CE-332 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

CHP 2 - PROJECT PARTICIPANTS

LECTURER : ASSOC. PROF. DR. AHMET ÖZTAŞ

UNIVERSITY OF GAZİANTEPDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lecture 2

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CHP2-PROJECT PARTICIPANTS

• Introduction• Owners• Design Professionals (Architects, Engineers)• Construction Professionals

(Contractors, Specialty contractors, Trades, Material and Equipment Suppliers)

• Other Participants• Organization of Companies• Conclusion

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Learning Objectives

In this chapter you will learn the following:

1. The roles and responsibilities of key construction participants.

2. The division of labor within a designer and construction organizations.

3. The common categories of construction labor.

4. Professional registration and certification.

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INTRODUCTION-1

The product of a construction project can exist for hundreds of years.

Idea - graphic form - finished product.

Idea defined by owner,

Developed by designer, (graphic form)

Produced by contractor(This process defines the construction project)

We will discuss the roles of owner, designer, and constructor as separate and distinct.

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a) Who fills the rolesb) How they relate to each other?These are determined by many factors• Time• Money• Project uniqueness• Cultural environment

INTRODUCTION-2

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At first glance, roles are simple to define;• Owner is one with a deep pockets• Designer is the expert• Constructor is the guy with pickup truck and backhoeA closer look, reveals complex and interesting realityOwner: Large organizations,Designers: Depends on manufacturers, suppliers and

buildersConstructer: professionals with advanced technical

degrees

INTRODUCTION-3

PARTIES TO A PROJECT:

OWNER DESIGNER

CONSTRUCTORSOCIETY AT LARGE

What are the various obligations and privileges of the Parties? How do they relate to one another?

Wow! That’s pretty complex. Are all those links present? No. But that’s our topic for next slayt . . .

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OWNERS-1

Owners can be;a) Individuals .. Seeking a home for their growing family,b) Organizations.. Responding to change in technology,c) Municipality.. Seeking to improve its infrastructure, ord) Developer.. Working to make money by filling a

perceived market need.Motivation to build is as varied like individuals & companies.Whatever the motivation, owner is where the project is born.His function: financially back the project, otherwise no project

Source of financing defines the type of ownera) Public ownersb) Private ownersc) Other representations

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Public owners

Money can be from local or state, but owner is taxpayer.Some of these projects are done through public agencies that

commission the construction.a) Department of transportationb) State public worksc) DSIBecause these agencies represent the public, they must

follow specific methods of managing the projects.• Public approval process have to be figured out into any

schedule and budget.• How designer and constructor are selected is spelled out.Some projects are managed by private organizations.

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Private owners

This category includes

a) Homeowner .. who builds only one house in a lifetime

b) Multinational company .. that owns numerous facilities

c) Developer .. Special type of private owner who often owns the project only for the duration of project. His goal is to make money through quick sale or long-term rental.

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Owner representation-1

Because owner can be any individual or organization, that takes on a construction project, ‘t is difficult to find a common profile.

a) Facility managers: most common professional owner representative. They are found most often in large organizations and institutions. Like schools, universities, hospitals. Their job is to understand the goals and objectives of their organization and ensure that facilities are planned to support them.

b) Outside Consultants: Organizations without large in-house departments often hire consultants.

c) Building committee: Consists of users, financial backers, and sometimes community residents.

In all cases, owners are primarily concerned about their needs and their money.

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Owner representation-2

Owners represent a specific interest during the project's life. While designers focus on functionality, aesthetics and

innovative use of materials, owners are additionally concerned about durability of design, storage and availability of materials, simplicity of operation, and ease of maintenance.

While constructors concerned with maintaining schedule and budget through efficient methods of assembly and improved management techniques, owners are additionally concerned about a turnover process that ensures complete understanding of all systems in project and a smooth start-up transition.

These diverging interests forge a creative tension that pushes all team members to incorporate the interest of others.

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DESIGN PROFESSIONALS

Principle designers: Architects and Engineers.

On Building and Residential sector projects …- Architects are lead designer, laying out the concept on paper with owner.- Engineer brought in after basic concept is worked out but before details are developed.

On Infrastructure and Industrial sector projects …- Engineer is lead designer.- Architect is brought in to work on the aesthetics.

Example: A refinery project. Engineer designs mechanical, electrical and structural systems. Architect handles office spaces and building color schemes.

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DESIGN PROFESSIONALS

Each professional contributes to projects in different ways.

For architects:• Physical context …guiding feature• Activities that will occur in building• Creating a unique image

Very good architecture responds to all 3 aspects. process is intuitive and subjective.

For Engineers:Tackle a challenge objectively, Break it down to identifiable components

and a series of questions to be answered…. Important issue for them is functional aspect of work.Example: Channel Tunnel project … image was less important than safe,

efficient boring of many miles of tunnel, removal of spoil, insertion of tunnel liner.

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DESIGN PROFESSIONALSWho will be lead designer? Depends on project nature.

An architect may be asked to capture a corporation's image within the form of a new headquarters building that provides convenient access for vehicles and a welcoming entrance for pedestrians.

An engineer may be asked to replace and widen an existing five km interstate highway through a dense urban environment without adversely affecting the city's operations.

Both designers must think mechanically, technically, and creatively, but the architect works in artistic realm while engineer works in the technical realm.

Architects Engineers Drafters Structural EngineersSpecification writers Mechanical EngineersInterior designers Electrical Engineers Landscape architects Civil Engineers

Surveyors

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Architects

Architects are stars of building industry.• First people to hear owners talk about their needs.• Meet occupants• Define budget and schedule• Influence choice of contractor• Influence choice of delivery methodResponsibility: a) to translate and develop an owner's requirements and

graphically represent them.b) To choose appropriate systems and materials (need skill

& expertise) & formulate a design that is mathematically proportioned and aesthetically pleasing (talent).

Drafters, Specification writers, Interior designers & Landscape architects

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Engineers

Engineers work within large A/E firms, but most often they are independent consultants.

Responsibility: varied depending on their discipline, but in all cases they must understand an owner requirements: budget, operations, durability and Intended use of space.

Tasks:a) Choose structural supportb) Specifying large equipment (e.g. air-handler)c) Lay out necessary distribution (e.g. electrical

conduit, piping system)d) Specify and locate the termination devices

(e.g. radiation units, electrical outlet).

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Engineers

Civil Engineers: • Determine project location on a site by studying the

subsurface soil conditions and the topography of the land.

• Design roads, bridges, tunnels, parking lots, storm water drainage, and sewage treatment plants.

Structural Engineers:• Calculate strengths and deflections, foundation sizes,

beam thickness, and strength of floor slabs.• Ensure that a building can withstand the forces of wind,

gravity and seismic activity.SurveyorsMechanical EngineersElectrical Engineers

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• Constructors– Estimators– Schedulers– Purchasing agents

• Specialty Constructors• The Trades (pile-drivers, ironworkers, cement masons, sheet-

metal workers, plasterers, plumbers, pipe-fitters, electricians,

bricklayers, glaziers, roofers, carpenters)• Material Suppliers• Equipment suppliers• Others

ConstructionProfessionals

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Constructors

Constructor is a general term used to define the professional responsible for all construction activities whether he works as a general contractor, or a construction manager.

Constructor has changed in terms of type and training of personnel.

In past, company executives rose through industry`s ranks, often starting as a carpenter or laborer.

Today, company heads are graduates from universities.This trend is also working its way into field management of

jobs.Many project managers have been trained in construction

management programs, and superintendents may be recruited directly from civil engineering programs.

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Estimators

• Estimators are pivotal to any construction company; jobs are won and lost by their efforts.

• Work with design drawings and prepare a complete list of job costs.

• Need to understand construction process.• Be detail-oriented and well organized• Have knowledge of costs for labor, materials, equipment.• Estimating is a computerized activity.• Estimators may come from variety of backgrounds and

learn on the job, many start out as engineers, constructors, or designers.

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Schedulers

• Scheduler work between the home office and the field office.

• Need to understand construction process, • Need to define distinct construction activities, • Need to understand relationships among activities,• Need a strong background in construction but they

learn actual skill on the job.• Successful schedulers monitor job progress,

coordinate subcontractors, analyze changes and the impact of delays, and solve problems.

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Purchasing agents

• PA buy subcontracts once a job is won.• Negotiates to get best price while ensuring that all

contract requirements are met. To successfully negotiate with subs;

• PA must understand building materials, prices, and construction process,

• Have broad business sense,• Be persuasive.

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Speciality contractors

• Generally known as subcontractors.

• It includes mechanical, electrical, excavation, and demolition contractors.

• They are usually hired by and work for directly for a general contractor.

• Supply most of the material and labor on the job.

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Trades

From the time first pencil is laid to paper in the design process to the completion of shop drawings and coordination drawings, the goal is instruct the people who actually perform the work in the field: the trades people

Trades form the core of industry- a constant throughout its history.

Pile drivers, Ironworkers,Cement masons, Sheet metal workers,Plasterers, Plumbers and Pipe fitters, Electricians, Bricklayers, Glaziers, Roofers, Carpenters

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Material suppliers

• A project may have talented designers, innovative constructors, and wealthy, sophisticated owners; but without materials to build with, the project would be only a dream.

• Materials and building components are manufactured, fabricated, and installed by suppliers.

• A user`s choice of materials is based in part on performance, durability, and aesthetic appeal.

• Without supplier`s help;– Architects and engineers can not specify which material to use,– Constructors can not decide which method of material assembly.

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Equipment suppliers

• Depending on the project, equipment can play a very big role in construction.

• Highway jobs, large excavations, bridges, tunnels, and tall buildings all rely heavily on the use of equipment to carry out the work.

• Suppliers offer it for sale or rent.• Rental arrangement can vary on points concerning

– Who maintains the equipment– Whether it comes with an operator.

• What is the difference between material and equipment?Equipment does not become part of the project at the end.

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Other participants

• Financial institutions; sometimes government agencies.

• Public agencies –zoning boards, planning boards, historical commissions, building code officials.

• Insurance companies– Property insurance to owners,– Liability insurance to designers,– Bonding insurance to constructors

• Lawyers

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• The roles of design and construction firms are certainly different; but because both are project-based, they have similarities in their organization.

• Both are internally organized to support technical people such as marketing managers, accountants, information systems, technical supports, and human resource personnel.

• For example, marketing manager: – His principal job is to generate business, establishing the proper

mix of work among the company`s different specialties. • At the project level, the profile of company roles varies to

some degree. Both company hire outside help.– Designers: hire consultants– Contractors: hire subcontractors or specialty contractors.

Organization of Companies-1

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Organization of Companies-2

To manage in-house resources and outsourced specialties, each firm organizes its project teams a little differently.

Common staff positions in design companies:• Project manager• Clerk of works,• Job captainCommon staff positions in construction companies:• Construction project manager• Superintendent• Field engineer

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Design company organization

• Project manager: Owner`s primary contact, responsible for scheduling in-house work, and identifying necessary staffing levels for both in-house personnel and outside consultants. He also helps the owner get bids from contractors and negotiate the construction contract.

• Clerk of the works: Enforce the terms of contract; interpret the plans and specs.

• Job captain: organizes drawings, manages personnel, communicate with engineers and other consultants, and details schematic designs.

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Construction company organization

• Construction Project manager: Configure project team, schedule the job, and set up a cost-control system. If there are changes, this person negotiate the cost with various parties.

• Superintendent: Interact with specialty subcontractors, coordinating the flow of workers, supplies, and equipment. He also prioritize work and negotiate disputes between trades.

• Field engineer: Handle various documents that flow through a field office, follow up an owner requests and communicate with tenants.

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Conclusion

• The people in construction cover a wide range of skills & experience.• From apprentice carpenters to company executives, one thing that

they share is their passion for built environment.• The building industry is tough one; risks are high working conditions

are often harsh, conflicts arise because of financial pressures, and safety is always a concern.

• Interactions can determine project success. Thus, it is important to understand who these people are and what their motivation will be.

• The industry is changing. No longer are the roles of individuals distinct and understood by all participants.

• Owners can have large in-house design and construction groups. Designers and constructors can come together to offer services under one company heading. Both can act as owner representative.

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Homework-1

1. Identify a new project that has been constructed in your area.Who was the lead design firm? Identify the key subconsultants/designers hired by this firm.Identify the training and/or registration of the key designers that were used on the project

2. Visit a job site and identify the trades that are presently working there. Write up a description of work for each trade. Is the job union or nonunion?

Write a short report for below questions and submit by 06 March 2009 to Res. Assist. Kasım Mermerdaş.

Next Chapter

Chapter 3 - Project Delivery Methods