CDA Pashtu Selflearning08

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CANADIAN DEFENCE ACADEMYACADMIE CANADIENNE DE LA DFENSE

Pashtu for Beginners

Self-Learning Course

STUDENT/TEACHER BOOK

Modules 1-5Provisional Copy December 2008

National

Defence

Dfense

nationale


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CANADIAN DEFENCE ACADEMYACADMIE CANADIENNE DE LA DFENSE

National

Defence

Dfense

Nationale


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CANADIAN DEFENCE ACADEMY PashtuModules 1-5

Self-learning Course i 2008

Modules 1-5

PASHTU FOR BEGINNERS

Self-Learning Course


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Self-learning Course ii 2008

CDA Canada - 2008Copyright

All rights reserved. No part of this publicationmay be reproduced, stored in a retrieved systemor transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical photocopy, recording or otherwise,without the prior, written permission of the Publisher.DLI & NATO military institutions are exempted from copyright restrictions.

This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing military personnel as part of CFLS languagetraining program. Refinement of the material of this pilot project is still in progress.

Inquiries concerning the material to be addressed to:

Canadian Defence AcademyDirectorate of Training and Education

National StandardsGatineau, Qubec Canada J8Y 6L2

e-mail:[email protected]@forces.ca


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Self-learning Course iii 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTORY COURSE - SELF-LEARNING COMPONENT.....................................................................1

THECOURSERATIONALE ..................................................................................................................................1KNOWLEDGE.........................................................................................................................................................1PERFORMANCE.....................................................................................................................................................1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................3

MODULE 1 GREETINGS AND COURTESY EXPRESSIONS .........................................................................9

TEACHINGPOINTS...............................................................................................................................................9GRAMMAR.............................................................................................................................................................9VOCABULARY ....................................................................................................................................................17GRAMMARPOINT...............................................................................................................................................39

MODULE 2 - TIME & NUMBERS.........................................................................................................................47

TEACHINGPOINTS.............................................................................................................................................47GRAMMAR...........................................................................................................................................................47REVIEW.................................................................................................................................................................49VOCABULARY ....................................................................................................................................................52

MODULE 3 - ASKING FOR AND GIVING PERSONAL INFORMATION.....................................................87

TEACHINGPOINTS.............................................................................................................................................87GRAMMAR...........................................................................................................................................................87REVIEW.................................................................................................................................................................89VOCABULARY ....................................................................................................................................................92

MODULE 4 - MILITARY COMMANDS.............................................................................................................119

TEACHINGPOINTS...........................................................................................................................................119GRAMMAR.........................................................................................................................................................119REVIEW...............................................................................................................................................................120VOCABULARY ..................................................................................................................................................123QUIZ.....................................................................................................................................................................161

MODULE 5 - MILITARY OPERATIONS...........................................................................................................167

TEACHINGPOINTS...........................................................................................................................................167GRAMMAR.........................................................................................................................................................167REVIEW...............................................................................................................................................................168VOCABULARY ..................................................................................................................................................170QUIZ.....................................................................................................................................................................189

TEST.........................................................................................................................................................................195

ANSWER KEY (TEST)..........................................................................................................................................201

EVALUATION OF THE SELF-LEARNING PASHTU COURSE....................................................................205INDEXING...............................................................................................................................................................206


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Self-learning Course iv 2008


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Self-learning Course 1 2008

INTRODUCTORY COURSE - SELF-LEARNING COMPONENT

THE COURSE RATIONALE

Plans for deployment of Canadian Forces to support Afghans in Afghanistan have createda need for the introduction of a self-learning course in Pashtu. The rationale for this course liesin the fact that most members of the mission, especially the liaison officers, often findthemselves in situations in which a basic knowledge of the language becomes a necessity. Theability to exchange the most basic messages not only makes communication between thepeacekeepers and the local representatives and citizens, possible, but is also a symbol ofgoodwill, a display of friendly intentions and readiness to help.

The linguistic aim of this course is to enable the students to function, using a limitedvocabulary scope, within different social situations. The specific objectives are as follows:

KNOWLEDGE

The students will be acquainted with the basic pronunciation system The students will learn the conjugation of the verbs The students will acquire a general knowledge of personal, interrogative and

demonstrative pronouns The students will learn the past, present and future tenses of verbs The students will assimilate a limited vocabulary referring to general, military, medical,

political, and geographical terms

PERFORMANCE

The students will be able to:

Introduce themselves, state where they come from and what their ranks are, and exchangebasic social courtesies

Introduce a third person Ask for the time and answer time related questions Ask for, understand and give simple direction Simulate through role-plays different real-life situations


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GENERAL INTRODUCTION

KEY DIALECTS

Pashtu and Dari are the official languages spoken in Afghanistan. The present course is

concerned with Pashtu.

Pashtu ( ,to] - also known asPashtu,Pushto,Pukhto,Pashtue,Pashtu,Pushtu,Pushtoo] ,Pukhto is spoken by over 60 million people across the world (this statistic is only an - (,approximate estimate). It is an Indo-European language over five thousand years old. More than30 million people speak Pashtu in the southern part of Durand Line (Afghanistan has yet notrecognized that line as a border) such as Peshawar area and Balochestan. More than a millionpeople speak Pashtu in India. More than 16 million people speak Pashtu in Afghanistan. Anumber of Pashtu native speakers are also in China and Iran.

Pashtu is an Indo-European language. There are four major dialects in Pashtu Language divided

as South-western (Kandahar-Afghanistan and Quetta), Central dialect (Kandahar- Wardak-Northern Afghanistan), Southern dialect (Paktia, khost, Paktika) and eastern dialect (Nangarhar,Laghman, and Peshawar). The standard written form of Pashtu is the South-western dialect,however according to the Academy of science and international association of Pashtu language,the standard spoken form is the central dialect.

After the introduction of Islam, Pashtu adopted the Arabic alphabet. Before the introduction ofIslam, Pashtu was written using the Greek alphabet. The main name of the language is calledGreeko-Bakh-tarik. This form of adoption occurred after the invasion of Alexander the great andcontinued for more than 500 years. Before Alexander the great Afghanistan had its own systemof writing very much identical to todays Chinese and Hindi writing systems called Khroshti

language. There are 28 alphabetic letters in the Arabic language and Pashtu has 15 more letters.The total number of Pashtu alphabet letters is 47.

The official name of Afghanistan is The Islamic State of Afghanistan. Total area of Afghanistanis about 6,525,225 sq km divided into 34 provinces. The government form of Afghanistan isIslamic State.


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TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM

gh Not in English; somewhat like a French "r" but harsher.

Ts sound that comes at the initial position in Pashtu,whereas, in English, it comes at the end. Example: rats, fits,etc. and in Pashtu as in uk (who).

Dz sound that doesn't come at the initial position inEnglish, but at the end as in reads, birds, etc. in Pashtu at theinitial as in em (I go)

kh as the German word acht or Scottish loch.

q

Not in English; like the /g/ as in goat, but farther back in thethroat.

r In Pashtu, it is rolled as an /lr/, e.g. oond (blind).

zh as in j sound eg: zhemay= winter, and in English like usual.

it is pronounced as strong zh, e.g. ghwa: to listen.

It sounds like a double a as in aa

It is pronounced like in English nn. E.g. maa apple.

It is a glottal sound pronounced like a deep /a/ sound from the

throat. i.e. mal. =action


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MODULE 1


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CANADIAN DEFENCE ACADEMY PashtuModule 1


MODULE 1 GREETINGS AND COURTESY EXPRESSIONS

In this module, we shall cover the following teaching points

TEACHING POINTS

Pashtu Alphabet and Pronunciation Greetings and Introductions

GRAMMAR

Verb TO BE (affirmative and negative) Personal Pronouns Plurals Preposition at Demonstrative pronouns


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LEARNING OBJECTIVE

The objective of Module 1 is to teach you how to pronounce the Pashtu alphabet and Pashtu

sounds, and how to greet people, introduce yourself and a third person. Moreover, you will learnthe personal pronouns, affirmative, negative and interrogative forms of some verbs; you will alsolearn how to pose a few simple questions and give simple answers to questions asked.


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PASHTU APLPHABET

First you will hear the Pashtu letters, with each one followed by its sound. Note that somesounds are identical to English and some are unique. Later on, you will practice more onthe unfamiliar sounds of selected Pashtu characters. Some of the sounds are very identical.

ALPHABETICALSOUND FORM

TRANSLITERATIONFORM ALPHABET PASHTU SCRIPT SOUND

A A Alif a a Alif mad aab b Bay bep P Pay pet t Tay te Ttay Tt (stressed)s Say sj j Jim jch ch Chay ch Dzay dz Tsay ts

H h Hay H (stressed)kh kh Khay Kh (x)d d Dhal d Ddhal d (stressed)

-aal zr r Ray r ray R (stressed)z z zay z

zh zh zhay zh ay gs s Seen s

sh sh Sheen shsh X Xeen sh aad s aad z way t way z in A (stressed)

gh gh Ghai-n gh

f f Fay fq q Qaaf k

k k Kaaf k

g g Gaaf gl l Laam lm m meem m

n n Noon n oon N (stressed)


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ALPHABETICALSOUND FORM

TRANSLITERATIONFORM

ALPHABET PASHTU SCRIPT SOUND

w w Waw w/o

h h hay (H) h/o (very soft

y y yaa i-y

a a

This letter is notthe list ofAlphabet, howeverit has been chosento use it forVocalization only

English inditicalsounds:

- An (a)- Apple (a)

Very soft (a)

This letter is not inthe list ofAlphabet, howeverit has been chosento use it forVocalization only

English inditicalsounds:

- er (e)- Apple (a)

a Very soft (e)

PRACTICENow listen to these unfamiliar sounds of the following Pashtu letters and repeat.

SYMBOL PRONONCIATION

DDal As in doctor, but with stressed D

Tsay This letter sound does not have an identical sound in

English

Dzay This letter sound does not have an identical sound inEnglish

Rray As in Robber but with stressed R

zh Zhay As in measure

kha Khay As in the German word loch /lokh/

gh Ghai-n As in French rouge

Nnoon A stressed N sound


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EXERCISE 1The following Pashtu sounds will be read in a random order. Listen and repeat.

Khay

Zhay

Dzay

Nnoon

Rray

Tsay

Ddal

Ghai-n

chay


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EXERCISE 2Listen to and repeat each of the following letters and words. Do not worry aboutmemorizing the meaning of the Pashtu words as the focus is in pronouncing the sound ofthe different letters.

UNFAMILIAR SOUNDS

tsay awkai

dzay -em

ay wl

chay chay-ray

nnoon m-a--a

Khay khalk

Ghai-n ghal

Zhay Zha-mai

al an-g-ar


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PRACTICE

Let us practice more. Listen to the sounds of the following Pashtu letters and repeat.

SYMBOLS PASHTUSCRIPT

PRONUNCIATION EXAMPLE

gh Afghanistan

uk (who)

em (I go)

kh khapa (sad)

oond (blind)

zh zhemai (winter)

ghwa (ear)

``sah (Horse) ma--a

(Apple)

mal (action)

a

As half sound of (a)alphabet as (America)

A stressed (T), Table AsTire


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Sound discrimination

PRACTICE

Listen to the following words and repeat.

vs z-Dz it means Z it means

-em I go Zm My

kh vs. k

-kh it means - Kit means

khore sister Kore home

vs. r- it means

rit means

ang wrecked Ra come

gh vs. g

- gh it means g

it means

ghun regiment Ga-hi dawn

vs s

- ts () it means s

it means

h what S-t hour, time


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VOCABULARY

The following is a vocabulary list of words that you will use in this module. To help youlearn them, please repeat each word as you hear it. Each word will be followed by itsEnglish translation. Do not feel overwhelmed with the volume of this new vocabulary. Bythe end of the module, and with sufficient repetition and use, you should be able to retain

many words.

NEW WORDS MEANING1. salm hello2. salm leikum (greeting) May peace be upon you3. wa-leikum salm response to salm4. nga ay

(Informal) How are you?

5. nga yst(formal)

How are you?

6. hm too, also, as well

7. shpa pa khair good night8. Sa-hr Pa khair Good morning9. Wra pa khair Good day10. Manana tashakur Thanks thank you11. in sha'allaAh God willing12. sar-tai-rai askar soldier13. afsar military officer14. Breed-gai sergeant15. dktar doctor16. Ranurpala /Narsa (f) nurse

17. Too-run captain18. h? What19. zh I20. th

(informal)tso(formal)

You (singular) (m/f)

21. Hughui They (out of sight)22. moozh we23. zm My/mine24. Dagha d This it25.

pa kore kay At home

26. moar car27. Haw ee

agarhaw ee-Maidn

airport

28. mayz table29. awkai chair30. tow-pack gun31. z-da-ka-

won-kai shg-rd student


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GREETINGS AND COURTESY EXPRESSIONS

In the Afghan culture, the greeting word (hello) is (salm leikum). In response to (salmleikum) one usually says (wa-leikum salm). Even though the most appropriate response is(wa-eikum salm), one can also reply by simply saying (salm leikum) as well. Afghan men

greet each other by shaking hands or hugging each other. The right hand is placed on the chestwhen greeting people as a means of showing honour and respect. Women usually hug and kisseach other. The two genders do not usually shake hands with each other. It is inappropriate formen and women to come into physical contact when greeting each other; instead they just say(salm leikum) to each other.

Now, you will hear the most commonly used greetings and courtesy expressions.

GREETINGS AND COURTESIES:

salm Hello

salm leikum HelloResponse: wa-leikum salm Hello (to you)

Salm (derived from the Arabic language) literally means peace and is the common easterngreeting, usually used when saying hello, but occasionally it is also used to imply goodbye.Salm leikum literally means Peace be upon you. Salm leikum is used as a formal andinformal greeting.

EXERCISE 3

Listen to the following greetings and expressions and repeat.

Initiation Line English phrase1. salm leikum Hello

Response Line English phraseWa-leikum salm Hello

Initiation Line English phrase2. Salm Hi

Response Line English phraseWa-leikum salm Hello (Hi)


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Initiation Line English phrase3. Sa-hr Pa khair Good morning

Response line English phraseSa-hr Pa khair Good morning to you

Initiation Line English phrase4. m-shm pa khair Good evening

Response Line English phrasestso hm same to you

Initiation Line English phrase5. Shpa pa khair Good night

Response Line English phrase

stso shpa hm pa khair Good night to you

EXERCISE 4Let us see now if you remember how to say hello in Pashtu, and how to respond to thatgreeting.

You should have said:

a. salm leikum

b. wa-leikum salm Listen to the following greetings said in the morning, evening and night, and then repeatthem.

THE INITIATION IS: THE RESPONSE IS:Sa-hr Pa khair good morning Sa-hr Pa khair good morning

1.

m-shm pa khair good evening stso hm same to you2.

Shpa pa khair Good night Shpa pa khair Good night3.


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FLUENCY DRILLS

EXERCISE 5Listen carefully, and repeat the following phrases after the speaker.

THE INITIATION IS: THE RESPONSE IS:

salm leikum wa-leikum salm hi1. Sa-hr Pa khair Sa-hr Pa khair Good morning

2.

m-shm pa khair stso hm same to you3.

Shpa pa khair Shpa pa khair Good night

4.

EXERCISE 6Now let us see how many greetings you remember. You will hear a number of Englishgreetings. Translate them into Pashtu.

salm leikum1. Hello You should have said Sa-hr Pa khair2. Good morning You should have said

m-shm pa khair3. Good evening You should have said

Shpa pa khair4. Good night You should have said

Now, you will learn more phrases and expressions.

Tashakur is the general expression of appreciation and gratitude, and is a term borrowed fromArabic. Pashtu also has a common expression, Manana, which means thanks.


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EXERCISE 7Listen to the following and repeat:

1. Manana Tashakur

Thanks

2. Lh tso hm Manana Thank you too

We are continuing with Pashtu phrases and expressions:

To Muslims, religion is a part of everyday life and speech is full of references to God. Even thecommonplace Goodbye is regarded as a contraction of the original God-be-with-you.

Goodbye in Pashtu is de khudai pa amnn

The most common way of saying goodbye de khudai pa amnn

Now listen to the phrase again and repeat it three times:de khudai paamnn

EXERCISE 8You will hear greetings and courtesy expressions in English. Say them in Pashtu.

salm leikum1. Hello You should have said.

de khudai pa amnn2. Goodbye You should have said.

Sa-hr Pa khair3. Good morning You should have said.

Manana Tashakur4. Thank you You should have said.

Now you will learn how to say the expression how are you? In Pashtu, it is nga yst It is used to address a person formally. A less formal expression is nga ay . It

is used in informal situations such as to address a friend or a family member. The response to the

question nga ay is Manana shh yem when addressing a male, and Manana sha yem whenaddressing a female.


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EXERCISE 9Repeat the following expressions.

THE INITIAL LINE RESPONSEManana shh yem (M)nga ay?

)(

Manana sha yem (F)

1.

How are you?

)(

I am fine, thanks

zh hm shh yemManana (M)

nga ay?

)(zh hm sha yem ,Manana (F)

2.

How are you?

)(

I am also fine, thanks

You have already learned that the Pashtu expression for good morning is (Sa-hr Pa khair).

When someone says Sa-hr Pa khair, it is customary to respond with:

stso hm1. same to you

stso sa-hr hm Pa khair2.

good morning to you

Imagine that you meet an Afghan soldier at work in the morning. He greets you in Pashtu.Respond to his greeting.

sa-hr Pa khair stso Sa-hr hm Pa khairSOLDIER:

You should have Said

You have already learned the Pashtu word for hello - Salm. It is used at any time of the day.

You could say: salm leikumThe response is: salm leikum

Or just salm

You are also familiar with the expression How are you?, which is nga ay? or ngayst? The response for both expressions is zh shh yem Manana (masculine) and zh shayem Manana (feminine). You could also say Manana, or Manana shh yem (M) andManana sha yem (F). Let us now practice some more.

How do you respond to an Afghan who asks you how you are? Remember that zh means I.


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Now listen to Ahmed & Najiba and then answer:

Najiba: nga ay? You should have respondedzh sha yem Manana (F),

)(

Now ask Ahmed how is he doing? th nga ay?You should have asked

Ahmed should have replied. Manana shh yem (M)You should have responded

)(Note that: th means you (informal), and tso also means you but in (formal) and pluralforms

Let us now add another expression to our greetings.

In Pashtu, shh rghlst means welcome and the response to that is Manana.

Now, listen to the following Afghan soldier welcoming a villager. Listen again and repeat:

Afghan soldier: shh rghlstVillager: Manana.

EXERCISE 10

Listen to and respond to the following cues.

zh shh yem Manana (M).or

)(

zh sha yem Manana (F).

1. nga ay?

You should have said

)(

Manana2. Shh raghlst You should have said


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EXERCISE 11In the following exercise, you will hear a phrase in Pashtu that initiates conversation.Respond to the Pashtu initiations. You will have 15 seconds to respond.

For example, you will hear:

salm leikum wa-leikumsalm

You should have responded with

INITIAL LINE RESPONSE LINE

salm leikum You should have responded

wa-leikum salm

salmYou should have responded

salm

sa-hr pa khair You should have responded

sa-hr pa khair

M-shm pa khair You should have responded

stso hm

shpa pa khair

You should have respondedshpa pa khair

de khudai pa amnn You should have responded de khudai pa amnn

shh rghlstYou should have responded

Manana

nga ay?

You should have respondedManana shh yem (short response)

wra pa khair You should have responded

stso wra hm pa khair


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Now you will learn a few time markers. You will hear the English word first followed byits Pashtu equivalent.

Morning sa-hr

Noon gha-r-ma

Afternoon Ms-p-sheen

Dusk Mz-d-ee-gar

Evening m-shm

Night Shpa

Day Wra

The following are a few more Pashtu expressions and phrases. Repeat each expression afteryou hear it. You will hear the English word or phrase first.

ENGLISH PASHTU

1. God Willing in sha'allaAh

2. Unfortunately mota a-sfna

3. Why not? walay nh?

4. I do not know zh nh poo-hay-zham


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EXERCISE 12Let us continue with the English expressions and phrases. You will hear each expression inEnglish first followed by the Pashtu translation. Repeat the Pashtu expressions.

Sorry wo-bakh-shai heela kawam

Excuse me ba-kh-shna gh-w-m Khw-hesh- kawom

Welcome shh-rghlst Manana

Welcome back pa khair r-gh-lay

Zwandai o-say

EXERCISE 13Listen to the following expressions and repeat them.

1. God Willing You should have said insha'allAh

2. UnfortunatelyYou should have said

mota-asfna

3. Why not

You should have said walay nh

4. I do not know You should have said zh nh poo-hay-zham


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EXERCISE 14

The purpose of this exercise is to check how many expressions you can recall. You will heara greeting or a courtesy expression in Pashtu. After you hear each expression, say itsmeaning in English. For example: if you hear salm in Pashtu, you should say hello in

English.

1. sa-hr pa khair You should have said Good morning

2. salm leikum You should have said Hi (Returning greeting)

3.wo-bakh-shai You should have said Excuse me

4.wra pa khair You should have said Good day

5. insha'allAh You should have said God willing

EXERCISE 15

You will now hear the same expressions as you heard in Exercise 6; this time, however,they will be given in English, and you should say their meaning in Pashtu. For example: ifyou hear hello (in English), you should say salm in Pashtu.

insha'allAhGod Willing You should have said

sa-hr pa khairGood morning You should have said

salm leikumHello You should have said m-shm pa khairGood evening You should have said

Mananatashakur

Thank you You should have said

/ wo-bakh-shaiSorry You should have said nga ay?How are you? You should have said

Shh yam Manana, tso?Fine thanks, and you? You should have said

shh-rghlstWelcome You should have said


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GRAMMAR POINT

The following are the personal pronouns in Pashtu. You will hear the English meaning firstfollowed by the Pashtu expression. Listen and repeat

Izh

You (Singular

m/f)th

Hedai

Shed

We moozhYou (plural)

tso

Theydui

Now listen to the personal pronouns with the verb To be:

The underlined words are (to be verbs) associated with its subject personal pronoun

SUBJECTPRONOUN

VERBTO BE

SUBJECTPRONOUN

VERBTO BE

I am zh yem

You (singular) are th ay

He is dai Dai

She is d da

It (f)/ (M) is dagha da/dai

It (F)/ (m) is hagha da/dai

They are Dui dee


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The sentence structure in Pashtu is: Subject + Noun + VerbWhen using the verb To be, the structure will be: Subject (pronoun) followed by noun and thenverb To be.

Note: Gender and Number must agree with the subject pronoun at all times.

Here are a few examples:

Zh Ahmad yem The English equivalent is:

I am Ahmed

the structure is:

Subject pronoun +Noun + verb

Dai Rabert dai

He is Robert Subject pronoun +Noun + verb

D Hussay da She is Hussay Subject pronoun +Noun + verb

Please note that and also mean it, this and that.

Dagha It/this

Hagha It/that

Example:

1. Dagha moar de Ahmad dai It is Ahmads car

2. Hagha kore de Robert dai That is Roberts house

3. Dagha telephone dai It is a telephone


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1. zh De Canada yem I am from Canada

2. th de koom ai ay? Where are you from?

3. Dai Ahmad dai He is Ahmad4. D Crystal da She is Crystal

5. Moozh de Afghanistan you We are from Afghanistan

6. tso uk yst? Who are you?

7. Hughui de Germany dee They are from Germany

8. Dui De Ottawa dee They are from Ottawa

EXERCISE 16Listen and Repeat the following phrases after the speaker. You will hear the key wordsfirst.

1. Students: zda-kawoonk-ee 2. Soldiers: Sartair-ee

1. Zh Ahmad yem. I am Ahmad.

2. moozh zda- kawoonk-eeyou.

We are students.

3. th Ahmad ay? Are you Ahmad?

4. Tso zda kawoonk-eeyst?

Are you students?

5. Dai Ahmad Dai. He is Ahmad.

6. Hughui zda-kawoonk-ee

dee

Those are students.

7. D Najeeba da. She is Najeeba.

8. Dui Sartair-ee dee. These are soldiers.


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Note that the following suffix creates an action or verbal noun. For example in English mostverbal nouns end with either {r} or {er} as in drive - driver

Pashtu requires the following structure to create verbal nouns:

SINGULAR PLURAL

Masculine FeminineKawoon-kai

Kawoon-kay Kawoon-kee

Listen to the following verbal nouns in Pashtu and pay attention to the endings (suffixes)

PASHTU GENDER

Driver (M)1. Drive DriverDrivera (F)

M

2. Teach - Teacher Show-woonkay F

3. Read - Reader Lwast-woonkai

M

4. Listen -Listener aw-ray-doonkay

F

5. Study-Student Zda-ka-woonkai

M

Now you will learn the negative form of Verb to Be

The negation sign or particle Nh, which means not, is added before verb to be to indicatenegation. The sentence begins with the subject personal pronoun, followed by the noun, then thenegation particle nh, and finally ending with the verb at the end of the sentence.

Listen to the following example. You will hear the affirmative form first:

I am Ahmed zh Ahmad yem

I am not Ahmed zh Ahmad nh yem


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EXERCISE 17Listen and repeat. First you will hear key words.

1. Nurse: Ranoor-pl 2. Friends: Doostn 3.Doctor: dktar

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AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

zh Ranoor-pl yem zh ranoor-pl nhyem

1. I am a nurse

I am not a nurse

zh dktar yem Zh dktarnh yem2. I am a doctor

I am not a doctor

moozh Doostn you Moozh Doostn nh

you3. We are friends We are not

friends

Hagha sar-tairai dai Hagha sar-tairai nhdai

4. He is a soldier

He is not asoldier

Zh sar-tairai yem Zh sar-tairai nh yem5. I am a soldier

I am not a soldier

Let us practice and create Pashtu phrases following the structure that you have learned sofar.

First learn the following new words, and then use each in a complete sentence.

Sergeant Breed-gai khurd zbt

Military officer afsar shb man-sab

I am a sergeant zh Breed-gai yem

I am not asergeant

zh Breed-gai nh yem


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A brief note of grammar:

1. Most of Pashtu prepositions are in pairs. For instance, the preposition at in Pashtu is pafollowed by a noun, and then kay, the post preposition.

Example:The word home in Pashtu is kore. The phrase at home is pa kore kay. Pa is thepreposition, kore is home, and kay is post preposition. This preposition also means in

2. Remember that structure of a simple sentence is Subject + Noun + Verb. Keep in mindthat Pashtu verbs are always located at the end of the sentence, and must agree with thesubject both in term of gender and number.

Ahmad pa kore kaydai

You should havesaid.

Ahmad is at home

Moar pa garage kaydai You should havesaid. The car is in Garage

Pa Canada kay hawsaa da


The weather is coldin Canada

Nabil pa kr ky dai You should havesaid.

Nabil is at work

Pa Pkistn kayTerroristn dee


There are terrorists inPakistan

St pa kore kay ukdee?


Who is at yourhome?


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INTRODUCTION OF ONESELF

EXERCISE 18In the following exercise, you will hear two people making introductions. Repeat eachphrase after the speaker. The English translation will follow each phrase.

1. zh Sur Gul yem I am Sur Gul.

ResponseSt pa lee-daloo khwash swm (M) Pleased to meet you

2. Zm noom Sur Gul dai My name is Sur Gul

zh Too-run Sur Gul yem I am Captain Sur Gul

St pa lee-daloo khwash swm (M) Pleased to meet you

Note that for a female the response is:St pa lee-daloo khwasha swm (F) Pleased to meet you

Also note that Pashtu always has feminine/masculine words and nouns, as well as adjectives andnumbers, whereby the gender and number must agree with the subject pronoun.

Now you will learn how to ask for someones name.

Listen to the following questions and repeat:

1. Stso noom h dai? (Formal) What is your name?

2. St noom h dai ? (Informal) What is your name?


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GREETINGS AND INTRODUCTION OF ONESELF

EXERCISE 19

You will hear two dialogues. First, listen to the whole dialogue. Next, listen again and

translate into English during the pause.

DIALOGUE 1

Ajmal: sa-hr pa khair

Natkai: sa-hr pa khair

Ajmal: nga ay?

Natkai: Manana sha yem. tso?

Ajmal: shh yem, Manana.

Ajmal: de khudai pa amn.

Natkai: de khudai pa amn.

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

Now listen again, and translate each line as you hear it.

Ajmal: sa-hr pa khair

You should have said Good Morning

Natkai: sa-hr pa khair

You should have said Good Morning

jmal: nga ay?

You should have said How are you?

Natkai: Manana sha yem. tso? You should have said I am fine thanks, you?

Ajmal: shh yem, Manana dekhudai pa amn

You should have said I am fine thanks, Good bye

Natkai: de khudai pa amnn.

You should have said Good bye


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DIALOGUE 2

Again, you will listen to a dialogue, and upon the second listening, you will repeat it andtranslate it line by line.

Note : The word aw means and

Arsalan: salm leikum Palwasha wa- leikum salm, nga ay? Arsalan: zh shh yem MananaPalwasha st noom h dai? Arsalan : zm noom Arsalan dai, aw Stso? Palwasha : zm noom Palwasha dai

Now listen again, and translate each line as you hear it.

salm leikum

Arsalan:

You should have said Hi/ Greetings

wa- leikum salm, nga ay?Palwasha:

You should have said Hi, How are you?

zh shh yem MananaArsalan: You should have said I am fine thank

st noom h dai?Palwasha:

You should have said What is your name?

zm noom Arsalan dai, awStso?

Arsalan :

You should have said My name is Arsalan,and yours?

zm noom Palwasha daiPalwasha:

You should have said My name is Palwasha


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EXERCISE 20Imagine you have met an Afghan and are getting introduced to him. Respondappropriately to his greetings and questions.

salm. salm.It means:

Hello

You should

haveresponded Hellozh shh yem, tashakursalm, nga ay?

It means:Hello, how areyou?

You shouldhaveresponded

I am fine thank you

zm noom Samandar Dai, awstso?

stso Noom h dai ?

It means:What is yourname?

You shouldhaveresponded

My name is Samandar, and yours?

zm noom Husai dai.

It means:My name is Husai


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INTRODUCTION OF A THIRD PERSON

Now listen to the following dialogue between Mr. Alex and Mr. Ak. Alex introduces himselfto Ak. The purpose of this dialogue is to familiarize you with introducing oneself in Pashtu.

Alex: salm leikum, zh Alex yem .

Ak wa-leikum salm, zh Ak yem

Alex stso pa lee-dalo khwash swm

Ak zh hm

EXERCISE 21

Now it is time to check how many phrases you may recall. You will hear a phrase inPashtu; say its meaning in English.

salm leikum, zhAlex yem

It means Hi, I am Alex

wa-leikom salm, zhArsalan yem

It means Hi, I am Arsalan

salm, nga ay? It means Hi, how are you?

manana zh shh yem ,tso nga yst?

It means I am fine thanks, how are you?

zh shh yem Manana It means I am fine thanks

stso noom h dai ? It means What is your name?

zm noom Abdullah dai It means My name is Abdullah


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GRAMMAR POINT

Plural of Nouns in Pashtu

As mentioned earlier Pashtu nouns must agree in gender and number. Plural nouns in Pashtu

have different forms. We will cover the basic ones.Listen to the masculine and feminine of selected nouns, and repeat. We will start with themasculine form, followed by the feminine.

NOUNS MASCULINE FEMININE

Afsar Afsara

Shb-mnsb Shb-man-saba

Officer

Nurse Nursa

ranour-pl ranour-pala

Nurse

Mulem Mulema

Show-wonkai Show-wonkay

Teacher

skar skara

Soldier

Sartairai sartairay

zda-kawonkai zda-kawonkay

Sh-grd Sh-g-erda

Student


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Now listen to the plural form. We will start with the masculine and then follow with feminine.

NOUN SINGULAR MASCULINE PLURAL MASCULINEOfficer Afsar Afsar n Nurse ranour-pal/Nars

/ ranourpaln/Narsn(M) / Teacher Show-woonkai/ mulem

/ Show-woonk-ee/ mulemn/ Soldier askar/ Sartairai

/ askarn Sartair-ee/ Student zda-ka-wonkai / Sh-grd

/ zda-ka-won- kee / Sh-grdn /

Remember:

For masculine animated object nouns, you need to add n, as in Afsarn.For non animated objects, you need to add ona, as in which means books.

For feminine animated object nouns, add "nay as in {Doctornay} {Doctors} (Feminine)And for non animated objects, add ay, as in Kitb-chay , which means note book

1. Tables (m) may-zona

2. Cars (m) Motarn

3. Rifles (masculine) Tow-pakn

4. Houses Kore-ona

5.Notebooks (F) Kitabch-ay

6. Doctors (F) Doctorn-ay

7. Soldiers (female P) askarn-ay


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ENGLISH MASCULINE FEMININE

Chair (feminine noun) awkay

Table (masculine noun) May-z

Car (masculine noun) Mooar

Rifle (masculine noun) Tow-pack

House (masculine noun) kore

Kitab-chaNote book (feminine noun)

Haw-ee-maidan

Haw-ee-a-garAirport (masculine noun)


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Here are more examples of non-animated plurals:

NOUN PLURAL M PLURAL F

1. Tables (m) may-zona

2. Cars (m) Motarn

Topakn3. Rifles (m)

qalamn qalamoona4. Pens (m)

awkay

aw-kay-gnay

chatray

Chatray-gnay

5. Chairs (f)

UmbrellasDialect basedexception, singularand plural are samewhen all words endwith (ay)It follows the samerule if you add theplural suffix however{gnay} not (anay)

hawa-ee Dagarona6. Airports


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MODULE 2


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MODULE 2 - TIME & NUMBERS

In this module, we will cover the following topics

TEACHING POINTS

Review of the previously covered material Numbers Days of the week What time is it?

GRAMMAR

Interrogative particles who, what, where, how and when Verbs To Go and To Have Negative form of Verb To Have Prepositions in, at, to and from


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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

Count from 1-1000 Identify days of the week, months and seasons Ask general question Respond to simple questions about time and weather Construct simple phrases


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REVIEW

Common greeting expressions presented in Module one

EXERCISE 1First listen carefully to the following dialogue. You will hear the same dialogue againwith Pauses between phrases to allow you translate each.

A: salm leikum

B: wa-leikum salm.

A: nga ay/yst? /

B: zh shh yem.A: salm leikum.

B: wa-leikum salm.

A: St noom h dai?

B: zm noom Ak dai.

A: st pa lee-daloo khwash swm.

B: zh hm


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Now you will hear it again to translate into English.

salm leikum salm leikumA:

You shouldhave said

Hello

wa-leikum salm. wa-leikum salm.

B:

You shouldhave said

Hello

nga ay/yst? nga ay/yst?A:

/

You shouldhave said

/

How are you

B: zh shh yem. zh shh yem.You should

have said

I am fine

salm leikum. salm leikum.

A:

You shouldhave said

Hello

wa-leikum salm. wa-leikum salm.

B:

You shouldhave said

Hello

St noom h dai? St noom h dai?A:

You shouldhave said

What is yourname

zm noom Ak dai. zm noom Ak dai.B:

You shouldhave said

My name isAtsek

st pa lee-daloo khwash swm. st pa lee-dalookhwash swm.A:

You shouldhave said

I am gladmeeting you

zh hm zh hmB: You shouldhave said

Me too


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EXERCISE # 2Listen to the following expressions in English and translate them orally into Pashtu.

nga yst?How are you? You should have said

Stso pa lee-daloo khwashswm

Good to see you You should have said

Manana or TashakurThank you You should have said

de khudai pa amnGood bye You should have said


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VOCABULARY

Listen to the following vocabulary that will be used in Module 2 and repeat.

PASHTU WORD PASHTU SCRIPT ENGLISH MEANING

1. sat hour/watch

2. kala (Adverb) when

3. kitb book

4. wra / wraay / day/days

5. Hafta/ Onai week

6. Du-bai summer

7. Mnai fall/autumn

8. Zhmai winter9. shmay-ror number / number

10. Baj-ay oclock

11. daqeeqa minute

12. u baj-ay dee? What time is it?

13. shh good/ fine

14. zh shh yem I am good/ fine

15. t-ll to go (infinitive)16. kr work

17. lar-em I have

18. paisay money

19. moar car

20. halk boy

21. loor daughter

22. kore house/home23. Sta there is


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NUMBERS

EXERCISE 3Listen to the following numbers and then repeat them.

NUMBERS (shmay-ray )Even though Pashtu is a right to left reading language system, the numeric format ofPashtu uses the Arabic numeric system in which writing is from left to right.

Listen to the Pashtu numbers from 0 to 10 and repeat.

0 S-fr1 yaw2 dwa/ dway /3 dray

4 alour5 Pinh 6 sh-pa-zh 7 U-vh8 ath9 nh10 las

EXERCISE 4Now listen to the following numbers and give their English equivalent:

las You should have said .. ten

S-fr You should have said .. zero

ath You should have said .. eight

alour You should have said .. four

dray You should have said .. three

nh You should have said .. nine

yaw You should have said .. one

Pinh You should have said .. five


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EXERCISE 5Listen to the numbers from 1-5 and repeat. You will hear the English numbers first.After the number 5, try to count from 6-10.

One yaw

Two dwa/ dway /

Three dray

Four alour

Five Pinh

Six (Pause) You should have said.. sh-pa-zh

Seven (Pause) You should have said.. U-vh

Eight (Pause) You should have said.. ath

Nine (Pause) You should have said.. nh

Ten (Pause) You should have said.. las

EXERCISE 6Answer the following questions as in the example:

How many brothers do you have? (Lets say that you have two brothers). You shouldhave answered dwa.

U-vh1. How many days in aweek?

You should have said Seven

las2. How many desks are inthe classroom? (lets say10)

You should have said Ten

yawa3. How many maple leavesare in the Canadian flag?

You should have said One

Pinh4. How many cars do youhave? (Lets say 5 cars)

You should have said

Five

ath5. How many chairs are inyour home? (Lets say 8)

You should have said Eight


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Now you will learn the:

DAYS OF THE WEEK

In Pashtu the week starts with Saturday, which is shanb and ends with Friday which isjoma. All other days are numbered serially (one to five) and followed by shanbe.For example Sunday is yak shanb. Yak means one. Monday is " dO shanb; dOmeans two in farsi. The same is used to Thursday, which is panj shanb. Panj is thenumber five.

In order to easily understand weekdays, first memorize Farsi numbers from 1 -5 below:

yak One

dO Two

say Three

chr Four

panj Five

Friday is an official and religious holiday in Afghanistan. Government offices and manybusinesses are closed on Thursday afternoon as well as Friday.


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EXERCISE 7Now listen carefully and then repeat the following days of the week. You will hear theEnglish term first.

Saturday Shanb

Sunday Yak shanb

Monday dO shanb

Tuesday say shanb

Wednesday chr shanb

Thursday panj shanb

Friday joma

EXERCISE 8Listen to the following words that you will see later, and then repeat.

Day in Pashtu is Wra Wra is a feminine noun,Its plural form is wraay

onay Or HaftaWeek in Pashtu is onay/ Hafta is a femininenoun

Month is mee-ysht The plural form of mee-ysht is mee-ysht-ayDe Onay

wraay

Or

Days of the week are

De haftay

wraay

De is the preposition of. Itcomes at the beginning of theword. For example: Robertsbook or The book of Robert is: De Robert Kitab

The word year in Pashtu is Kl

The word season in Pashtu is fasel

Weather in Pashtu is haw


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EXERCISE 9You will hear the names of the seven days of the week in English. After hearing thename of each day, say it in Pashtu.

Friday You should have said jomaSaturday You should have said Shanb

Sunday You should have said Yak shanb

Monday You should have said dO shanb

Tuesday You should have said say shanb

Wedensday You should have said chr shanb

Thursday You should have said panj shanb

EXERCISE 10Listen to the following phrases and repeat. You will hear a question first, followed byits Pashtu and English meaning

What day is it? Today is Tuesday

Nn Kooma wra da Nn de say-shanb wra da

What day is it? Today is Monday

Nn Kooma wra da Nn de dO-shanb wra da

What day is it? Today is Friday

Nn Kooma wra da Nn de jomay wra da

Now practice asking the same question and give answers using:

- Saturday which is Shanb in Pashtu

- Sunday which is yak shanb

- Wednesday which is chr shanb

- Thursday which ispanj shanb


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EXERCISE 11You will hear the names of the seven days of the week in English. After hearing thename of each day, say it in Pashtu.

Wednesday You should have said chr shanb

Friday You should have said joma

Thursday You should have said panj shanb

Tuesday You should have said say shanb

Saturday You should have said Shanb

Monday You should have said dO shanb

Sunday You should have said yak shanb

EXERCISE 12Now you will learn the Pashtu numbers from 11 to 30; listen and repeat.

11 ya-volas

12 d-volas13 de-yr-las14 var-las15 pinh-las 16 shpa--las 17 U-vh-las18 ath-las19 noo-nas/ noo-las /20 Shell21 yaw-weesht22 dwa-weesht

23 dr-weesht24 alour-weesht25 pinh-weesht 26 sh-pazh-weesht 27 U-vh-weesht28 ath-weesht29 n-hh-weesht30 dayr-sh


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EXERCISE 13Listen to the following numbers and give their Pashtu equivalents.

12 You should have said d-volas

22 You should have said dwa-weesht

13 You should have said de-yr-las

23 You should have said dr-weesht

14 You should have said var-las

24 You should have said alour-weesht

15 You should have said pina-las

25 You should have said pinh-weesht

16 You should have said shpa--las 26 You should have said Sh-pazh-weesht

17 You should have said U-vh-las

27 You should have said U-vh-weesht

19 You should have said noo-nas/ noo-las /

29 You should have said n-hh-weesht

30 You should have said dayr-sh

Now you will learn the Pashtu months of the year.

Pashtu has its own names for the months of the year. However, ordinary people useArabic and Islamic names, as it is common in Dari. Pashtu months are actually names ofanimals as in the Chinese calendar. hamal which means Lamb/Aries is the first month ofthe year, and is the beginning of spring in Afghanistan. In the Gregorian calendar, the firstday of the New Year in Afghanistan coincides with the 21st of March as both Afghanistanand Iran use the solar calendar. As a result, in some years the first day of the year will beon the 20th of March, depending on the rotation of earth around the sun. According to thecalendar commonly used in Afghanistan now, the year 2007 is equivalent to 1385-1386.March 21st of this year will be the beginning of 1386. New Years Day in Afghanistan is

called NOW ROZ.

Conversion of the Gregorian calendar to solar calendar: According to the Islamic SolarCalendar, the calendar begins after the 621st birthday of Jesus the Christ. In order toconvert any given year from Gregorian, 621 will be subtracted from a year which in turngives you the solar year and vice versa.


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The first six months of the Afghan Calendar has 31 days. The second five months of theAfghan calendar has 30 days. The last month has 29 days except for the leap year (kabeesakl .which has 30 days (

EXERCISE 14

Listen carefully to the names of months of the year and repeat each twice. Rememberthat mee-ysht in Pashtu means month.

Mee-ysht-ay Months

hamal is March 21-April 20

sawr is April 21-May 21

jaw-z is May 22-June 21

saratn is June 22-July 22

asad is July 23-August 22sunbula is August 23-September 22

mizn is Sept. 23-October 22

qrab is October 23-November 21

Qaw-s is Nov. 22-December 21

ja-dee is Dec. 22-January 20

dalwa is January 21-February 19

hoot is February 20-March 20

Now lets see if you could recall some of the months in Pashtu. First you will hear themonths in Pashtu.

hoot You should have said February 20-March 20

Last month of the yearhamal You should have said March 21-April 20

First month of the yearqrab You should have said October 23-November 21saratn You should have said June 22-July 22Qaw-s You should have said Nov. 22-December 21sunbula You should have said August 23-September 22

Go back and listen to the months again and try to identify you birth month. Say thatmonth in Pashtu.


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EXERCISE 15Answer the following questions in Pashtu.

What day of the week istoday? Lets say it is Thursday

You should have said ... panj shanb

What is the day of the weekthat is a holiday inAfghanistan?

You should have said ... joma

What month is today? Letssay today is September 25.

You should have said ... mizn

How many days in the month?Lets say 30 days You should have said ... dayr-sh

How many hours in a day? You should have said ... alour-weesht


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SEASONS OF THE YEAR

You will learn the names of the seasons in Pashtu.

EXERCISE 16Now listen to the following seasons of the year and repeat. Remember the wordseason in Pashtu is fasel.

Winter is: Spring is: Summer is: Fall (autumn) is:

Zhmai Pasar-lai Dubai/Uai Mnai

/

EXERCISE 17Listen to the following sentences and repeat. First you will hear key words and theirmeaning.

Key words: Keep in mind that each single adjective in Pashtu has both the masculine andfeminine forms.

How nga Snowy Ww-ra-U-ree1

5

Hot Towd Dusty Gard-jan

MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININETowd Tawda Gard-jan Gard-jana

2 6

MutadelCold soo Moderate narem

MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININEsoo saa narm nar-ma

3 7

Rainy Bran-ee Mutadel Mutadela4


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How is the weather today? Nn hawa nga da?

It is hot Tawda da


It is cold Saa da


It is moderate Mutadela da


It is rainy Bran-ee da


It snows Ww-ra-U-reeHow is the weather today? Nn hawa nga da?

It is dusty Gard-jana da

The structure of the question How is the weather today? is:

How is The weather Today

InterrogativePronoun

To be

Verb

Noun Adverb of Time

While PashtuNn Hawa nga daAdverb of Time Noun Interrogative

Pronounverb

The structure of the answer sentence It is hot`` is:

It is hot

Demonstrative pronoun To be verb Adjective

While in Pashtu as a short answer, the demonstrative pronoun is omitted

Tawda da

Adjective verb


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EXERCISE 18Now you will learn more numbers. You will learn the numbers 31 to 100. Rememberin Pashtu 30 is dayr-sh. Listen to the numbers and repeat. You will hear theEnglish version first.

31. yaw-dayr-sh32. dwa dayr-sh

33. dray-dayr-sh

34. alour-dayr-sh

40. al-way-sht

41. yaw-al-way-sht

50. pin-os 51. yaw pin-os

60. shpay-th

61. yaw-shpay th

70. a-v-y

71. yaw a-v-ya

80. at-y

81. yaw at-y

90. na-vee

91. yaw na-vee

100. cell


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EXERCISE 19Listen to the following numbers and give their Pashtu equivalents.

30. You should have said ... dayr-sh

31. You should have said ... yaw-dayr-sh

40. You should have said ... al-way-sht

42. You should have said ... dO al-way-sht

50. You should have said ... pin-os

53. You should have said ... Dree - pin-os

60. You should have said ... shpay-th

65. You should have said ... Pinh shpay-th

70. You should have said ... a-v-y

76. You should have said ... Shpazh a-vy 80. You should have said ... at-y

87. You should have said ... U-vh at-y

90. You should have said ... na-vee

98. You should have said ... ath na-vee

100. You should have said ... cell


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TIME

Now you will learn how to ask about time and give a response to questions abouttime.

First let us practice few words:

wakht bajay 2. Hour1. Time

S--t

3. Minute

daqeeqa

4. Second

snya

6. Quarter to.

Pw-kam

Quarter past..

Pw bl

5. half: Neem-ay isused with all numbersexcept One Oclock, Forexample for 1:30 we say:

yawa neema

Pwbnday

7. Past

tairee dee

8. Oclock

baj-ay**

** Please note, that the word baj-ay which means oclock, is used only with full and halfhours (for example, Pinh baj-ay 5 oclock) and when asking a question about time, forexample: What time is it? u baj-ay dee?.


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EXERCISE 20Listen to the following questions and repeat.

What time is it? u baj-ay dee?

What time is it? Sat u baj-ay dee?

Now listen to the answers and repeat. You will hear the English answer first

One oclock yawa bajaTwo oclock d-vay-baj-ay Three oclock d-ray baj-ay Four oclock alour baj-ay Five oclock pinh baj-ay

Six oclock sh-pa-zh baj-ay Seven oclock U-vh baj-ay Eight oclock ath baj-ay Nine oclock nh baj-ay Ten oclock las baj-ay Eleven oclock ya-volas baj-ay Tweve oclock d-volas baj-ay

EXERCISE 21

Listen to the following words and phrases and repeat.

1. kam means: to, alour means: 4 Example: 10 (minutes) to 4 is: las kam alour

2. Pw kam: Quarter to Example: Quarter to 5 is: Pw kam Pinh

3. Bnday: passed, shell means: 20 Example: 20 passed 1 is: Shell bnday yawa

4. Pw bnday means quarter passed,dray means: 3

Example: Quarter passed 3 is: Pw bnday dray

Listen again and practice using different hours.


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EXERCISE 22Try to answer the following questions:

What time is it? Sat u baj-ay dee ?

1. Five minutes past two You should have said

pinh bl dway

2. Six-thirty You should have said Shpazh-nee-may

3. Ten minutes to eleven You should have said las km yavolas

4. Twenty minutes to five You should have said Shell kam Pinh

EXERCISE 23In Pashtu there is no time abbreviation as a.m. or p.m.. Afghans say dusk,morning, evening, afternoon, etc.

Listen to the following time markers and repeat. You will hear the English first.

Morning Sa-hr

Noon gha-r-mah

Afternoon ms-pa-shin

Evening m-shm

Dawn Mz-dee-gar

Day Wra

Night Shpa

Midnight Neema shpa ..

Note: When you say the above daily time phrases, keep in mind that Pashtu speakers useDe which means of. For example:

5 oclock in the morning is: De sa-hr pa pino bajo


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EXERCISE 24

u baj-ay dee? What time is it?

We will now continue practicing the use of time expressions. Listen and then repeat.

1:00 oclockis

2:00 oclockis

3:00 oclockis

4:00 oclockis

5:00 oclockis

6:00 oclockis

dway bajay dray bajay alour bajay Pinh bajay Shpa-zhbajay

Yawa baja

EXERCISE 25Now try to say the following phrases in Pashtu. Remember 10 oclock in Pashtu is:las bajay, 12 oclock is Dovolas bajay, 4 oclock is salour bajay , 9 oclock is nh-habajay, and 2 oclock is dway bajay

De ghar-may Dovolas bajay1. Twelve noon You should have said

De m-zdee-gar Pinh bajay2. Five p.m. You should have said De sahr Nh-ha bajay3. Nine a.m. You should have said

De ms-p-sheen- dway bajay4. Two p.m. You should have said De sahr las bajay5. Ten a.m. You should have said


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EXERCISE 26Listen to the following questions, and answer them in Pashtu. You will hear thequestion in English followed by Pashtu.

What time is it?

u baj-ay dee?

It is eight oclock in the morning

You shouldhave said De sahr ath bajay dee

u baj-ay dee?

It is seven oclock in the evening

You shouldhave said

De m-shm U-vh bajay

u baj-ay dee?

It is one oclock in the afternoon

You shouldhave said

De ms-p-sheen yawa baja da.

u baj-ay dee?

It is six oclock in the morning

You shouldhave said

De sa-hr shpa-zh bajay dee

u baj-ay dee?

It is quarter to three in theafternoon

You shouldhave said

De ms-p-sheen pw kam dray bajaydee

EXERCISE 27One more time, listen to the time and then repeat.

3 p.m. 3 in the afternoon De ms-p-sheen dray bajay 7 a.m. 7 in the morning De sahr U-vh bajay

1:30 p.m. 1:30 in the afternoon De ms-p-sheen yawaneema

11:05 a.m. Five past 11 earlynoon

De asht pinh bnday ya-volas

11: 40 a.m. 20 m to noon De ghar-may shell kam d-volas

2:00p.m. 2:00 in theafternoon De ms-p-sheen dway bajay

5:30 p.m. 5:30 at dusk De Mz-dee-g-ar- pinhneemay

9:50 a.m. 10 minutes to 10 inthe morning

De sa-hr las kam las


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EXERCISE 28You will now hear a simple dialogue twice. After the second listening, you will beasked a question. Within the given pause respond in English to the question

Ahmed: u baj-ay dee? :

Ibrahim: ath neemay bajay dee :

Ahmed: Manana :

Ibrahim: de Mananay wana da :

According to the dialogue, what time is it?You should have said It is 8:30

Here is the dialogue once again with its English translation

Ahmed: u baj-ay dee?

: :

What time is it?

Ibrahim. ath neemay bajay dee

:

It is 8:30

Ahmed: manana

:

Thank you

Ibrahim: de Mananay wana da

:

Not worth mentioning / you arewelcome


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EXERCISE 29The following dialogue will help you learn how to ask someone the time.

sa-hr pa khair sa-hr pa khairAjmal

Nabi You should have answered

7:30u baj-ay dee? U-vh neemayAjmal

NabiYou should have answered

Manana de Mananay

wana daAjmal Nabi You should have answered

Here is the dialogue once again with its English translation

Ajmal : sa-hr pa khair

Good morning

Nabi: sa-hr pa khair

:

Good morning

Ajmal: u baj-ay dee?

:

What time is it?

Nabi: U-vh neemay

:

7:30

Ajmal: Manana

:

Thanks


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GRAMMAR POINT

Before we proceed with the following activity, you need to learn few interrogativeparticles to help you ask questions. You have learned HOW, which is enga., andWHAT which is u. Now listen to the following interrogative particles and repeat.

Each particle will be followed by an example in Pashtu and English.

INTERROGATIVES PASHTU ENGLISH TRANSLATION

Dai kala -ee?1- When : Kala

When is he going?

Th chay-ray ay?2- Where : Chay-ray

Where are you?

Hagha uk da?3- Who: uk

Who is she?

EXERCISE 30Listen to the names of the days of the week along with a number of time expressions,and repeat. This exercise will help you learn how to ask and answer questions linkedto these expressions. First listen to, and then repeat the following time phrases:

Example

At what time (when) is it?

Pa u bajo?

3:00 oclock

Pa drayo bajo

When is he going?

Dai kala -ee?

8 oclock a.m.

de sahr ath bajay


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Now listen to and then repeat the following answers. The English translation willfollow.

shanb yawa baja1.

1. Saturday 1 oclock

yak shanb, pw bnday dray2.

2. Sunday at Quarter passed 3

say shanb pinh bnday ath Tuesday 8:053.

3.

De chr shanb pa shpa4.

4. Wednesday night

Joma yawa neema baja5.

5. Friday at 1:30

De sa-hr pa pino bajo6.

6. 5 oclock in the morning


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GRAMMAR POINT

In the previous lesson you learned how to say When is he going? The following is theconjugation of verb To go with selected personal pronouns and examples:

First listen to the following words/phrases that you will hear in the conjugationexamples:

har Every Har sahr Every morning1. 5.

Hara wra Everyday Kr Work (noun)2. 6.

Hara mee-ysht Every month masjd joomt Mosque3.

7.

ta Preposition to4.

VERB

TO GO

VERB TO GO

TLL (PASHTU)

ENGLISH PASHTU

h hara mee-ysht Kandaharta -em

I go -em I go to Kandahar everymonth

Th har kl Canada ta -ayYou (s) go -ay You go to Canadaevery year

Dai hara wra kr ta -eeHe goes -ee He goes to work everyday

Moozh hara wra kr ta -ooWe go -oo We go to work everyday

Dui hara wra Joomt ta -eeThey go

(m)

-ee They go to the mosque

every day


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EXERCISE 31Now listen to the following English phrases and translate them into Pashtu. Firstlisten to the following words and their English meaning.

Kl-ai Village1

Kore Home2

Kl Year3

shr City4

Zh har kl Afghanistan ta -em

I go to Afghanistan everyyear

You should have said ...

Dui hara wra k-lee ta -eeThey go to the village everyday


Zh hara wra pa dray bajokore ta -em

Every day I go home at 3:00oclock


Zh hara mee-ysht Shr ta-em

I go to this city every month You should have said ...

Remember that the demonstrative pronouns THIS and THAT in Pashtu are Daghaand Hagha, which also mean these and those.


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GRAMMAR POINT

You have learned the conjugation of the verb To go with selected personal pronouns.Now you will learn how to use the verb To have.

First listen to the following words/phrases that you will hear in the conjugationexamples:

Note: In most noun cases Pashtu uses preposition and postposition as pairs

Example: pa . Kay = IN

Show-wan-ai Maktabkitb book

1.

5.

SchoolQaw-mee mshr Tribal leaderTow pack gun2.

6.

Zoi son3. Pa Preposition kay PostpositionIN At

4.

......

VERB

TO HAVE

VERB TO HAVE

LAR-EL (PASHTU)

ENGLISH PASHTU

ZhkitbLar-emI have Lar-em I have a book

Th zoi lar-ayYou (s) have Lar-ay You have a son

Dai Tow-pack lar-eeHe has Lar-ee He has a gun

Moozh maktab larooWe have Lar-oo We have a school They have (m) Lar-ee They have a tribal leader Haghui Qaw-mee

mshrlaree

The structure of the sentences above is: Personal pronoun I- Zh followed by the objectbook kitb and verb comes at the end.


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EXERCISE 32Listen to the following questions in English and Pashtu, and then answer them inPashtu.

1. Do you have a

gun? (use theword gun) thtow-pack lar-ay

Ho, Zh tow-pack

lar-em

You should have

said ...

Yes, I have a gun

2. Do you have ason?

Ho, Zh zoi lar-em

Th zoi lar-ay?

You should havesaid ...

Yes, I have a son

3. Who is thetribal leader?

(use the nameAhmad.)

Ahmad Qaw-meemshr dai

uk Qaw-meemshr dai?


Ahmad is a triballeader

4. Do you have aschool at thisvillage? (answeryes)

Ho, moozh padagha ka-lee kaymaktab lar-oo

Tso pa dagha

ka-lee kaymaktab lar-y?


Yes, we have aschool at this village

5. Where are yougoing?

(say I am going toKabul city)

Zh de Kabul shrta -em

Chay-ray -ai?

You should havesaid

I am going to Kabulcity


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GRAMMAR POINT

The negative form of verb to have is made by simply adding nh before the verb.For example: I have a son, In Pashtu is: Zh yaw Zoi lar-em; I dont have a son is: Zh Zoi nhlar-em.

EXERCISE 33Now listen to the following expressions and repeat them. You will hear the English meaningafter each.

Zh yaw Zoi lar-em I have a sonTso yawa loor larai You have a daughterHagha moar lar-ee He/She has a car

Zh Zoi nh lar-em I dont have a son

Tso kore nh lar-ai You dont have a houseHagha kitb nh lar-ee He/She does not have a book

GRAMMAR POINTS

As mentioned previously prepositions in Pashtu consist of two parts: pre and post positions.There are some irregular forms that you will learn in later modules

Listen to the following prepositions and examples and repeat:

EXAMPLE IN PASHTU ENGLISH

In :pa kay ........ Haghui pa Afghanistan kaydee

They are in Afghanistan

At:pa. kay ........ Zh pa kore kay yem

I am at home

To:... Ta Dai hara wra maktab ta -ee

He goes to school every day

From: De Zh De Kandahar yem

Lh -khaLh na

I am from Kandahar


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EXERCISE 34Listen to the following Pashtu phrases and translate them in to English. First you will heara few key words.

paisay Money1

st Watch2

Kore House3

lui kore Big house4

1. Zh paisay lar-em You should have said. I have money

2. Hagha halk Moar lar-ee You should have said. He has a car

3. Hagha enjalai st lar-ee You should have said. She has a watch

4. Dui/hughui yaw lui kore lar-ee

/

You should have said. They have a big house


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EXERCISE 35You learned the numbers from 1-100. Now you will learn numbers from 101 to 1000,000.

Listen to the following numbers and repeat.

100 Cell102 yaw cell aw dwa110 yaw cell aw las200 d-va sava201 d-va sava aw yaw300 dray sava400 alour sava500 pinh-sava 600 pinh-sava 700 U-vh sava800 a-th sava900 n-hh sava1000 Zr2000 dva zera3000 dray zra4000 alour zra10,000 las zra100,000 cell zra (yaw lak) ) (200,000 d-va sava zra (d-va laka)1000,000 yaw milyoan

EXERCISE 36Listen to the following numbers and say their English equivalent.

yaw milyoan You should have said Million

zr You should have said 1000

dray zra You should have said 3000

las zra You should have said 10,000

cell You should have said 100

yaw cell aw yaw You should have said 101d-va-sava yaw You should have said 201

a-th sava You should have said 800

d-va sava zra (d-va laka)

( (

You should have said 200,000


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EXERCISE 37This is a final practice before you finish module 2.

Listen to the following dialogue and repeat. You will hear the English phrase first,followed by its Pashtu equivalent.

First listen to and repeat the following phrases and their meaning before you proceed to thedialogue.

Manana Thank you1.

Zh -em I am going2.

Bairta-r--em I will return3.

insh-Allah God willing4.

Now lets listen to the dialogue.

A: Good morning. How are you? Sa-hr pa khair, ngayst?

B: I am fine thanks, and you? zh shh yem manana, awtso?

A: I am fine too, thank you zh hm shh yem,manana

B: I am going to Canada on Monday zh pa dO shanb Canadata -em

A: When will you be back? Kala bairta Ra--ay?

B: Thursday, God willing insh-Allah panj shanb

A: See you beya ba goro

B: See you beya ba goro


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Considering the same phrases please create 5 new sentences of your own.

In module two you learned the days of the week, time expressions and numbers. Beforeproceeding to Module 3, we recommend that you review the previous exercises to ensure that

you have assimilated the phrases and expressions illustrated during this module


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MODULE 3


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MODULE 3 - ASKING FOR AND GIVING PERSONALINFORMATION

In this module, we shall cover the following topics

TEACHING POINTS

Review of t previously covered material Ask for and give personal information (i.e.name, age, marital status, family make-up) Ask for and give directions Military ranks Occupations

GRAMMAR

Interrogatives Possessive Verb To Show

Auxiliary (can) Verb To work


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REVIEW

In Module two you have learned the numbers, days of the week, seasons, months of the year andtime.Now let us review.

EXERCISE 1Listen to the following numbers in Pashtu and say their English equivalent.

las You should have said.. 10

zr You should have said.. 1000

dray You should have said.. 3

shell You should have said.. 20

S-fr You should have said.. 0

dray zra You should have said.. 3000

sh-pa-zh You should have said.. 6

pina-las You should have said.. 15

pina-sava You should have said.. 500

nh You should have said.. 9

dayr-sh You should have said.. 30

n-hh sava You should have said.. 900

EXERCISE 2You will hear the names of the seven days of the week in English in random order. Afterhearing the name of each day, say it in Pashtu.

Friday You should have said.. joma

Sunday You should have said.. Yak shanb

Thursday You should have said.. panj shanb

Tuesday You should have said.. say shanb

Monday You should have said.. dO shanb

Saturday You should have said.. Shanb

Wednesday You should have said.. chr shanb


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EXERCISE 3Listen to the following time markers in Pashtu and then say their English equivalent.

sa-hr You should have said .. Morning

gha-r-mah You should have said .. Noonms-pa-shin You should have said .. Afternoon

m-shm You should have said .. Evening

mz-dee-gar You should have said .. Dawn

wra You should have said .. Day

shpa You should have said .. Night

neema shpa You should have said .. Mid-night

EXERCISE 4Listen to the following questions, and answer them in Pashtu. You will hear the question inEnglish followed by Pashtu.

What time is it?u baj-ay dee? Pause

It is two oclock

You should have said dway bajay

u baj-ay dee? PauseIt is seven oclock in the evening

You should have said De Mshm u-vh bajay

u baj-ay dee? PauseIt is one oclock p.m.

You should have said De ms-pa-shin Yawa baja da.

u baj-ay dee? Pause

It is six oclock in the morning

You should have said De sa-hr las kam shpa-zhbajay

u baj-ay dee? PauseIt is quarter to three in theafternoon

You should have said De Ms-pa-shin pw-kam draybajay


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EXERCISE 5Say the following in Pashtu.

I go to work every day You should have said Zh hara wra kr ta -em

They go to the mosque every day You should have said Haghui hara wra Joo-mt t -ee

He has a gun You should have said Dai Tow-pack lar-ee

He is a tribal leader You should have said Dai Qaw-m-ee mshr dai

Ahmed has 3 sons You should have said Ahmad dray zm-n lar-ee

They are in Afghanistan You should have said Haghui pa Afghanistan kay dee

EXERCISE 6Say the meaning of the following words.

moar You should have said Car

halk You should have said Boy

Du-bai You should have said Summer

wra / wraay You should have said Day - days

paisa/paisay You should have said Money


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VOCABULARY

Listen to the following vocabulary and repeat. You will practice it more throughout theModule.

PASHTU WORD PASHTO SCRIPT ENGLISH MEANING1. mujarad single

2. mota-a-hel/wdh ka-ai/Wdhshawai

/ / married

3. zakhmee swai /apee swai { =ed} / Injured/ wounded

4. zakhm/ap / injury /wound

5. mshoom ,halk / Child, son. boy

6. lh m sara r--a come with me

7. saak road

8. De talshee posta checkpoint

9. khore sister

10. More mother

11. uk who

12. chay-ray where

13. h what

14. Hoo/balay / yes

15. paitakht/plz-maina / capital of a country

16.

telefoon telephone17. rasturn restaurant

18. bnk Bank

19. ta (prep.) to

20. n roogh/ mareez / sick


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21. tashnb bathroom

22. Rooghtoon/shf-khna / hospital

23. show-wal to show

24. kooma khw/taraf / which direction

25. chapa/keen / left

26. lai-ray sa move, move away

27. mostaqeem straight

28. rsta/ shai / right

29. twaydal/garaydal / to turn

30. lway-di/ gharb-khw ta / to the west

31. shml khw ta to the north

32. su-ail /janoob khw ta / to the south


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ASK AND GIVE PERSONAL INFORMATION

EXERCISE 7

You will now learn how to ask and answer a few simple questions. The first three questionsand answers are related to personal identification.

Listen carefully and then repeat twice.

stso noom h dai? What is your name?

De koom ai yst? Where are you from?

Tso wdh ka-ai? Are you married?

Hoo. Yes

u mshoomn lar-ay? How many children do you have?

yaw zoi . One son

stso de mamlakat de pai-takht noom hdai

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