a visit to Malali water works in Kaduna
North Local Government area of Kaduna state. The students were conducted round
the treatment plants where they were shown different types of pumps that are used
in lifting water right from the intake up to distribution stage.
The students were given these questions related to their visits:
1) Which type of pump is use in lifting water from the intake to the treatmentplant?
2) Have you noticed that without the pumps the treatment of water would havebeen very difficult?
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK FOURTEEN
This week the students paid similar visit as that of last week to Barnawa treatment
plant in Kaduna South area of Kaduna State. The students were conducted round
the plant by the Water Engineer in charge of the plant. The engineer explained
that the major difference between the Barnawa treatment plant and the Malali
plant that the students visited last week is that most of the industries are located in
Kaduna South; therefore this plant is dealing with raw water that includes
industries industrial wastes.
The students were therefore asked:
1) What extra effort has the Barnawa treatment plant to do apart from the normal
treatment in order to take care of the pollution from the industries?
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5/27/2018 Cec 107 Practical - Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
PRACTICAL
WEEK FIFTEEN
This week the students for the second time re-visited the Gurara dam where they
expected to see some turbines brought by the contractors for installation at the site
of the dam for the purpose of generating electricity in some parts of Kaduna State.
The turbines have not been installed but the students were taken round and they
were shown the turbines.
At the end of the visit, the students were asked:
1) Explain the type of turbine you were shown at the site