APPLICTION OF CDM TO APPLICTION OF CDM TO WASTE MANAGEMENT WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IN PUNJABPROJECTS IN PUNJAB

Presentation made to the CM Punjab on 29/06/06M.P. Singh

B. Tech.(Civil); M.I.E. (Mech.) Earthizenz

email: bio.energyz@gmail.com

Geetika KalhaIAS

Principal Secretary, Govt. of Punjab email: geetikakalha@gmail.com

Binding emission targets for Binding emission targets for industrialised countries (called industrialised countries (called Annex I Countries)Annex I Countries)

Voluntary participation of Voluntary participation of developing countries (called Non-developing countries (called Non-Annex I countries, e.g. India)Annex I countries, e.g. India)

What is Kyoto Protocol?What is Kyoto Protocol?

How is CDM relevant for such Projects?How is CDM relevant for such Projects?

Emission Emission capcap

Actual Actual emissionsemissions

Buyer

Carbon Credits

Carbon value ($)

Annex I CountryAnnex I Country Renewable energyRenewable energyCDM projectCDM project

IN the Host Country:

1) Projects reduce emissions

2) Projects Sequester Carbon.

By selling the carbon credits – CERs from a GHG reduction/ Carbon sequestering project to a buyer additional cash flow can be realised for projects.

Current value $25/CER

Current Fine $50, Fine will double in 2008

Relevant Green House GasesRelevant Green House Gases

1)1) Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

Global Warming PotentialGlobal Warming Potential 1* 1*

2)2) MethaneMethane

Global Warming PotentialGlobal Warming Potential 2121**

3)3) Nitrous OxideNitrous Oxide

Global Warming Potential Global Warming Potential 310310**

*Times Carbon dioxide* tCO2e

The concept of BaselinesThe concept of Baselines G

HG

em

issi

on

s

Time

Project commissioned

“With project” emission level

“Without project”

emission level(e.g. grid baseline)

Carbon credits

“The baseline for a CDM project activity is the scenario that reasonably represents the anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases that would occur in the absence of the proposed project activity.”

Bundling of Small Scale CDM & A/R Bundling of Small Scale CDM & A/R CDM Project ActivitiesCDM Project Activities

Small Scale CDM Projects can be bundled Small Scale CDM Projects can be bundled together.together.

Upper limits for bundling exist.Upper limits for bundling exist.

This helps the tiniest of projects to benefit from This helps the tiniest of projects to benefit from the CDMthe CDM

Cost is further reduced after bundling.Cost is further reduced after bundling.

Bundling Small Scale & Bundling Small Scale & Community development ProjectsCommunity development Projects

Bundlingorganisation

GHG GHG offsets offsets (tCO(tCO22))

CER buyers

CERsCERs

PaymentPayment((RsRs)) Payment ($)Payment ($)

FinancialInstitution

LoanLoan

RepaymentRepayment

ODA,Government,NGOs etc.

Validation, verification, PDD

PaymentPayment((RsRs/$)/$)

Grant/Funds ?Grant/Funds ?

Bio Methanation

VER Buyers

Small Scale Small Scale A/R ProjectsA/R Projects

Possible Range of Projects Possible Range of Projects (Urban) for Punjab(Urban) for Punjab

1.1. Sewage Treatment: Methane Capture: Power Sewage Treatment: Methane Capture: Power GenerationGeneration

2.2. Wet Garbage, Fruit & Veg. Market Waste Wet Garbage, Fruit & Veg. Market Waste TreatmentTreatment

3.3. Industrial waste Treatment & energy Industrial waste Treatment & energy saving/fuel switchingsaving/fuel switching

4.4. Avoidance of Nitrous Oxide emission.Avoidance of Nitrous Oxide emission.5.5. Low emission and high output brick kilns.Low emission and high output brick kilns.6.6. Energy conserving/waste disposal of Housing Energy conserving/waste disposal of Housing

Projects etc.Projects etc.7.7. Small Hydro ProjectsSmall Hydro Projects8.8. Vertcal Shaft Brick KilnsVertcal Shaft Brick Kilns9.9. Bricks from Fly ashBricks from Fly ash

Possible Range of Projects Possible Range of Projects (Rural)(Rural)1.1. Afforestation & Reforestation ProjectsAfforestation & Reforestation Projects

2.2. Agri-biomass based Energy ProjectsAgri-biomass based Energy Projects

a.a. Bio-Methanation: Power Generation route: Organic FertilizerBio-Methanation: Power Generation route: Organic Fertilizer

b.b. Energy Generation by controlled CombustionEnergy Generation by controlled Combustion

3.3. Wastewater Projects: Methane Capture: Methane capture & Wastewater Projects: Methane Capture: Methane capture & Flaring: Organic FertilizerFlaring: Organic Fertilizer

4.4. Wastewater Cum Solid Waste Treatment: Methane Capture: Wastewater Cum Solid Waste Treatment: Methane Capture: Power Generation.Power Generation.

5.5. Avoidance of Methane & Nitrous Oxide emission from paddy Avoidance of Methane & Nitrous Oxide emission from paddy fields.fields.

6.6. Household level biogas plants treating organic farmyard, Household level biogas plants treating organic farmyard, kitchen, and bio-wastes. kitchen, and bio-wastes.

7.7. Solar energy.Solar energy.

8.8. Special Manure making PracticesSpecial Manure making Practices

Case Study: Kishengarh : Total Waste Case Study: Kishengarh : Total Waste Management& elec genManagement& elec gen

The Waste consists of:The Waste consists of:

Kitchen waste from a population of 20000 Kitchen waste from a population of 20000 = 2 tons/day= 2 tons/day

Cow dung from 500 cattleCow dung from 500 cattle = 6 tons/day= 6 tons/day

Fruit and vegetable market wasteFruit and vegetable market waste = 12 tons/day= 12 tons/day

Wastewater from 20000 population @100lpdWastewater from 20000 population @100lpd = 2 mld /day= 2 mld /day

The net methane capture/annum The net methane capture/annum = 164.5 Tons= 164.5 Tons

Certified Emission Reduction eligibilityCertified Emission Reduction eligibility = = 2961tCO2961tCO22e/annume/annum

Translated into money this comes to Translated into money this comes to Rs. 40,00,000/annumRs. 40,00,000/annum

Case Study: Kishengarh : Total Waste Case Study: Kishengarh : Total Waste ManagementManagement

The methane calculated above is capable of generating 100 KW The methane calculated above is capable of generating 100 KW (0.1MW) in a day running 24 hours.(0.1MW) in a day running 24 hours.

At 80% efficiency, thisAt 80% efficiency, this =700 MWh per annum=700 MWh per annum Emission of replaced electy. = mixed cycle Emission of replaced electy. = mixed cycle

= 0.4tCO= 0.4tCO22/MWh/MWh

Carbon Credit Carbon Credit =280 tCO=280 tCO22

At current CER rate this comes to At current CER rate this comes to Rs. 3,50,000 per annum.Rs. 3,50,000 per annum. Revenue from Sale of Electricity @ Rs.2/- per unit, leaving 30 Revenue from Sale of Electricity @ Rs.2/- per unit, leaving 30

units per day for self consumption.units per day for self consumption.

= Rs. 10, 08,000 per Annum= Rs. 10, 08,000 per Annum Revenue from Sale of 2 t of Organic Fertilizer @ Rs. 2/- Revenue from Sale of 2 t of Organic Fertilizer @ Rs. 2/-

= Rs. 14, 60,000 per Annum= Rs. 14, 60,000 per Annum

Case Study: Kishengarh : Total Waste Case Study: Kishengarh : Total Waste ManagementManagement

Total Projected project cost Total Projected project cost = Rs. 400 Lacs= Rs. 400 Lacs

Loan Amount (Say)Loan Amount (Say) = Rs. 200 Lacs= Rs. 200 Lacs

Total Revenues Generated Total Revenues Generated = Rs. 68.18 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 68.18 Lacs/Annum

Less Estimated O&M CostLess Estimated O&M Cost = Rs. 24.00 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 24.00 Lacs/Annum

Net Revenue before InterestNet Revenue before Interest = Rs. 44.18 = Rs. 44.18 Lacs/AnnumLacs/Annum

Interest on Loan Interest on Loan = Rs. 16.00 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 16.00 Lacs/Annum

Net Revenue EarnedNet Revenue Earned = Rs. 28.18 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 28.18 Lacs/Annum

Return on InvestmentReturn on Investment = 7.05 %= 7.05 %

CDM Impact: Only Wastewater Treatment 1500 CDM Impact: Only Wastewater Treatment 1500 VillagesVillages

A total of 1500 villages are proposed to be modernised in Punjab. A total of 1500 villages are proposed to be modernised in Punjab. Assume an average population of 2000 per village.Assume an average population of 2000 per village.Total affected population Total affected population = = 2000*1500=2000*1500= 30, 00, 00030, 00, 000Sewage Generation @ 120LPDSewage Generation @ 120LPD == 360 MLD360 MLDProjected Biogas recovery/ day Projected Biogas recovery/ day == 40.50 Mt.40.50 Mt.Methane Recovery/day @70% Methane Recovery/day @70% == 28.35 Mt.28.35 Mt.Methane Recovery/AnnumMethane Recovery/Annum == 10,348 MT10,348 MTGlobal warming potential of methaneGlobal warming potential of methane = = 21t CO2 equivalent21t CO2 equivalentCO2 emitted while Flaring/t methaneCO2 emitted while Flaring/t methane == 3 MT3 MTNet Global Warming FactorNet Global Warming Factor == (21-3)=18t CO2e(21-3)=18t CO2eNo. of CERs earned/annumNo. of CERs earned/annum == 1,86,264 1,86,264 Value of these @ $25/CERValue of these @ $25/CER == $ 46,56,600$ 46,56,600

== Rs. 23.28 croresRs. 23.28 croresEarning potential over 10 yearsEarning potential over 10 years == Rs. 233 croresRs. 233 crores

CDM Impact: Combined Wastewater & Wet Garbage CDM Impact: Combined Wastewater & Wet Garbage Treatment 1500 Villages W/O Electricity Gen.Treatment 1500 Villages W/O Electricity Gen.

Assume per capita wet garbageAssume per capita wet garbage = 0.100 Kg/day= 0.100 Kg/dayWet Garbage Generated/village Wet Garbage Generated/village = 200 Kg/Day= 200 Kg/DayAssume average of 500 cattle Assume average of 500 cattle Cow dung in one villageCow dung in one village = 6000 Kgs/Day= 6000 Kgs/DayTotal Degradable SolidsTotal Degradable Solids = 6200 Kgs/Day= 6200 Kgs/DayExpected Biogas Capture Expected Biogas Capture = 170 Kgs/Day= 170 Kgs/DayMethane Capture @ 70% Methane Capture @ 70% = 120 Kgs/Day= 120 Kgs/DayMethane Captured: 1500 villages Methane Captured: 1500 villages = 180 MT/ Day= 180 MT/ DayCER Potential/day @21CER Potential/day @21 = 3780 t CO2e= 3780 t CO2eAnnual CER Potential Annual CER Potential = 13,80,000 tCO2e= 13,80,000 tCO2eRevenue @ $25/CER/ annumRevenue @ $25/CER/ annum = $ 3,45,00,000/= $ 3,45,00,000/Revenue in Rupees/Annum for wet garbageRevenue in Rupees/Annum for wet garbage = Rs. 172.5 Crores= Rs. 172.5 CroresTotal Revenue (wastewater + solids)Total Revenue (wastewater + solids) = Rs. 195.8 Crores= Rs. 195.8 CroresRevenue in 10 years Revenue in 10 years = Rs. 1958 Crores= Rs. 1958 Crores

Bundling of Household Level Bundling of Household Level Biogas DigestersBiogas Digesters

Household level digesters running on Household level digesters running on kitchen waste, cheap flour, and sugar cane kitchen waste, cheap flour, and sugar cane wastes are now available.wastes are now available.

Cow-dung can be added, if available.Cow-dung can be added, if available. World Bank has, in May this year, signed an World Bank has, in May this year, signed an

Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement with Nepal for such plants.with Nepal for such plants.

In the case of Nepal even latrine waste In the case of Nepal even latrine waste goes through this biogas digester.goes through this biogas digester.

Integrated Rural Sanitation and Integrated Rural Sanitation and bio-energy productionbio-energy production

CROP & VEGETABLE WASTE

BIOMETHANATION

LEAFY BIOMASS WASTE

JATROPHA OIL

EXTRACTION

DEOILED CAKE

SEWAGE TREATMENT

PLANT

METHANE

DAIRY WASTE MANURE

POWER GENERATION

Application of CDM: Ongoing Application of CDM: Ongoing Rural Sanitation ProjectsRural Sanitation Projects

Two Catagories:Two Catagories:

1.1. Taken up by the GovtTaken up by the Govt.:.: Mostly Small bore settled Sewerage System Mostly Small bore settled Sewerage System is being used, with septic tank outside each house.is being used, with septic tank outside each house.Since Methane is let out into the atmosphere and cannot even be Since Methane is let out into the atmosphere and cannot even be flared, CDM will not be applicable to any of these projects.flared, CDM will not be applicable to any of these projects.

2.2. Taken up by Village Life Improvement Foundation:Taken up by Village Life Improvement Foundation: Brahmpur & Brahmpur & Kharaudi cannot qualify at this stage, since the projects are complete.Kharaudi cannot qualify at this stage, since the projects are complete.Langheri, Jian, Deingrian and Jandiala can qualify with fresh Langheri, Jian, Deingrian and Jandiala can qualify with fresh modifications.modifications.

3.3. Daulatpur:Daulatpur: This is yet to be taken up. We had received a query from This is yet to be taken up. We had received a query from the DC, Nawanshahar, we had sent our recommendations to him. the DC, Nawanshahar, we had sent our recommendations to him. This village is yet to be started.This village is yet to be started.

Case Study: Solid and Liquid Case Study: Solid and Liquid Waste Management: Waste Management:

NawanshaharNawanshahar► We were asked by DC Nawanshahar to suggest solid and liquid We were asked by DC Nawanshahar to suggest solid and liquid waste management for Nawanshahar.waste management for Nawanshahar.

► Untreated Sewage is currently flowing into the bein. Untreated Sewage is currently flowing into the bein. ► Solids are being dumped outside the village.Solids are being dumped outside the village.► We proposed:We proposed:

1) Collection of kitchen waste vegetable market waste, 1) Collection of kitchen waste vegetable market waste, and dairy waste from and dairy waste from Banga, Rahon and NawanshaharBanga, Rahon and Nawanshahar at at proposed STP site and set up a methanation plant there using the proposed STP site and set up a methanation plant there using the wastewater.wastewater.

2) Treatment of sewage of Nawanshahar by the UASB 2) Treatment of sewage of Nawanshahar by the UASB technology and capturing Methane.technology and capturing Methane.

3) Removing the Hydrogen Sulphide gas from the 3) Removing the Hydrogen Sulphide gas from the Methane.Methane.

4) HARNESSING the Methane to generate electricity. 4) HARNESSING the Methane to generate electricity.

UASB ModuleBaffled Module

Pre-treatedinfluent

granularsludge

bedsludge blanket

downflowchamber

upflowchamber Vertical baffles

effluentgutter

solid media(plasitc

(beverage crates)

gas/liquid/solidsphase separator

settling zone

Modified Septic Tank/ Reactor for Primary Treatment

Cost of Project & RevenueCost of Project & RevenueConstituents of the Project:Constituents of the Project:► Primary Sewage Treatment Section design year 2034Primary Sewage Treatment Section design year 2034► Segregated Organic Waste Handling SectionSegregated Organic Waste Handling Section► High Rate Digestion Section - Modified UASB Process: design High Rate Digestion Section - Modified UASB Process: design

year 2008: 8mld sewage.year 2008: 8mld sewage.► Modified two stage high Biomethanation reactors. Modified two stage high Biomethanation reactors. ► Aeration Section Aeration Section ► Disinfection sectionDisinfection section► Manure Handling SectionManure Handling Section► Biogas Collection Biogas Collection ► Scrubbing SectionScrubbing Section► Power Generation SectionPower Generation Section► Final Disposal of Treated EffluentsFinal Disposal of Treated EffluentsProjected Cost of Project Projected Cost of Project 8 MLD Sewage8 MLD Sewage and and 30 TPD Organic 30 TPD Organic

solid Wastesolid Waste: : 700 lacs700 lacs..► Land required: Land required: 5 acres5 acres (Cost of acquisition not included) (Cost of acquisition not included)

Cost of project & RevenueCost of project & RevenueNet annual methane recoveryNet annual methane recovery = 412.5 MT= 412.5 MTCER Potential CER Potential =7424 tCO2e=7424 tCO2eAnnual Revenue from CDM (Methane)Annual Revenue from CDM (Methane) = = Rs. 92,80,000Rs. 92,80,000The methane calculated above is capable of generating 250 KW (0.25 MW) in The methane calculated above is capable of generating 250 KW (0.25 MW) in

a day running 24 hours.a day running 24 hours.

At 80% efficiency, thisAt 80% efficiency, this =1750 MWh per annum=1750 MWh per annum

Emission factor of replaced electy. = mixed cycle Emission factor of replaced electy. = mixed cycle = 0.4tCO= 0.4tCO22/MWh/MWh

Carbon Credit (Electricity Gen) Carbon Credit (Electricity Gen) =700 tCO=700 tCO22

Annual Revenue (Electricity Gen) Annual Revenue (Electricity Gen) ==Rs. 8,75,000Rs. 8,75,000

Sale of Electricity @6000 units/daySale of Electricity @6000 units/day = = Rs. 35,00,000Rs. 35,00,000

Annual rev.from 5 t fertilizer/ day @ Rs. 2000/t Annual rev.from 5 t fertilizer/ day @ Rs. 2000/t =Rs. =Rs. 36,50,00036,50,000

Total Revenue/AnnumTotal Revenue/Annum = Rs. 1,73,05,000= Rs. 1,73,05,000

Return on Investment: Return on Investment: NawanshaharNawanshahar

Total Projected project cost Total Projected project cost = Rs. 800 Lacs= Rs. 800 Lacs

Loan Amount (Say)Loan Amount (Say) = Rs. 600 Lacs= Rs. 600 Lacs

Total Revenues Generated Total Revenues Generated = Rs. 173.05 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 173.05 Lacs/Annum

Less Estimated O&M CostLess Estimated O&M Cost = Rs. 75.00 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 75.00 Lacs/Annum

Net Revenue before InterestNet Revenue before Interest = Rs. 166.05 = Rs. 166.05 Lacs/AnnumLacs/Annum

Interest on Loan Interest on Loan = Rs. 48.00 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 48.00 Lacs/Annum

Net Revenue EarnedNet Revenue Earned = Rs. 120.05 Lacs/Annum= Rs. 120.05 Lacs/Annum

Return on InvestmentReturn on Investment = 15 %= 15 %

Required return on

investment threshold

Project returnexcluding

CDM revenue

Project returnincluding

CDM revenue

CDMrevenue

CDM cash flow

The gap betweenthe project

return and the requiredreturn on

investment threshold

AdditionalityAdditionality

Additionality testAdditionality test► Need to prove the project would not have Need to prove the project would not have

happened without CDMhappened without CDM

► Some steps in the test: Some steps in the test: ► 1. Initial Project Stage: Proof of CDM 1. Initial Project Stage: Proof of CDM

influencing decision influencing decision ► -> Key for all projects stared before -> Key for all projects stared before

registrationregistration► 2. Investment or barrier analysis2. Investment or barrier analysis

► Projects that lack sufficient proof of additionality Projects that lack sufficient proof of additionality become rejected by the CDM EB. become rejected by the CDM EB.

Application of CDM to Ongoing Application of CDM to Ongoing Urban Sanitation ProjectsUrban Sanitation Projects

►Ongoing Urban Sanitation Projects Ongoing Urban Sanitation Projects under the Satluj Action Plan, may be under the Satluj Action Plan, may be made eligible for Carbon Credits, after made eligible for Carbon Credits, after restructuring the projects suitably.restructuring the projects suitably.

►Solid waste Management with the Solid waste Management with the same wastewater will have a same wastewater will have a ballooning effect on the revenues, as ballooning effect on the revenues, as we have seen in the case of Rural we have seen in the case of Rural Projects.Projects.

Application of CDM to Ongoing Application of CDM to Ongoing Urban Sanitation ProjectsUrban Sanitation Projects

The CDM eligibility as per existing structure is:The CDM eligibility as per existing structure is:1.1. Ludhiana: Ludhiana:

Total sewage from three plants= 311 MLDTotal sewage from three plants= 311 MLDMethane Recovery/annum = 8513 MTMethane Recovery/annum = 8513 MTCERsCERs = 1,53,000 tCO2 = 1,53,000 tCO2

Revenue Earning Capacity = Revenue Earning Capacity = 19 Crores19 Crores

2.2. Calculations for Jullunder would be on the same Calculations for Jullunder would be on the same lines.lines.

3.3. However, projects like However, projects like Phagwara Phagwara etc., which are still etc., which are still in their in their nascent stagenascent stage can be conveniently altered to can be conveniently altered to convert them into CDM Projects.convert them into CDM Projects.

The CDM ProcessThe CDM Process

Task Responsibility

Step 1 Project Assessment EarthizenzStep 2 Project Financing Project Developer Step 3 Project Construction Project Developer and

Earthizenz and/or Executing agencyStep 4 Methodology Earthizenz/Consultant/buyerStep 5 Project Design Document Earthizenz/Consultant/buyer

Baseline Calculation of credits Monitoring and verification plan

Step 6 Host Country Approval DNA (arranged by Earthizenz/GTZ)

Step 7 Validation DOE (arranged by Earthizenz/GTZ)

Step 8 Registration EB (arranged by Buyer)Step 9 Monitoring Project DeveloperStep 10 Verification DOE (arranged by EarthizenzStep 11 Issuance of CERs Executive Board

Methodology CriteriaMethodology Criteria

► A Methodology is the method for estimating A Methodology is the method for estimating carbon emissions from a technology/projectcarbon emissions from a technology/project

► If a methodology exists, this simplifies the CDM If a methodology exists, this simplifies the CDM process.process.

► In the present case, methodologies exist. In the present case, methodologies exist. Methodology for Biomethanation of MSW Methodology for Biomethanation of MSW (Lucknow, India) is approved by the CDM Board.(Lucknow, India) is approved by the CDM Board.

► Small Scale Methodology for untreated Small Scale Methodology for untreated wastewater stream has now been added to the wastewater stream has now been added to the approved list.approved list.

► Methane capture and power generation Methane capture and power generation methodologies always existed.methodologies always existed.

Selling your CERs: risks!Selling your CERs: risks!

If the Project does not take off or does not deliver

Risks can be carried by the buyer or the seller. Examples: -Buyer can take on the entire expected CERs or

parts -Penalties in case CERs do not accrue

Price of CERs and risk go hand in hand

Value of Carbon CreditsValue of Carbon Credits► A sale of CERs made after issuance , A sale of CERs made after issuance ,

fetches the highest price ( currently fetches the highest price ( currently $25, and expected to treble)$25, and expected to treble)

► But then the risk is all of the project But then the risk is all of the project developer.developer.

► Advance against CERs: penalties for Advance against CERs: penalties for non-deliverancenon-deliverance

► Advance sale of CERs: all risks and cost Advance sale of CERs: all risks and cost to the buyer’s account. Value goes to the buyer’s account. Value goes down.down.

Concept of VERsConcept of VERs

► VER is a verified emission reduction. Many VER is a verified emission reduction. Many Annex one companies trade in VERs. Annex one companies trade in VERs.

► These are mutual arrangements between These are mutual arrangements between buyers and sellers.buyers and sellers.

► They are verified by Designated They are verified by Designated Operational entities in the Host country.Operational entities in the Host country.

► Later approved by the host country.Later approved by the host country.► They need not go to the CDM Executive They need not go to the CDM Executive

Board for approval. These have the Board for approval. These have the minimum risks as well as the minimum minimum risks as well as the minimum costs.costs.

► These can be beneficial for very small These can be beneficial for very small projects.projects.

Other ProjectsOther Projects

►All renewable energy Projects.All renewable energy Projects.►All housing Projects, energy saving, All housing Projects, energy saving,

localized sanitation. localized sanitation. ►Upgrading Brick Kilns: VSBC, Fly ashUpgrading Brick Kilns: VSBC, Fly ash►Organic Fertilizer: Preventing N2O Organic Fertilizer: Preventing N2O

emissionemission►Emission of Methane & N2O from Emission of Methane & N2O from

paddy.paddy.

Suggested Road AheadSuggested Road Ahead

►Project Idea Notes (PIN) should be got made Project Idea Notes (PIN) should be got made for all projects/Bundles that have CDM for all projects/Bundles that have CDM potential: just a prima facie ‘yes’ is required. potential: just a prima facie ‘yes’ is required. Earthizenz can do it at nominal cost.Earthizenz can do it at nominal cost.

►All ongoing and future projects must go All ongoing and future projects must go through a scanner for possible CDM benefits.through a scanner for possible CDM benefits.

►Ongoing Rural Projects should be reviewed, Ongoing Rural Projects should be reviewed, technology upwards. Earthizenz is already technology upwards. Earthizenz is already deeply involved in the selection of appropriate deeply involved in the selection of appropriate technology and its design. technology and its design.