CE302Microprocessors

Lecture 2

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Izmir University of Economics

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Outline

• Programming with registers• Instruction components and format• Addressing modes• Sampling of addressing modes

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Programming ModelRegisters

Note:32 bit registers are not available on 8086, 8088, 80286

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Programming with RegistersGeneral-Purpose Registers

• AX(accumulator) often holds the temporary result after an arithmetic and logic operation (also addressed as EAX, AH, or AL)

• BX (base) often holds the base (offset) address of data located in the memory (also addressed as EBX, BX, BL)

• CX (count) contains the count for certain instructions such as shift count (CL) for shifts and a counter (CX or ECX) with the LOOP instruction (also addressed as ECX, CH, or CL)

• DX (data) holds

– the most significant part of the product after a 16- or 32-bit multiplication,

– the most significant part of the dividend before a division, and

– I/O port number for a variable I/O instruction (also addressed as EDX, DH, DL)

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Programming with Registers Pointer and Index Registers

• SP (stack pointer) used to address data in a LIFO (last-in, first-out) stack memory, most often used when – the PUSH and POP instructions are executed– a subroutine is CALLed or RETurned within a program – Don’t ever mess with this directly

• BP (base pointer) often used to address an array of data in the stack memory

• SI (source index) used to address source data indirectly for use with the string instructions

• DI (destination index) normally used to address destination data indirectly for use with the string instructions

• IP (instruction pointer) always used to address the next instruction executed by the microprocessor

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Programming with Registers Flag Register

• Flags indicate the condition of the microprocessor as well as its operation

• The flag bits change after many arithmetic and logic instructions execute

• Example flags,– C(carry) indicates carry after addition or a borrow after subtraction

– O(overflow) is a condition that occurs when signed numbers are added or subtracted

– Z(zero) indicates that the result of an arithmetic or logic operation is zero

– T(trap) when the trap flag is set , it enables trapping through the on-chip debugging feature

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Programming with Registers Segment Registers

• CS(code) defines the starting address of the section of memory-holding code(programs and procedures used by programs)

• DS(data) a section of memory that contains most data used by a program

• ES(extra) an additional data segment• SS(stack) defines the area of memory used for the stack.

– the location of the current entry point in the stack segment is determined by the stack pointer register.

– the BP register addresses data within the stack segment

• FS and GS available on 80386 and 80486 allow two additional memory segments for access by programs

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Machine Language

• Machine language is the native binary code that the microprocessor understands and uses as the instructions that control its operation

• Interpretation of machine’s language allows debugging or modification at the machine language level

• Microprocessor requires an assembler program, which generates machine code – the machine language instructions are too complex to generate by

hand

• Machine language instructions for the 8086-80486, vary in length from 1 to as many as 13 bytes– there are over 20000 variations of machine language instructions

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Machine Language (cont.)

• 16 -bit instruction mode – if the machine operates in the real mode the instructions for Intel

family of microprocessors are 16 -bit instructions

– this means that instructions use 16-bit offset address and 16-bit registers

• In the protected mode the D bit in the descriptor (within a look-up table of descriptors) indicates how the 80386/80486 instructions access register and memory data in protected mode– D = 0, the 80386/80486 assumes 16 bit instructions

– D = 1, the 80386/80486 assumes 32 bit instructions

• the 32-bit instruction mode assumes all offset addresses are 32 bits as well as all registers

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Instruction Components and Format

• s

Instruction Components

Opcode Mode Displacement DataImmediate value

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Addressing Modes

• Register - transfers a byte or word from the source register or memory location to the destination register or memory location

MOV BX, CX• Immediate - transfers an immediate byte or word of data into

the destination register or memory location

MOV AX, 3456h• Direct - moves a byte or word between a memory location and

a register

MOV AL, [1234h] (1234h is treated as a displacement within data segment)

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Addressing Modes(cont.)

• Register Indirect (base relative or indexed) - transfers a byte or word of data between a register and the memory location addressed by an index (DI or SI) or base register (BP or BX)

MOV AX, [BX]• Base Plus Index (base relative indexed) - transfers a byte or

word of data between a register and the memory location addressed by a base register (BP or BX) plus index (DI or SI) register

MOV DX, [BX + DI]

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Addressing Modes(cont.)

• Register Relative - transfers a byte or word of data between a register and the memory location addressed by an index (DI or SI) or base register (BP or BX) plus displacement

MOV AX, [BX + 1000h]

• Base Relative Plus Index (base relative indexed) - transfers a byte or word of data between a register and the memory location addressed by a base register (BP or BX) plus an index register (DI or SI)

MOV AX, [BX + SI + 100h]

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Instruction Components

Instructions have four components that specify the operation to execute, and how to treat the associated data.

D W

OPCODE

MOD REG R/M

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Instruction ComponentsOPCODE

• Opcode (one or two bytes) selects the operation (e.g., addition, subtraction, move) performed by the microprocessor

D W

OPCODE

D - direction of the data flow D = 0 data flow to R/M field from register field D = 1 data flow to the register field from R/M in the next byte of the instruction

W - data size W = 0 data size is a byte W = 1 data size is a word/double word

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Instruction ComponentsMOD

• MOD field specifies the addressing mode for the selected instruction and whether the displacement is present with the specified addressing mode

• If the MOD filed contains a 00, 01, or 10, the R/M field selects one of the data memory-addressing modes, e.g.,– MOV AL, [DI] (no displacement)– MOV AL, [DI + 2] (8-bit displacement)

MOD REG R/M

MOD FUNCTION

00 no displacement01 8-bit sign-extended displacement10 16-bit displacement 11 R/M is a register (register addressing

mode)

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Instruction ComponentsREG & R/M in Register Assignment

Register assignment for the REG and R/M fields

Code W = 0 (Byte) W = 1(Word) W =1 (Double Word)

000 AL AX EAX001 CL CX ECX010 DL DX EDX011 BL BX EBX100 AH SP ESP101 CH BP EBP110 DH SI ESI111 BH DI EDI

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Register AssignmentExample

• Consider 2 byte instruction 8BECh in the machine language program (assuming 16-bit instruction mode)

binary representation: 1000 1011 1110 1100, from this we have opcode: 100010 => MOV

D = W 1 => a word moves into the register specified in the REG field

MOD 11 => R/M field also indicates register

REG 101 => indicates register BP

R/M 100 => indicates register SP

consequently the instruction is: MOV BP, SP

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Use of R/M Filed in Determining Addressing Mode

• If the MOD field contains a 00, 01, or 10, the R/M field takes on a new meaning

• Examples:1. if MOD = 00 and R/M = 101

the addressing mode is [DI]

2. if MOD = 01 or 10 and R/M = 101

the addressing mode is

[DI + 33h] or LIST[DI + 22H], where 33h, LIST, 22h are arbitrary values

for displacement

Code Function

000 DS:[BX+SI]001 DS:[BX+DI]010 SS:[BP+SI]011 SS:[BP+DI]100 DS:[SI]101 DS:[DI]110 SS:[BP]111 DS:[BX]

Base plusIndex

Registerindirect

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Example

• Consider machine language instruction 8A15h

binary representation is: 1000 1010 0001 0101opcode: 100010 => MOV

D 1 => a word moves into the register specified in the REG field

W 0 => byte

MOD 00 => no displacement

REG 010 => indicates register DL

R/M 101 => indicates addressing mode [DI]

the instruction is: MOV DL, [DI]

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Direct Addressing Mode

• Direct Addressing mode (for 16-bit instructions) occurs whenever memory data are referenced by only the displacement mode of addressing, e.g.,

MOV [1000h], DL moves the contents of DL into data segment memory location 1000h

MOV NUMB, DL moves the contents of DL into symbolic data segment memory location NUMB

1 0 10 0 0 0 0 1 1 10 0 0 0 0

1 000000000000000

OPCODE D W MOD REG R/M

Displacement-low Displacement-high

Byte 1 Byte 2

0

Byte 3 Byte 4

MOV [1000h], DL

Whenever the instruction has only a displacement:

MOD is always 00R/M is always 110

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Immediate Instruction

• Consider an instruction: MOV word PTR[BX + 1000h], 1234h

1 1 00 0 1 1 1 0 1 11 0 0 0 1

1 000000000000000

OPCODE W MOD R/M

Displacement-low Displacement-high

Byte 1 Byte 2

1 010000000101100

Data-low Data-high

Byte 3 Byte 4

Byte 5 Byte 6

Moves 1234h into the word-sized memorylocation addressed by the sum of1000h, BX, and DS x 10h

WORD PTR directive indicates to the assembler that the instruction uses a word-sized memory pointer(if the instruction moves a byte of immediate data, then BYTE PTR directive is used.

The above directive are only needed when it is not clear if the operation is a byte or a word, e.g.,MOV [BX], AL clear a byte moveMOV [BX], 1 not clear, can be byte-, word, or double word-sized moveshould be for instanceMOV BYTE PTR [BX], 1

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Segment MOV Instructions

• The contents of a segment register are moved by MOV, PUSH, POP

• Segment registers are selected by appropriate setting of register bits (REG field)

Code Segment Register

000 ES001 CS010 SS011 DS100 FS101 GS

Note: MOV CS, ?? and POP CSare not allowed

Example: MOV BX, CS

1 0 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 11 1 0 1 1

OPCODE MOD REG R/M

REG is 001 => selects CSR/M is 011 => selects BX

Note that the opcode for this instruction is different for the prior MOV instructions

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Sampling of Addressing Modes

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Sampling of Addressing Modes

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Sampling of Addressing Modes