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DOCTORAL TRAINING CENTRE

PHOTONIC SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

COURSESHANDBOOK

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On completion of the module students should:

Be able to explain basic principles of quantum mechanics;

Understand how wave phenomena of electrons can be predicted;

Understand the origin of band structure in solids;Appreciate how nanoscale engineering allows for wave based electronic devices

to be realised;

Prepare for design and research in solid state electronic/opto-electronic devices.

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Module 4G1 - Systems Biology

Leader: Dr G Vinnicombe

Timing: Lent Term

Prerequisites: None

Structure: 16 lectures (including 2 examples classes and 1 seminar

Assessment: Material / Format / Timing / MarksLecture Syllabus / Coursework 100 %

AIMS

The course covers topics in machine learning and Markov proceses with application

to examples from biology. No background in biology is assumed.

The aims of this modules are to:

Illustrate the approaches which are taken to decipher the genetic information

encoded in genomes

Demonstrate how evolutionary origin can be inferred from genome analysis

Consider the advantages and limitations of the use of aray technology to study gene

expression

Illustrate how mathematical approaches can be used to study regulatory networks

At the end of the course students will:

Have developed an understanding of methodologies currently used for genome

sequence analysis

Understand the application of array techologies to study differential gene expression

Appreciate how regulatory networks can be analysed mathematically

Further details and online resources

TOPICS

Introduction to genomics (2L, Dr G. Micklem)

Concepts of genes and genomes

Organisation of genetic material in cells

Gene Expression Analysis (4L,Dr N. Barbosa-Morais- Course material for DrBarbosa)

Introduction to microarray technology

Exploratory analysis and pre-processing of microarray data

Experimental design

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Finding candidate genes for differential expression

Downstream analysis of gene expression data

Systems biology: The regulation of gene expression (4L, Dr J. Goncalves andDr I. Lestas)

Deterministic modelling. Notes for this part

Notes for this part. Examples paper Regulatory networks will be described

dynamically using sensitivity analyses and estimates for random fluctuations.

Processes studied include gene expression, anabolic reactions and replications

Genome annotation, evolution and analysis (4L, Dr. P. Lio)

Identification of interesting features in a genome sequence

Models of genome evolution

Introduction of algorithms for genome analysis and phylogenetic inference

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Module Name: Advanced Photonic Devices

Module Acronym: APD

Module Manager: Dr David R. Selviah

Course Summary:

To provide an indepth understanding of the design, operation and performance of advancedphotonic devices including light emitting diodes, LEDs, a range of semiconductor lasers,

photodetectors, liquid crystal devices, photovoltaic solar cells for a variety of applications

including

optical communications.

Learning Outcomes:At the end of the course, students should be able to:

To understand fundamental physical principles of light generation, detection

and modulation and to use this to understand the operation and evolution of

advanced phototonic devices.

To develop design skills including defining a problem and identifying the

constraints, understanding user needs and cost drivers, understanding how

creativity can be used to establish innovative solutions and designs for

components to fulfil new needs ensuring that the device performance meets

the required specifications.

To understand the characteristics of particular device materials and device

fabricatin and to appreciate recent new developments

To understand the applications in which the advanced photonic devices are

used, including fibre optic communications and solar energy generation.

Course Content:Photonic materials and properties

Glass; Crystals; Rare Earthdoping; Semiconductors; Bulk; Multiple Quantum Wells, MQW;

Quantum dots; Liquid Crystal

Photon absorption; Spontaneous emission; Stimulated emission; Nonradiative decay;Birefringence; Energy bands; Temperature Dependence; Density of states; Fermi level;

QuasiFermi levels; Direct and Indirect Bandgaps

States in the gap; impurities and defects; Carrier recombination; NonRadiative

recombination; Radiative recombination; Radiative efficiencies; Lifetimes; Electrooptic

refractive index modulation: CIE, Plasma effect, QCSE; Nonlinearities

LEDs, lasers, amplifiers and optical filters

Gratings; Fabrication techniques (Fibre and Semiconductors); Photonic Band gap

structures

The rate equation model; spectral linewidth; LEDs; Amplifiers;

Lasers; Fabry Perot cavity; Ring cavity; Laser Noise, Laser examples: VCSEL, DFB, DBR

(including SG, SSG and DSDBR), External; Laser direct modulation;

Semiconductor laser fabrication (Waveguide, vertical cavity)

Photodetectors

PIN photodiode; Solar Cells; Photomultipliers; Fabrication Techniques (Mesa,

capacitance, waveguide or vertical structure)

Liquid Crystal Photonic Devices

Assessment:A 2.5 hour unseen written examination is held under UCL MSc examination regulations at UCL.

Tutorials/Workshops:An afternoon tutorial is held on the Friday afternoon of the week following the module

delivery or as specified by the timetable.

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Module Name: UltraFast Laser and non linear optics

Module Acronym: UFLNOModule Manager: Dr Angus BainCourse Summary:

Introduce the theory and operation of short pulse lasers and their implication in non-linear optics phenomenons

Learning Outcomes:TBCCourse Content:TBC

Assessment:A 2.5 hour unseen written examination is held under UCL MSc examination regulations at UCL.

Tutorials/Workshops:

TBC

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Module 4B18-Advanced electronic devicesLeader: Professor M J Kelly (mjk1@eng)

Timing: ent Term

Prerequisites: unknown

Structure: 17 lectures

Assessment: Material / Format / Timing / Marksecture Syllabus / Written exam (1.5 hours) / Start of Easter Term / 100 %

AIMS

1. Introduce the ideas behind modern electronic devices as used in computing and communications

(including microwave and radar applications)2. Describe the relevant technologies for device fabrication3. Describe the operation and limitations for the various devices4. Introduce systems considerations leading to choice of devices5. Describe some current ideas and research

LECTURE SYLLABUS

1. Introduction and Background Materials2. Homojunctions and Heterojunctions3. Key Fabrication Technologies4. Physics of Heterojunctions5. High-Field, High-Frequency Transport

6. The Deep Submicron Silicon Transistor and Circuits7. Modern Field Effect Transistors

(i) Deep Submicron Silicon FETs and GaAs MESFETs8. Modern Field Effect Transistors

(ii) Heterojunction Field Effect Transistors9. Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors10.Microwave Sources

(i) Gunn diodes and IMPATT Diodes11.Microwave Sources

(ii) Tunnel diodes and tunnel transistor circuits12.Microwave Detectors

(i) Schottky and Planar-doped-barrier diodes

13.Microwave Detectors (ii) Tunnel detector diodes and others

14. Optoelectronic Device Analogues15. Choice of Device against requirement16. Current New Device Ideas17. The Future

OBJECTIVES

Students should have a sound appreciation of the principles, fabrication, performance and applications of a

number of modern electronic devices.

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Module Name: Photonic SubSystems

Module Acronym: PSS

Module Manager: Dr Cyril RenaudCourse Summary:

The course covers the principles of Photonic subsystems including:External optical modulators, optical amplifiers both semiconductor and fibre, Photonics Control

loops and frequency

synthesis, Photonic Transmitters and Receivers including circuitry, noise considerations, Clock

recovery and Automatic Gain

Control. It will also consider emerging topics such as Coherent systems and Subsystem integration

as well as using guest

lecture slots to cover state of the art research topics.

Learning Outcomes:Through the understanding of key concepts and operator of Photonic subsystems the

student will be able

to acquire the necessary skills to build and design complex photonic system. They will also

learn what would

be the future development of the field being given on overview of some of the most recent

progresses.

Course ContentModulators,

EAM, AOM MZM

Amplifiers

... SOA, EDFA, MOPA

Photonics Control loops and frequency synthesis OIL, OPLL, OIPLL, Comb

generation

Photonics Transmitters

Laser Drive Circuits, Forward error correction ,Laser driver examples,

multiplexer/Demultiplexer

examples

Photonics Receivers

Receivers circuit ,Noise, Clock recovery, Automatic Gain Control

Coherent Systems

Master oscillator, Heterodyne/Homodyne, Coherent optical receiver

Subsystem integration (DS & CR) (1.5 H each)

Optical interconnect and hybrid integration, monolithic semiconductor integration

(evanescent

coupling, QWI, IIIV on silicon substrate)

Guest Lectures

Current UCL research example on Photonics subsystems (2 seminars)

Assessment:A two and half hour unseen written examination will be held under UCL MSc examination

regulations at

UCL

Tutorials/Workshops:Three hour tutorial

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Module Name: Broadband Technologies and Components

Module Acronym: BTC

Module Manager: Dr John Mitchell

Module Type: Introductory

Course Summary:This module introduces the technologies involved in the design and construction of transport

networks (wireless, copper and optical) and the applications areas in which they are used. It

covers the physical fundamentals of the generation, guided transmission, amplification and

reception of light, the design consideration and techniques used in radio networks, the

principles of digital transmission and the role of optics and wireless in both access and core

networks.


Describe the operation of optical components such as lasers, receivers, optical amplifiers

wavelength filters etc.

Describe the elements required for the construction of optical, wireless and copper linksin technical terms.

Perform basic system design calculations for both optical (in terms of power and/or

dispersion budget) and wireless systems (power budget) as well as consider to a first

approximation the impact of noise.

Appreciate the role of optical and wireless links in the construction of communications

networks.

Course ContentPrinciples of Digital Transmission

Optical Fibre Principles

Principles of Photon Generation and Reception

Optical Amplification and Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Design of Optical Links

Optical Networking

Radio Propagation

Radio System concepts

Microwave Transmission systems

Assessment:A 2 and half hour unseen written examination will be held under UCL MSc examination

regulations at UCL.

Tutorials/Workshops:

A two hour tutorial will be held in the weeks following the course.

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Module 4B14-Solar Electronic Power:Generation and Distribution

Leader: (@eng)

Timing: Michaelmas Term

Prerequisites: 3B3 and 3B6 useful

Structure: 12 lectures + examples class + experimental design exercise

Assessment: Material / Format / Timing / Marksecture Syllabus / Written exam (1.5 hours) / Start of Easter Term / 75 %xperimental work and design exercise / coursework / End of Michaelmas / 25 %

AIMS

The aim of the module is to introduce solar electronic power for terrestrial use within a total system context.There are two distinct parts to the module. The first covers the main solar cell types suitable for terrestrialpower generation and the underlying physical mechanisms utilised in photovoltaic solar energy conversion. Thesecond examines the connection of solar cells to the power system.

LECTURE SYLLABUS (Professor G.A.J. Amaratunga, and Professor W.I. Milne)

Lecture 1 - The role of solar energy in terrestrial power generation and the photovoltaic effect

Lectures 2,3 - Underlying physical principles of p-n junction solar cells

Lecture 4 - Semiconductor materials for solar cells

Lecture 5 - Solar power design study and cell demonstration

Lecture 6 - Equivalent circuit representation, efficiency calculation

Lecture 7 - Design of solar cells to maximise efficiency

Lectures 8,9 - Interfacing of solar cells to the mains electricity supply

Lecture 10 - Policy issues related to use of solar energy and current status

Lectures 11,12 - Seminars given by guest speakers from industry and a policy body.

COURSEWORK

Experimental work measuring two types of solar cells, crystalline Si and low-cost amorphous Si, and designexercise for application in a typical domestic consumer environment.

OBJECTIVES

On completion of the module, students should:

Understand clearly the physical operating principles of solid state photovoltaic solar cells.

Be aware of the main engineering aspects of maximising energy conversion efficiency from solarcells.

Know how connection of solar cells into power modules is achieved.

Understand how solar cells are connected to the grid electricity supply using power electronic systems.

Be up to date on the latest technical developments leading to enhanced photovoltaic energyconversion.

Appreciate the interaction of environmental, social, economic and political factors which are rapidlychanging to promote the use of photovoltaic power generation.

Be aware of the benefits of using solar power generation for substantial economic development across

THe planet

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Module 4B11-Photonic SystemsLeader: Dr. T D Wilkinson


Prerequisites: 3B6 useful but not essential

Structure: 16 lectures


AIMSThe aim of this module is to examine the advance of optical techniques into electronic systems for computationand communications. Two dimensional and three dimensional transmission, storage and processing ofinformation using free space optics are discussed. Applications such as computer generated holography, opticalcorrelation and optical switching are highlighted through the use of liquid crystal technology.

LECTURE SYLLABUSFourier Holograms and Correlation (6L, Dr T.D. Wilkinson)

Fourier Transforms and Holography introduction and motivation;

Fourier transforms: theoretical and with lenses: resolution of optical systems;

Correlation and convolution of 2-dimensional signal patterns;

Dynamic and fixed phase holograms.Electro-Optic Systems (6L, Dr T.D. Wilkinson)

Free space optical components; wave plates and Jones matrices

Spatial light modulation and optical systems;

Shadow routing crossbars and the perfect shuttle interconnect; Holographic crossbars;

Wavelength filters and routing systems

Smart pixels and optical processing;

The BPOMF and 1/f JTC correlators.Optical Waveguide Technology (4L Dr P. Hands)

What is an optical waveguide - a simple definition

Simple raytracing of waveguides

Maxwell and the wave equations - a 'light' introduction

Single mode and multimode structures

Slab and fibre waveguides

Key operational parameters for selected applications

Principle technologies in use today - glass, e/o crystals, polymers and photonic crystalsDemonstrations in the lectures will include:

1. 2D Fourier transform and diffraction patterns2. Computer generated hologram for optical fan-out.3. Optical beam steering with dynamic holograms on SLMs.

OBJECTIVESOn completion of the module students should:

Appreciate the derivation and application of diffraction and Fourier optics;

Be able to apply Fourier techniques to simple optical spatial patterns;

Understand the principles of optical correlation and holography;

Be able to explain the principles and construction of spatial light modulators (SLMs);

Appreciate the application of SLMs to parallel processing and the functionality of smart pixel devices;

To understand the operating principles and theory of optical waveguides

Explain what an optical mode is

Describe the applications and desired parameters of waveguides

Describe the basic technologies available in optical waveguides

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Module 4B6-Solid State Devices andChemical/Biological Sensors

Leader: Dr. D. P. Chu (dpc31@eng)

Timing: ent Term

Prerequisites: 3B5 and 3B6 useful

Structure: 14 lectures (including examples classes)


4B6 Lecture Notes

AIMS

The aim of this module is to introduce the student to the theory, and design of MOS Field-Effect Transistors(MOSFETs), based on both single crystal and thin-film materials. This will be followed by applicationexamples, including chemical/biological sensors in sensor technologies,ferroelectric and magnetic randomaccess memories (FRAM and MRAM) in non-volatile memory technologies, and active matrix liquid crystaldisplays and micromechanical displays in display technologies. Emphasis will be placed on both device physicsand application technology..LECTURE SYLLABUS

MOS Devices Introduction (4L)Properties of MOS Capacitors, Capacitance - voltage characteristics; MOSFET structures andoperation.

MOS Devices & Thin Film Transistors (6L)Short channel and hot electron effects; Applications and future trends in miniaturising single crystaldevices; Amorphous and polycrystalline silicon and other thin-film transistors. Organic thin-filmtransistors, Ion-sensitive thin, film trasistors and biosensors.

Non-Volatile Memory Devices and Displays (5L)Ferroelectrics and ferroelectric random access memories; Giant magneto-resistance (GMR) andmagnetic random access memories. Directly driven liquid crystal displays; Active matrix liquid crystaldisplays and projectors; Micromechanical projectors; Other types of displays and emergingtechnologies.

OBJECTIVESOn completion of the module the student should:

Understand MOSFET theory and standard approximations;

Be able to correlate material properties and conduction mechanisms with the MOSFET electricalcharacteristics, for single crystal, amorphous and polycrystalline devices;

Understand the basic properties of ferroelectrics and its application for memory devices.

Understand the concept of giant magneto-resistance and its applications including non-volatilememory devices

Understand the operation of liquid crystal displays;

Understand the construction and operation of micromechanical displays, and other emerging displaytechnologies.

References

Lecture Notes.

S M Sze;" Physics of Semiconductor", John Wiley,1981, Chapters 7 and 8.But note that there is rathernore than covered in the lectures.

J Singh : Semiconductor Devices", John Wiley 2001

Article "Thin -Film Transistors", by P Migliorato, in Encylopedia of Physical Science andTechnology, (Excluding the mathematical derivations), distributed at the lectures.

J F Scott: "Ferroelectric Memories", Springer, 2000.

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Module 4G2-BiosensorsLeader: Dr A Seshia (Engineering) and Prof E A H Hall (Chemical Engineering and

Biotechnology)

Timing: ent Term

Prerequisites: None

Structure: ectures + coursework

Assessment: Material / Format / Timing / MarksCoursework / Two coursework assignments / The first assignment is laboratory based withreports due mid-term and the second assignment will involve team-based design projectsassessed by group presentation and reports due end of term / 50% per assignment

AIMS

This course covers the principles, technologies, methods and applications of biosensors and bioinstrumentation.The objective of this course is to link engineering principles to understanding of biosystems in sensors andbioelectronics. It will provide the student with detail of methods and procedures used in the design, fabricationand application of biosensors and bioelectronic devices. The fundamentals of measurement science are appliedto optical, electrochemical, mass, and pressure signal transduction. Upon successful completion of this course,students are expected to be able to explain biosensing and transducing techniques, design and constructbiosensors instrumentation.Further details and online resourcesLECTURE SYLLABUSIntroduction

Overview of Biosensors

Fundamental elements of biosensor devices

Engineering sensor proteins

Electrochemical Biosensors Electrochemical principles

Amperometric biosensors and charge transfer pathways in enzymes

Glucose biosensors

Engineering electrochemical biosensorsOptical Biosensors

Optics for biosensors

Attenuated total reflection systemsMass and Acoustic Biosensors

Saubrey formulation

Acoustic sensor formats

Quartz crystal microblalance

Lab-on-chip technologies Microfluidic interfaces for biosensors

DNA and protein microarrays

Microfabricated PCR technologyDiagnostics for the real world

Communication and tracking in health monitoring

Detection in resource limited settingsCOURSEWORKThe coursework will be assessed on two marked assignments. The first assignment will involve a laboratorysession illustrating the functional demonstration of glucose sensor technology. This assignment will be markedon individual reports handed in during week 5 of term. The second assignment will involve a team-baseddesign exercise. This design exercise will involve teams of 4-6 students engaged in designing a real-worldbiosensor. Design projects will be discussed during week 2 of term and team assignments completed in week 3.

The design assignment will be marked on a team presentation in week 7 with written reports due in week 8.OBJECTIVES

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Module 4F12-Computer Vision andRobotics

Leader: Professor R Cipolla (cipolla@eng)


Prerequisites: None

Structure: 16 lectures (including 3 examples classes)


AIMSThe module aims to introduce the principles, models and applications of computer vision. The course will cover

image structure, projection, stereo vision, and the interpretation of visual motion. It will be illustrated with casestudies of industrial (robotic) applications of computer vision, including visual navigation for autonomousrobots, robot hand-eye coordination and novel man-machine interfaces.LECTURE SYLLABUS

Introduction (1L)Computer vision: what is it, why study it and how ? The eye and the camera, vision as an informationprocessing task. A geometrical framework for vision. 3D interpretation of 2D images. Applications.

Image structure (2L)Image intensities and structure: edges and corners. Edge detection, the aperture problem. Cornerdetection. Contour extraction using B-spline snakes. Case study: tracking edges and corners for robothand-eye coordination and man-machine interfaces.

Projection (4L)

Orthographic projection. Pin-hole camera model. Planar perspective projection. Vanishing points andlines. Projection matrix, homogeneous coordinates. Camera calibration, recovery of world position.Weak perspective, the affine camera. Projective invariants. Case study: 3D models from uncalibratedimages using PhotoBuilder.

Stereo vision (2L)Epipolar geometry and the essential matrix. Recovery of depth. Uncalibrated cameras and thefundamental matrix. The correspondence problem. Affine stereo. Case study: 3D stereograms.

Object detection and tracking (4L, Prof A. Blake and Prof R. Cipolla)Basic target tracking; Kalman filter; application to B-spline snake. Active appearance models.Chamfer matching, template trees. Case study: intelligent automotive vision system.

Example classes (3L, Prof R. Cipolla)Discussion of examples papers and past examination papers.

OBJECTIVES

On completion of the module, students should: Be able to design feature detectors to detect, localise and track image features;

Know how to model perspective image formation and calibrate single and multiple camera systems;

Be able to recover 3D position and shape information from arbitrary viewpoints;

Appreciate the problems in finding corresponding features in different viewpoints;

Analyse visual motion to recover scene structure and viewer motion, and understand how thisinformation can be used for navigation;

Understand how simple object recognition systems can be designed so that they are independent oflighting and camera viewpoint;

Appreciate the industrial potential of computer vision but understand the limitations of currentmethods.

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Module 4F2-Robust and NonlinearSystems and Control

Leader: Dr JM Goncalves

Timing: ent Term

Prerequisites: 3F1 and 3F2 assumed

Structure: 14 lectures + 2 examples classes

Assessment: Material / Format / Timing / Marksecture Syllabus / Written exam (1.5 hours) / Start of Easter Term / 100%

AIMS

The aims of this module are to introduce fundamental concepts from nonlinear dynamic systems and tointroduce techniques for the analysis and control of nonlinear and multivariable systems.

LECTURE SYLLABUS

PART 1:MULTIVARIABLE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS (7L + 1 example class, Dr G. Vinnicombe)

Performance measures for multi-input/multi-output systems.

Stabilization: stability conditions, all stabilizing controllers, small gain theorem.

Models for uncertain systems.

Robust stability and performance. Loop shaping design. Design of multivariable systems.

PART 2: NONLINEAR SYSTEMS (7L + 1 example class, Prof J.M.Maciejowski)

Dynamical systems:

Differential equations and trajectories.

Equilibria, limit cycles, chaos and other phenomena.

Examples from biology and mechanics.

State space stability analysis:

The theorems of Lyapunov, LaSalle invariance principle.

Stability of nonlinear circuits and neural networks.

Stability of predictive control.

State-space tools for robustness analysis.

Input/output stability analysis:

Describing functions

Small gain theorems, circle and Popov criteria, passivity.

OBJECTIVES

On completion of the module, students should:

Be able to apply standard analysis and design tools to multivariable and nonlinear feedback systems.Appreciate the diversity of phenomena in nonlinear systems.

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Module 4F6-Signal Detection andEstimation

Leader: Professor W J Fitzgerald (wjf@eng)


Prerequisites: 3F1 and 3F3 assumed; 4F7 useful



AIMSThe availability of modern digital hardware now allows for many statistical techniques to be implemented,some in real-time, and applied to data and signal processing applications. The aim of this module is to build on

module I7 and to introduce some statistical modelling to data and signals analysis. These techniques will beapplied to both the detection of signals and the estimation of parameters of models that can account for theobserved data.LECTURE SYLLABUSSignal detection

Hypothesis testing.

Likelihood ratios.

Probability of detection and false alarms.

Receiver operator characteristics.

The matched filter.Bayes theorem and maximum a-posteriori methods

Introduction of prior knowledge.

Derivation of Bayes theorem. Joint and Marginal estimators.

Effects of different priors.

Model selection using evidence and other methods.

Parameter estimation.

Kalman Filters and tracking.Maximum entropy

How to assign probabilities.

Maximum entropy and Fisher Information.

Spectral estimation.

Image recovery and Inverse problems.Non-linear methods

Examples of non-linear systems.

Linear in the Parameters models.

Volterra expansion and NARMAX models.Lectures will be supported by interactive computer demonstrations using MATLAB.OBJECTIVESOn completion of the module students should:

Have a good understanding of detection and estimation theory and practice;

Appreciate the shortcomings of some of the various approximations used in the subject;

Be able to apply the methods described to a host of various problems;

Be able to run and understand software implementations of the methods.

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Module 4F7-Digital Filters andSpectrum Estimation

Leader: Dr S.S. Singh (sss40@eng)


Prerequisites: 3F1 and 3F3 assumed



AIMSThis module continues the study of digital signal processing (DSP) systems, continuing from the basics studied

in 3F1/3F3. The first aim of the course is to introduce the fundamental concepts and methods of adaptivefiltering, i.e. filters which attempt to adapt their parameters automatically on-line to the data at hand - goodexamples of this are echo cancellation in telephony or background noise cancellation for aircraft pilots. Modernfiltering theory will be introduced for state-space models (i.e. the Kalman filter) and for Hidden MarkovModels. This part of the course is an extension of the basic filter design material combined with the optimalfiltering material from 3F3. In the second part of the course optimal spectrum estimation is studied. The aimsare to develop the basic techniques for estimating the power spectrum of a random signal, i.e. what is theaverage frequency content of a signal, based just on a set of measured signal values. The course introduces bothnon-parametric (Fourier transform-based) and parametric model-based methods for this.LECTURE SYLLABUS

Adaptive Filters (8L, Dr S.S. Singh)

Optimal linear Filter: Wiener Filter

LMS Algorithm and its variants

Adaptive Filtering without Reference Signal

RLS Algorithm

State-space models and the Kalman filter

Hidden Markov Models

ApplicationsSpectral estimation (8L, Dr S.S. Singh)

Non-Parametric Methods: Data Windows; Frequency resolution; Correlogram; Periodogram; Bartlett;Blackman-Tukey; Welch methods

Parametric Methods; Autogressive Moving Average (ARMA) models; Sinusoidal Models; Yule-Walker Equations; Least Squares; Maximum Likelihood;

Lectures will be supported by interactive computer demonstrations using MATLAB.OBJECTIVES

On completion of the module students should: Understand the theory and objectives of optimal (Wiener) filtering in an adaptive setting

Be able to recognise and describe the classes of problem where adaptive filtering might be applied;

Be able to describe the implementation of the LMS and RLS adaptation algorithms, and understandthe their convergence properties. Understand the basic principles of Kalman filtering and filtering forHidden Markov Models;

Understand the principles of spectrum estimation, windowing, resolution;

Understand and be able to apply non-parametric spectral analysis methods;

Be able to specify data requirements in order to achieve specified spectral analysis criteria;

Be able to formulate signal processing tasks in a model-based framework, and to estimate the modelparameters

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Module 4F8-Image Processing and ImageCoding

Leader: Dr J Lasenby (jl@eng)


Prerequisites: 3F1, 3F3 assumed; 4F7 useful



AIMSSophisticated processing of images by digital hardware is now fairly common, and ranges from special effects

in video games to satellite image enhancement. Three of the main application areas are video data compression,image enhancement, and scene understanding. This module introduces the key tools for performing these tasks,and shows how these tools can be applied. The module will be split into two courses of 8 lectures each: ImageProcessing, and Image Coding. Lectures are supported by computer demonstrations. There will be oneexamples sheet for each of the two 8-lecture sections.LECTURE SYLLABUS

Image processing (8L, Dr J Lasenby)This course covers the following topics, relevant to most aspects of image processing:

1. Two-dimensional linear system theory, as applied to discretely sampled systems:

The continuous 2D Fourier transform and its properties

Digitisation, sampling, aliasing and quantisation

The discrete 2D Fourier transform (DFT)

2.2D Digital Filters and Filter Design

Zero phase filters

Ideal 2D filters: rectangular and bandpass

Filter design: the window method3. Image Deconvolution

Deconvolution of noiseless images -- the inverse filter

The Wiener filter (conventional and Bayesian derivations)

Maximum Entropy deconvolution4. Image Enhancement

Contrast enhancement

Histogram equalisation

Median filteringImage coding (8L, Dr N.G. Kingsbury)

This course concentrates on video data compression techniques, and covers the following topics:1. Characteristics of the human visual system which are important for data compression, such as spatial

and temporal frequency sensitivities and distortion masking phenomena.2. Block transforms (including the discrete cosine transform) and overlapped transforms, to provide good

energy compaction of typical images.3. Optimal quantisation techniques for coding the transform coefficients to provide maximum data

compression.OBJECTIVESOn completion of the module, students should:

Understand the main elements of 2-dimensional linear system theory;

Be able to design linear spatial filters for a variety of applications (smoothing etc);

Understand techniques for the restoration and enhancement of degraded images;

Be familiar with the main characteristics of the human visual system with particular reference tosubjective criteria for image data compression;

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Understand techniques for image coding using transform methods including the Discrete CosineTransform (as used in the JPEG coding standard) and overlapped transforms;

Understand methods for coding transform coefficients to provide maximum data compression.

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Module Name: Optical Transmission Network

Module Acronym: OTN

Module Manager: Prof Polina Bayvel

Course Lecturers:Prof Polina Bayvel, Dr Seb Savory, Dr Phil Watts, Prof TakisHadjifotiou. Guest lecturers: Dr Yannis Benlachtar Principles of OFDMDr SteveDesbruslais Submarine System Design

1.1.1SummaryThis module provides the student with an advanced understanding of the physical layer of optical

transmission

systems and networks from shorthaul (access) to longhaul (core and submarine) system

applications. It

includes indepth understanding of optical transmission system design, optical amplifiers and

amplified

systems and the operation of wavelength division multiplexed systems. Both linear and nonlinear

sources oftransmission impairments are analysed. The choice of modulation formats, fibre dispersion and

electronic

processing techniques are discussed with the aim of maximising the spectral efficiency, channel

capacity and

operating system margins.

1.1.2 Learning OutcomesAt the end of the course, students should be able to:

Understand the principles of optically amplified optical transmission systems, power levels, noise

accumulation and the tradeoff between optical signal to noise ratio and fibre nonlinearity Carry

out power budget calculations for an optically amplified links

Understand signal transmission impairments: fibre dispersion, PMD, fibre nonlinearityCarry out calculations quantifying the effects of dispersion and nonlinearity on an optical link

Understand the concept of spectral efficiency; appreciate the difference between baud rate and

bit rate and describe different modulation formats that can be used

Understand and apply the principles of electronic processing (transmitter and receiver based)

and the basics of coherent detection

Describe & analyse a variety of optical network architectures: access vs core, static vs dynamic

Understand the optical components used for signal routing in wavelength routed networks

Describe current research in optical communications and explain expected future trends in

optical communications

1.1.3 SyllabusSingle mode optical fibre propagationHere the physical properties that effect the propagation of optical signals are explained and

the techniques for modelling these are described.

Attenuation

Dispersion

Polarisation mode dispersion

Nonlinear effects

Nonlinear Schroedinger Equation

Optically amplified systems and compensation

Optically amplified systems for long distance transmission and the techniques used to

compensate for the fibre transmission impairments are described.

Noise accumulationDispersion compensation

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DCF

Dispersion maps

Electronic dispersion compensation

Advanced Modulation Formats

Spectral efficiency

IMDD and Phase Shift Keyed (PSK) formatsOFDM

Coherent systems

Dual polarization QPSK

Digital coherent transceivers

Digital Signal Processing

Wavelength division multiplexing

The principle of WDM for increasing the system capacity, the properties components required and

the additional propagation impairments that occur are described.

AWG based Wavelength MUX/DEMUX

EDFA: gain bandwidth and gain flattening

Interchannel nonlinear propagation impairments: FWM, XPMOptical Networks

Here examples of typical optical networks and their particular characteristics are described.

Why route in the optical domain?

Wavelength Routed Optical Networks

Dynamic Optical Networks (packet switching, optical burst switching, load balancing)

Reading ListThe following are books that you may find useful for this section of the course.

Core and metro networks, Alexander Stavdas, Wiley Series in Communications, Networking and

Distributes Systems, 2010 covers both systems and networks

Fiberoptic Communication Systems,Govind P Agrawal, WileyInterscience; 3rd edition, 2002

Optical Fiber Telecommunications V B, Fifth Edition: Systems and Networks (Optics andPhotonics), I

Kaminow, T Li and A E Willner, Academic Press; 5th edition, 2008

Multiwavelength Optical Networks, T E Stern, G Ellinas and K Bala, Cambridge Univ Press 2009

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Module Name: Nanotechnology and HealthcareModule Acronym: NTH

Module Manager: Dr Mick FlannaganCourse Summary:

This course covers the application of nanotechnology to both devices andinstrumentation for the doctorpatient interface, the pharmaceutical industry, the

medical research laboratory and, in its more advanced techniques, to the hospital

environment. The course includes descriptions and discussions of the underpinning

techniques, the present state of the art, the future potential, the business context and

the regulatory constraints.

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Module Name: RF Circuits SubSystems & Devices

Module Acronym: RFCD

Module Manager: Dr Edward Romans

Course Summary:

To give students an understanding of RF devices, circuits and system architectures, includingRF

device construction and their properties.


Understand the basic science and physical mechanisms underlying the operation of

semiconductor RF devices;

Understand the design, fabrication, packaging, operation and characteristics of a wide

range of two and three terminal RF devices;

Compare and contrast established and emerging rf device technologies for different

applications, including understanding economic and manufacturing constraints.

Analyse device performance and understand figuresof merit, limitations, design criteria

and implications for circuits;

Understand the design of RF circuits, key applications and integration technology;

Understand the tools and analysis techniques used for RF circuit design and

optimisation.

Course Content:Review of carrier dynamics: effective mass, scattering, mobility; drift and diffusion

currents; negative differential resistance.

Twoterminal devices (Schottky and tunnel barriers, detector and mixer diodes,

varactors, PIN switches, transferred electron devices and avalanche sources).

Radio frequency CMOS technology. Comparison with other semiconductor technologies.

Threeterminal devices (bipolar devices including SiGe and IIIV HBTs, GaAs MESFETs,

IIIV HEMTs, and SiGe heterostructure MOSFETs).Microwave transmission line theory and scattering parameters.

RF circuit design techniques in MIC and MMIC form.

Amplifier gain, noise and stability analysis using scattering parameters.

Applications: RF transmitters and receivers, amplifier linearisation, mixers, modulators.

Integration technology and the design of monolithic RF circuits. Critical comparison of

different rf technologies and manufacturing processes.

Assessment:A 2.5 hour unseen written examination will be held under UCL MSc examination regulations at

UCL.

Tutorials/Workshops:An afternoon tutorial is offered on the Friday afternoon of the week following the moduledelivery.

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Module Name: Software for Network Services and Design

Module Acronym: SNS

Module Manager: Dr Miguel Rio

Course Summary:

This course will provide an introduction to Object Oriented Programming and the Javaprogramming language. It will have a big emphasis on Network programming using the socket

paradigm. Finally there will be an introduction to Software Engineering techniques and to UML


Code simple programs in Java

Build a client/server applications using TCP sockets

Build UDP based socket programs

Know the basic Software Engineering methods

Know how to specify a distributed application in UML

Know how to build an application for the Android platform

Course ContentIntroduction to JavaIntroduction to the Java Class Library

Socket Network Programming

Advanced Network Programming

Software Engineering Techniques

UML Unified Modelling Language

Assessment:Examination will by assignmentTutorials/Workshops:

About half of the course will take place in the Laboratory doing practical exercisesTutorial will consist of a two hour session

Guest Speakers:Dr Andrea Savigni, an IT consultant in the area of Software Engineering will deliver the last day of

Lectures.

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Module Name: Physics and optics of Nanostructures

Module Acronym: PON

Module Manager: Dr Oleg Mitrofanov

Course Summary:

Research on nanostructures has revolutionized the field of optics and optical devices.This course will focus on unique optical properties of structures with dimensions

smaller than the optical wavelength. From the fundamental principles to the latest

advances in research, the course will explore lightmatter interactions on the

nanometer scale, size effects in small objects and the use of nanostructures in modern

optical devices. The aim of the course is to provide an introduction the diverse field of

nanooptics.

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Module 4E4-Management of TechnologyLeader: Dr T H W Minshall (thwm100@eng)


Prerequisites: None

Structure: ight 2-hour sessions incorporating industry speakers.

Assessment: Material / Format / Timing / MarksCoursework / Report / Start of Lent Term / 100 %

AIMSThe aim of this course is to provide students with an understanding of the ways in which technology is broughtto market. It does this by focusing on key technology management topics from the standpoint of an establishedbusiness as well as new entrepreneurial ventures. Strong emphasis is placed on frameworks and methods that

are both theoretically sound and practically useful. It will provide students with both an understanding of theissues and the practical means of dealing with them in an engineering context.LECTURE SYLLABUS

1. Introduction: Technology in the business context

Technology origins and evolution.

How technology generates value.

What are technology management processes and how are they used?2. Developing new technologies: Managing research and development (R&D) and intellectual

property rights (IPR)

How do you manage a portfolio of R&D projects?

What are the key aspects of IPR, and how are they managed?

How do you put a value on R&D projects and IPR?3. Making money from new technologies: How to choose the right business model

What are the different ways in which an idea can be brought to market?

Why do most innovations reach the market through new firms rather than established firms?

How do new and established firms work together?4. Resources to bring ideas to market: 'Make versus Buy' (MvB) and strategic alliances

Strategic context for MvB and partnering decisions.

Tools and techniques to support MvB decisions.

Working in partnership with other organisations.5. New product introduction (NPI) 1: Why is it so hard?

Challenges in NPI.

Balancing technology and market issues.

People issues.6. New product introduction (NPI) 2: How to manage the process

Structuring the NPI process New product life cycles, time-to-market and metrics

Completing an NPI project on time and within budget7. Planning for the future: Technology strategy and planning

Strategic technology management.

Planning for the future by linking technology, product and market considerations -Technology Roadmapping (TRM).

Scenario planning tools to help manage the uncertainties of the future.8. Technology management in application

Company case studies of technology management one start-up, one large corporation delivered by senior managers from the companies.

Review of module and guidelines for coursework.

OBJECTIVESOn completion of the course, students should:

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Have a thorough appreciation of how technology is brought to address market opportunities, and howtechnology management supports that process.

Be able to assess and utilise appropriate technology management methods in different contexts.

Understand the core issues of technology management and the practical means of dealing with them inan engineering context.

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Module 4E1 -Technological InnovationLeader: Dr THW Minshall (thwn100@eng)


Prerequisites: None

Structure: our 3.5-hour sessions (total 14 hours) + one 2-hour guide to coursework session

Assessment: Material / Format / Timing / MarksCoursework / Report / Start of Lent Term / 100 %

AIMSThis course addresses technological innovation and the ways industries emerge and change as they mature. Itexamines these issues from a research and an application standpoint. Key issues include the commercialisationof technical projects, the transfer of technologies from the lab to the market, the diffusion of innovation, the

management of technological innovation on an international scale.LECTURE SYLLABUSSession One: Emergence and evolution of new industries

Introduction to the module

Identification of typical changes as a new industry emerges and matures

Identification of the key drivers of these developments

Understanding the role of technology standards

Case study: the PC industrySession Two: Types of innovation

Types of innovation; product, process, business models, et al.

Technological combination and speciation

Examples of key process innovations

Case study: materials and process innovationsSession Three: Knowledge, investment and new industries

New firms versus incumbents

Alliances and partnerships

Technology transfer

Investment

Case study: BiotechnologySession Four: Evolving markets for innovation

Markets for innovations

Adoption of innovations by users/consumers

Consumer networks and tipping points

Investment and instability

Case study: The Internet

Session Five: Getting the most out of your coursework

Review of module

Options for coursework

Report structure

Sources of evidenceOBJECTIVES

Have an appreciation of how technologies create and are shaped by industries and markets.

Be able to select and apply the appropriate means to analyse industry trends and technologicaldevelopments

Understand several important emerging industries and the interaction of technological innovationswith their development.

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Module Name: Telecommunications Business Environment

Module Acronym: TBE

Module Manager: Prof Andy Valdar

Course Summary:

The objectives of the TBE module are for students to gain an appreciation of the externalenvironment within which a telecommunications business operates and how a company can

successfully conduct business in this environment. Two perspectives are therefore taken:

scene setting descriptions of the macroeconomic and regulatory environment of today

(focusing on the UK, but with a global view also); coupled with an introduction to the

management of a telecommunications business.

Learning Outcomes:At the end of the course, students should be able to understand:

Value Chain analysis, the detailed ICT Value Chain and the position of telecommunications

operators within it;

The Macroeconomic environment including regulation, global trends and changing

customer needs/expectations;

How to develop winning strategies in this environment

The Key elements of successful trading, including strategy development, customer

service, technology developments and exploitation and portfolio and product

development

The key elements of successful product and portfolio management and how to apply

them in a changing world

How to use systems and technological developments to meet customer needs and

improve customer service

Risk evaluation and mitigating strategies

Module Content1) Introduction to Telecommunications & ICT Business

Scene setting for todays business: covering the types of network operator and the range of

competitors. The concept of ICT is defined, together with the convergence issues. This set of

lectures will position the interaction of all the factors affecting an operator: macroeconomic,

the market place, government policy, regulation, competition, legacy aspects and technology

changes, customer expectation and globalisation. The dotcom bubble burst will be examined

for lessons for todays business environment.

2) Business Strategic Drivers.

The concept of strategy is introduced and applied to a network operator (fixed, mobile, voice &

data). The various strategy analysis tools (PEST, PUV, Porters 5 Forces, and SWOT) are

introduced and example strategies are discussed.

3) The Regulatory and Legal SceneThe UK, and European legal and regulatory framework is presented, showing the constraints

and opportunities offered to incumbent and other operators and service providers. Apart from

interconnect issues, the Telecommunications Strategic Review is described, as is the role of

OFCOM in regulating in a converged world.

4) Review of the Industry

This section presents a quantified view of the industry from a Worldwide perspective. The

major cost, revenue, demand, service and technology trends are analysed.

5) Infrastructure Economics

Description of the cost dynamics of a telecommunications infrastructure, covering access and

core fundamental to all networks (including railways, airlines, electricity supply, etc), fixed

and variable cost, effect of volume on unit cost, cost and revenue apportionment, and longrun

costs.6) Product Management & Marketing

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An overview of the principles of marketing and product management is presented, together

with recent practical examples. The scope includes: market segmentation, pricing, promotion,

sales strategies, customerrelationship management, billing issues and product/service

development. In particular, the product life cycle is used as a structure to consider all aspects

of product/service management. Although these principles are generic, the examples given will

relate specifically to the telecommunications industry.7) Business Cases

The key aspects of a business case are introduced, covering its role in corporate governance,

the essential content, the financial case and supporting evidence.

8) Financial Management

The role of financial management in any business is described, with detailed application to the

telecommunications network operators functions. Students will gain an understanding of

financial statements and how to read them, as well as the principles of amortisation and

depreciation, ebitda, profit, cash flow, cost of capital, share price dynamics and dividend policy.

Assessment:At the end of the module students will be set an examined assignment designed to assess their

understanding of the drivers and forces affecting a network operator and how it can

successfully compete in todays market place.

Tutorials/Workshops:Two hour tutorial to address the main learning points of the module and to prepare the

students for their assignment

Guest Speakers:Several guestspeakers will be invited to give the students the benefit of their experience on the

practical aspects of the telecommunications business.

CD t Courses 2011

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