CCUS CO2-EOR Storage and Net Carbon Negative Oil

7/26/2019 CCUS CO2-EOR Storage and Net Carbon Negative Oil

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Fundamentals of CO2-EnhancedOil Recovery

Vanessa Nuez-Lopez

Gulf Coast Carbon Center, Bureau of Economic Geology

Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin

Birmingham, AlabamaJune 15, 2016

Research Experience in Carbon Sequestration (RECS)


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Reservoir Development Stages

Source: Adapted from the Oil & Gas Journal, Apr. 23, 1990

Conventional

Recovery

EnhancedRecovery

Tertiary

Recovery

Other

Chemical

Solvent

Thermal

PressureMaintenance

Water - Gas Reinjection

SecondaryRecovery

Artificial LiftPump - Gas Lift - Etc.

Waterflood

Natural Flow

PrimaryRecovery

EOR using CO2


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Typical Production: Weyburn Unit (Midale Sand)


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CO2-EOR (The basics)

CO2-EOR is a technology that targets the residual oil in depleted oilreservoirs by the injection of carbon dioxide (CO2).

What is it?

How does it work?

CO2is a solvent: it mixes withthe oil

Where is it applied?

In depleted light-oil reservoirs that have gone throughprimary recovery (natural flow) and, in most cases,secondary recovery (mainly waterflooding).

Oil expands (swells)

Oil viscosity is reduced Interfacial tension (IT) disappears*


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What holds the fluids in a capillary?

air and water

air, water and oil

Different interfaces curvedifferently!

To move, have to overcomeinterfacial tension.

interface

molecules

nearinterface


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Some everyday effects of capillarity


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The process!

U.S Department of Energy - NETL

Recycling

Water Pump


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Surface Infrastructure

U.S Department of Energy - NETL

Production manifoldProduction well

Injection well

Separator


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CO2-EOR Case Studies


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Active World, U.S., and Permian Basin CO2EOR Projects


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U.S. CO2-EOR Operations, CO2Sources: 2014

Current CO2Infrastructure in the US is EORDominant


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Major US CO2pipelines

ARI 2012


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CO2Supply Shortage


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Recent Expansion of Natural CO2Supplies for EOR


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Denver Unit of the Wasson Field, West Texas

More than120 millionincremental

barrelsthrough2008


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Specific CO2Floods

Means San Andres Unit

20004000

60008000

1000012000140001600018000

1980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992

BOPD

Year

Began(Nov.

'83)

CO

2Injection

Continued Waterflood

18% HCPVCO

2Injection

37.2

38.7

3.2

11 (7)*

To Date

Ultimate

P+S EOR

Recovery, % OOIP

*Original EOR Estimate

Seminole San Andres Unit

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

BOPD

Year

Recovery, % OOIP

*Original EOR Estimate

45.2

47.2

6.7

17 (17)*

To Date

Ultimate

P+S EOR

Continued Waterflood

25% HCPVCO

2Injection

CO

2Injection

Bega

n(Mar.'83)

Ford Geraldine Unit

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992

BOPD

Year

Began(Feb.

'81)

CO

2In

jection

21.8

21.8

7

15 (8)*

To Date

Ultimate

P+S EOR

Recovery, % OOIP

*Original EOR Estimate 46% HCPVCO2Injection

20 MCF/D CO2Source Secured

End ofWater Injection Continued Waterflood

100

10,000

1,000

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

(From Folger and Guillot, 1996)

Actual Oil

ContinuedWaterflood

Barrels/Day

Year

Sundown Slaughter

Began(Jull.

92)

CO

2Injection


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feet F % md feet API cp %HCPV %OOIP MCF/STB MCF/STB -

field scale projects

Dollarhide TX Trip. Chert 7,800 120 17.0 9 48 40 0.4 30 14.0 2.4 1985

East Vacuum NM Oolitic dolomite 4,400 101 11.7 11 71 38 1.0 30 8.0 11.1 6.3 1985

Ford Geraldine TX Sandstone 2,680 83 23.0 64 23 40 1.4 30 17.0 9.0 5.0 1981

Means TX Dolomite 4,400 100 9.0 20 54 29 6.0 55 7.1 15.2 11.0 1983

North Cross TX Trip. Chert 5,400 106 22.0 5 60 44 0.4 40 22.0 18.0 7.8 1972

Northeast Purdy OK Sandstone 8,200 148 13.0 44 40 35 1.5 30 7.5 6.5 4.6 1982

Rangely CO Sandstone 6,500 160 15.0 5 to 50 110 32 1.6 30 7.5 9.2 5.0 1986

SACROC (17 pattern) TX Carbonate 6,400 130 9.4 3 139 41 0.4 30 7.5 9.7 6.5 1972

SACROC (14 pattern) TX Carbonate 6,400 130 9.4 3 139 41 0.4 30 9.8 9.5 3.2 1981

South Welch TX Dolomite 4,850 92 12.8 13.9 132 34 2.3 25 7.6

Twofreds TX Sandstone 4,820 104 20.3 33.4 18 36 1.4 40 15.6 15.6 8.0 1974

Wertz WY Sandstone 6,200 165 10.7 16 185 35 1.3 60 10.0 13.0 10.0 1986

producing pilots

Garber OK Sandstone 1,950 95 17.0 57 21 47 2.1 35 14.0 6.0 1981

Little Creek MS Sandstone 10,400 248 23.4 75 30 39 0.4 160 21.0 27.0 12.6 1975

Majamar NM Anhydritic dolomite 4,050 90 10.0 11.2 49 36 0.8 30 8.2 11.6 10.7 1983

Majamar NM Dolomitic sandstone 3,700 90 11.0 13.9 23 36 0.8 30 17.7 8.1 6.1 1983

North Coles Levee CA Sandstone 9,200 235 15.0 9 136 36 0.5 63 15.0 7.4 1981

Quarantine Bay LA Sandstone 8,180 183 26.4 230 15 32 0.9 19 20.0 2.4 1981

Slaughter Estate TX Dolomitic sandstone 4985 105 12.0 8 75 32 2.0 26 20.0 16.7 3.7 1976

Weeks Island LA Sandstone 13,000 225 26.0 1200 186 33 0.3 24 8.7 7.9 3.3 1978

West Sussex WY Sandstone 3,000 104 19.5 28.5 22 39 1.4 30 12.9 8.9 1982

Field Projects ==> 11.7 6.3 AVERAGE

10.4 6.3 MEDIAN

Pilot Projects ==> 12.5 6.4 AVERAGE

8.9 6.0 MEDIAN

Gross Net

CO2Utilization Ratio Gross Net


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US Domestic Oil Resource Base

Ferguson et al., 2009

ROIP Stranded- 400 Billion Barrels(of 596 billion barrels OOIP)


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CO2-EOR Potential in the U.S.


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BIG SKY

WESTCARB

SWP

PCOR

MGSC

SECARB

MRCSP

DOE Regional Sequestration Partnerships

Carbon Sequestration Potential in Oil Reservoirs


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CCPI

ICCS Area 1

FutureGen 2.0

Major CCUS Demonstration Projects

Project Locations & Cost Share

Southern CompanyKemper County IGCC Project

IGCC-Transport Gasifierw/Carbon Capture

~$2.67B Total; $270M DOE

EOR 3 M TPY 2014 start

NRGW.A. Parish Generating StationPost Combustion CO2Capture

$339M Total; $167M DOEEOR 1.4M TPY 2014 start

Summit TX Clean EnergyCommercial Demo of Advanced

IGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture~$1.7B Total; $450M DOEEOR 3M TPY 2014 start

HECACommercial Demo of Advanced

IGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture~$4B Totall; $408M DOEEOR 3M TPY 2018 start

Leucadia EnergyCO2Capture from Methanol Plant

EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields$436M - Total, $261M DOEEOR 4.5 M TPY 2015 start

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.CO2Capture from Steam Methane Reformers

EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields$431M Total, $284M DOE

EOR 1M TPY 2013 start

FutureGen 2.0Large-Scale Testing of Oxy-Combustion w/ CO2

Capture & Sequestration in Saline Formation~$1.3B Total; ~$1.0B DOE

SALINE 1.3M TPY 2016 start

Archer Daniels MidlandCO2Capture from Ethanol PlantCO2Stored in Saline Reservoir

$208M Total; $141M DOESALINE ~1 M TPY 2013 start

Courtesy NETL 2014


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Petra Nova Carbon Capture Project

! Commercial-scale post-combustion carbon capture project atNRG's WA Parish.

! 50/50 joint venture between NRG and JX Nippon Oil & GasExploration

! Received $167 million from DOE as part of the Clean Coal PowerInitiative Program (CCPI)

!

Capture 90 % of the carbon dioxide (CO2) from a 240 MWslipstream of flue gas and use or sequester 1.6 million tons ofCO2 a year.

! Captured CO2will be used to enhance production at mature oilfields in the Gulf Coast region


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Denburys Hastings Carbon CCUS Project(DOE Industrial Carbon Capture and Storage Initiative)

! Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.(Port Arthur, TX)-Air Products iscapturing and injecting one million tons of CO2 per year from

existing steam-methane reformers in Port Arthur, Texas (DOEshare: $253 million)

! Leucadia Energy, LLC (Lake Charles, LA)-Leucadia will captureand sequester 4.5 million tons of CO2 per year from a newmethanol plant in Lake Charles, LA (DOE share: $260 million)


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Denburys Hastings Carbon CCUS Project

! Construction of 24, 325-mile Green Pipeline for transporting CO2from

Donaldsonville, Louisiana, to oil fields in Texas finished in 2010.!

Natural CO2injection for enhancing oil production started in December 2010.!

Air Products CO2 injection started in December 2012.


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Questions?


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Net Carbon Negative Oil

Vanessa Nuez-Lopez

Gulf Coast Carbon Center, Bureau of Economic Geology

Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin

Birmingham, AlabamaJune 15, 2016

Research Experience in Carbon Sequestration (RECS)


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CO2-EOR is a technology that targets the residual oil in depleted oil reservoirsby the injection of carbon dioxide (CO2).

What is CO2-EOR?

How does it work?

CO2is a solvent: it mixeswith the oil

Where is it applied?

In depleted light-oil reservoirs that have gone throughprimary recovery (natural flow) and, in most cases,secondary recovery (mainly waterflooding).

Oil expands (swells) Oil viscosity is reduced

Interfacial tension (IT) disappears*

Introduction


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CCPI

ICCS Area 1

FutureGen 2.0

Major CCUS Demonstration Projects

Project Locations & Cost Share

Southern CompanyKemper County IGCC Project

IGCC-Transport Gasifierw/Carbon Capture

~$2.67B Total; $270M DOEEOR 3 M TPY 2014 start

NRG Petra NovaW.A. Parish Generating StationPost Combustion CO2Capture

$339M Total; $167M DOEEOR 1.4M TPY 2014 start

Summit TX Clean EnergyCommercial Demo of Advanced

IGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture~$1.7B Total; $450M DOEEOR 3M TPY 2014 start

HECACommercial Demo of Advanced

IGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture~$4B Totall; $408M DOEEOR 3M TPY 2018 start

Leucadia EnergyCO2Capture from Methanol Plant

EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields$436M - Total, $261M DOEEOR 4.5 M TPY 2015 start

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.CO2Capture from Steam Methane Reformers

EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields$431M Total, $284M DOE

EOR 1M TPY 2013 start

FutureGen 2.0Large-Scale Testing of Oxy-Combustion w/ CO2

Capture & Sequestration in Saline Formation~$1.3B Total; ~$1.0B DOE

SALINE 1.3M TPY 2016 start

Archer Daniels MidlandCO2Capture from Ethanol PlantCO2Stored in Saline Reservoir

$208M Total; $141M DOESALINE ~1 M TPY 2013 start

Courtesy NETL 2014


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Problem Statement

Carboncaptured

Carbon utilized(CO2-EOR)

Carbon stored

Oil produced, refined,burned.

Carbon emitted

Is CO2-EOR a valid option for greenhouse gas emission reduction? Are geologically storedcarbon volumes larger that direct/indirect emissions resulting from CO2-EOR operations?


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DOE-NETL Sponsored Project

Identify and evaluate the criticalcarbon balance components for theaccurate mass accounting of aCO2-EOR operation.

Develop strategies that are

conducive to achieving a NCNOclassification.

Develop a comprehensive, yetcommercially applicable,monitoring, verification, andaccounting (MVA) methodology.

Goal: To develop a clear, universal, repeatable methodology formaking the determination of whether a CO2-EOR operation can beclassified as Net carbon Negative Oil (NCNO)

Objectives:


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Related Literature


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System boundaries of previous studies

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SACROC Life Carbon Balance

Mt= Million tonnes

MMBO= Million barrels of oil Adapted from Charles Fox, Kinder Morgan


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SACROC Life Carbon Balance

Mt= Million tonnes

MMBO= Million barrels of oil Adapted from Charles Fox, Kinder Morgan


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Selection of system boundaries for NCNO classification:Cradle-to-Grave

Selected system boundary

Study focus


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Identification of critical EOR Component

41

Injection/production wells CO2separationProduction separation CO2compression

GHG Intensity


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e1f,


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Study focus: CO2utilization ratios

43

CO2injection[MMCF]

CO2Utilization

[MMCF/bbl]

Produced oil [bbl]


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44

Field Study

(Cranfield, Mississippi)

It provides the optimal mass accounting data set as itwas required by its comprehensive SECARB MVA

program

It is a desirable direct injection (no WAG), which isfavorable for achieving NCNO

Pattern geometry and operations repeated

systematically around field development

Provides a simpler environment than many CO2-EORfloods


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Field Setting

Cranfield overview:

Clastic Mississippi field

Apex of 4-way closed anticline

Main pay is ~10,000 ft deep

Pi = 4,600 psi, Ti = 150F

Original gas cap

Productive during 1940s and 50s

CO2injection started in 2007 Available mass accounting dataas required by SECARBs

monitoring program.

Hosseini et al., 2013


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Methodology: Numerical Simulation

Utilize Cranfield pattern calibrated models to:

Run numerical simulations for different novel and standard CO2injection scenarios (WAG, direct CO2injection)

Evaluate how the variability of CO2utilization ratios for the different

injection scenarios affects the environmental impact of the systemcomponents (New contribution)

Understand the carbon balance evolution from start of injection tocompletion (New contribution)

Current activities:

! Updating existing Cranfield models: added physics

! Relative permeability laboratory experiments

! History matching for historic Cranfield production (1944-1972)


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Trapping Mechanisms

Additional funds allowed us to add valuable work to themodeling tasks by studying the trapping mechanismsthat contribute to the geological permanence of thestored CO2

1.

Residual/capillary trapping2. CO2dissolution into brine

3.

CO2dissolution into oil4.

Mineral trapping

Benson, 2003


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New CO2-brine Relative Permeability12 Cranfield core plugs were sent to a commercial laboratory

2 in

1.5 in

Relative permeability experiments will be run in in 2composite samples consisting of 6 aligned core plugs


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Development of MVA Plan Use predictive flow and pressure elevation results to

develop a generic but comprehensive MVA plan that is

based on:

existing regulatory monitoring requirements

existing best practices

a number of proposed and suggested processes that are currentlybeing considered for possible future regulatory or credit trading

conditions


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50

Summary

Accomplishments:! Selection of system boundaries relevant to NCNO classification:

gate-to-grave! Identification of critical CO2emission components within the EOR

site!

Gathered and classifying Cranfield mass accounting data! Started numerical simulation tasks

Future Plans:

Build a model for energy consumption of the CO2-EOR operation

Start scenario analysis Link results from numerical simulations with energy consumption

model Develop an MVA plan


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Conclusions

Carbon balance of CO2EOR is sensitive to the system boundary.

In a gate-to-gate life cycle analysis, the electricity consumption(purchased and generated) is responsible for almost all theemissions associated with the EOR operation, particularly at theCO

2

separation and compression processes.

Combustion of the refined product is the largest CO2emissionscontributor in the entire cradle to grave system.

Carbon balance is sensitive to CO2 flood performance (CO2utilization rates).

A universal methodology for NCNO classification will certainlybenefit CO2-EOR operations as there might be an economic impactif potential future regulations provide value to the emissions and/orstorage of CO2.


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Questions?

CCUS CO2-EOR Storage and Net Carbon Negative Oil

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