CE434 L11 Pedestrian

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CE 434 L 11

Pedestrian Studies


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What Pedestrians Need:

Lowervolumes of motor vehicle traffic moving

at slow speeds, sidewalks, separation from

traffic.


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In this section, we describe the basic

pedestrian characteristics and their

application to planning and designing of

pedestrian facilities.

Evaluation of Pedestrian facilities using level-

of-service concept.

Lecture Objectives


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Terminology

Pedestrian speed is the average pedestrian walking speed

(m/s)

Pedestrian flow rate is the number of pedestrians passing a

point per unit of time (p/min).

Pedestrian unit width flow is the average flow of pedestrians

per unit of effective walkway width (p/min/m).

Pedestrian density is the average number of pedestrians per

unit of area (p/m2).

Pedestrian space or area module is the average area provided

for each pedestrian in a walkway (m2/p). This is the inverse ofdensity

Pedestrian Platoon refers to a number of pedestrians walking

together in a group.


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HUMAN SPACE REQUIREMENTS

Individual persons, on an average, require a minimum area

when standing, which is known as the body ellipse. It

measures 18 in. by 24 in., as shown in Figure.

This minimum space requirement of 2.3ft2/person is notsufficient if human beings are carrying luggage or backpacks.

For personal comfort, Fruin suggests about 7 to 10 ft2/person.

Note that these space requirements are for persons standing

without motion.


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Pedestrian Speed-Density-Flow

Relationship

Pedestrian flow is described in terms of speed

and flow, which can be approximated by a

parabolic curve that is similar to motor vehicle

flow (Greenshields, 1934; TRB, 2000). Atheoretical speed-density-flow relationship is

shown in Figure.


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Theoretical speed-density-flow relationship


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Pedestrian demand is expressed as ped/15 min,using a peak 15-minute period of flow as thebasis for analysis. The average pedestrian flow (v)is then computed as

v = V / 15WE---------- (1)

Where

V= peak pedestrian flow (ped/15min) WE= effective walkway width (ft)


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Effective Walkway Width

The width of a walkway that can effectively be

used by pedestrians is called the clear

walkway width. Poles, signs, and benches, forexample, reduce the effective walkway width.


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Walking Speeds

Many researches have contributed to

measuring walking speeds. Figure show that

there is a wide range of speeds among

pedestrians. Trip purpose, land use, age, andother environmental factors all affect walking

speeds.


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DETERMINING PEDESTRIAN WALKING SPEED

Pedestrian walking speed depends on the proportion ofelderly pedestrians ( 65 years of age and older) in the

walking population. If 0 to 20 percent of pedestrians are

elderly, a walking speed of 1.3 m/s is recommended for

computations for walkways.

If elderly pedestrians constitute more than 20 percent of all

pedestrians, a 1.0 m/s walking speed is recommended. In

addition, an upgrade of 10 percent or greater reduces

walking speed by 0.1 m/s


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Pedestrian flow modeling methodology

A Case Study (Mumbai)


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PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES

TYPES OF FACILITIES

Pedestrian facilities along urban streets designated pedestrian

sidewalks on urban streets, incurring the impacts of both

uninterrupted flow and fixed interruptions.

Pedestrian crosswalks pedestrian crossings at signalized and

unsignalized intersections.


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Pedestrian queuing areas areas where pedestrians

stand temporarily, while waiting to be served. Queuingareas are found at elevators, transit platforms, and street

crossings.

Shared off-street paths paths physically separated

from highway traffic for the use of pedestrians, bicycles,

and other non motorized traffic.


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Traffic Islands

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Traffic islands to reduce the length of the crossing should be

considered for the safety of all road users

Raised islands in crossing should:

Be cut through and level with the street or have curb ramps at

both the sides and have a level area of not less than 1500 mm

long in the middle. A coloured tactile marking strip at least 600 mm wide should

mark the beginning and the end of a traffic island, to guide

pedestrians with Visual impairments to its location


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Traffic Signals

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At road intersections, pedestrian crossings should be equipped

with traffic control signs.

For the benefit of blind or partially sighted people audible

signals, bleeper, and/or tactile signals which indicate when the

green light is displayed and it is safe to cross should beprovided.

The time interval allowed for crossing should be programmed

according to the slowest crossing persons.


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Sky walk

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Foot over bridge

Pedestrian subway

Shelters


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Crossing islands should be designed to accommodate

pedestrians who dont make it all of the way across a wide

intersection


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The following factors should be considered (TRB, 2000) in designing

pedestrian facilities:

Comfort: such as weather protection, climate control, transit

shelter, skywalks

Convenience: walking distances, directness, grade on ramps, stair

suitable for elderly, directory maps, and other factors that

contribute to the ease of pedestrian movement

Safety: separation of pedestrian traffic from vehicular traffic, malls

meant only for pedestrians, traffic control devices that safeguard

the lives of pedestrians Security: lighting, line of sight, crime-free environment

Economy: minimization of travel delays


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The ever-busy Jogeshwari-

Vikhroli Link Road in front

of IITB

CE434 L11 Pedestrian

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