CCTV Quick Guide - Reference
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Transcript of CCTV Quick Guide - Reference
QUICK GUIDE TO CCTV SYSTEMS
May 1, 2008
QUICK GUIDE TO CCTV SYSTEMS
CCTV System Design Basics
Find Out What the Application Requires
The best way to specify the equipment that will be needed for any
application, is to visit the site and determine the following:
1. How many cameras are needed?
Generally, the size of the area to be covered determines how
many cameras are needed. A typical small convenience store will
usually need 4 cameras for basic coverage of key areas. For
example, camera locations would include entrances, cash
registers, safes or any areas not easily observed. Key areas are
usually easily identified. Providing total video coverage of all
areas may require a larger system.
2. What kind of cameras should be selected?
a. Black & White (B/W) or Color?
Since cost is no longer a significant factor, color is almost always
chosen for all applications. B/W cameras are usually only
chosen for very low light or high resolution applications. DVR’s
allow for Color& B/W cameras to be installed in the same system.
b. Color or Day/Night cameras? (D/N)
Where light levels change drastically, a D/N camera is the proper
solution. D/N cameras automatically change from Color to B/W
when light levels drop below a certain level. If light levels are
extremely low or non-existent, a D/N camera will not solve the
problem. In this situation there are three options: install additional
lighting, infrared illuminators or cameras with built-in infrared
illuminators.
c. Resolution? (high or low)
Advances in imaging technology has lowered the cost of high
resolution cameras and increased their performance dramatically.
Always choose high resolution cameras whenever possible.
d. Wide Dynamic Range?
To clearly capture images which are surrounded by strong
backlight such as doorways etc. (see glossary)
CCTV Camera Styles:
•Cylinder style
•Fixed lens size normally
•Normally sealed units
•Indoor or outdoor use (check
weather rating)
•Some have IR LED’s for night
vision
Bullet
Cameras
•More video enhancement
features
•Indoor use
•Outdoor use only with
environment housing
•Lens is separate from camera
•Greater flexibility with vari-
focal lens
Standard
Box
Cameras
Dome
Cameras
•Indoor and outdoor models
•Low cost fixed lens models for
indoor applications
•Armored (vandal-resistant)
models available
•Vari-focal lens models are
available for greater flexibility
PTZ (Pan-
Tilt-Zoom
Cameras
•Indoor and outdoor models
•Permits a wide area coverage
•Remote control of camera
•Can be programmed to follow
a preset tour
•Ability to zoom in to target
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QUICK GUIDE TO CCTV SYSTEMS
CCTV System Design Basics cont’d.
3. What kind of lens should be chosen?
There are two types of lenses: fixed and vari-focal. Vari-focal lenses can be manually adjusted to achieve
a desired viewing angle, whereas fixed lenses have a set viewing angle. Smaller cameras such as mini
domes and bullet style models have a fixed lens and a fixed iris and are suitable for general viewing in
constant light conditions. These cameras are economical and are widely used in stores and restaurants.
For applications requiring more specific viewing angles it is best to choose a vari-focal lens either
integrated in a dome style camera or purchased separately to mount on a standard box camera. All vari-
focal lenses available today have an auto-iris function and are therefore suitable for use outdoors or
anywhere light levels fluctuate throughout the day.
4. Is recording required?
In virtually all security applications the client needs video “footage” to review after an incident has occurred.
Today’s digital video recorders (DVRs) are most often LINUX based and are available in 4, 8 or 16 camera
configurations and larger. Real time recording should be seriously considered since this type of system will
provide the maximum data for the client. Real time recording is the maximum amount of data that can be
recorded and is identified as 30 frames per second (fps) for each channel or camera. Real time recording
frame rates for 4, 8 and 16 channel are therefore 120 fps, 240 fps and 480 fps respectively. Slower frame
rates are available and are quite useful for some applications. The DVR will also require a normal VGA
computer control monitor. The DVR must have a CDRW, DVD burner, or a USB Port that supports flash
memory to transfer images when needed.
5. Is a public viewing monitor needed?
The primary purpose of the public viewing monitor is to make people aware of the video surveillance
system and thereby serve as a deterrent. They are usually installed in prominent locations in stores, banks
and similar locations. They are special LCD monitors that accept an analog signal (rather than digital) and
have BNC input and output connectors. They are much lighter and easier to install than traditional CCTV
monitors and have the looping feature enabling the installation of multiple monitors.
22.0'28.0'5.5'7.0'2.2'2.8'1.1'1.4'12˚16˚16.0 mm
30.0'38.0'7.5'9.5'3.0'3.8'1.5'1.9'16˚22˚12.0 mm
44.0'58.0'11.0'14.5'4.4'5.8'2.2'2.9'24˚32˚8.0mm
58.0'76.0'14.5'19.0'5.8'7.6'2.9'3.8'32˚42˚6.0mm
192.0'122.0'23.0'30.5'9.2'12.2'4.6'6.1'47˚63˚4.3mm
192.0'246.0'48.0'61.5'19.2'24.6'9.6'12.3'63˚10˚2.9mm
VHVHVHVHAngle (V)Angle (H)Lens Size
100'25'10'5'
DISTANCE FROM CAMERA
1/3” CCD FIELD OF VIEW CHART
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QUICK GUIDE TO CCTV SYSTEMS
CCTV System Design Basics cont’d.
5. What kind of power?
CCTV cameras are either 24V AC or 12V DC (some are both) and
will therefore require either AC or DC power. Individual plug-in
adaptors can be utilized, but it is strongly recommended that a
common power supply with multiple fused outputs be installed. If
you have a choice 24VDC is recommended.
6. What kind of video cables and connectors are needed?
Video systems use standard RG59/U coaxial cable-95% copper
shield. For longer runs (ie:750 feet or more), heavier gauge
RG6/U 95% copper shield cable is needed to ensure signal
strength. Siamese cable, which is a combined RG59U & LVT
can also be used, (see glossary). Runs over 1,500 feet may
require a video amplifier, which will increase the transmission of
the video signal by a factor of 3.
Video connectors for co-axial cable must be BNC type, of which
there are several styles. It is recommended that “compression“
or ”crimp- on” styles be used. ( BNC “twist-on” should not be
used as they very seldom make a perfect connection). Avoid any
video equipment that does not have BNC connectors. Improper
installation of connectors is the most common cause of system
failure. A proper co-ax cable stripper and crimping tool should be
used when installing connectors.
Power cable should be standard 2 conductor 18 gauge LVT.
Dome and bullet style cameras are fitted with a 2.1mm DC power
jack lead for use with a standard plug in adaptor. Do not cut this
lead to hard wire the camera. Instead, use a “flying lead”, which
has a 2.1mm plug on one end and two crimp ready connectors on
the other, for crimping to the 18/2 LVT.
CAT5 cable can be utilized instead of co-ax and LVT. This may
be a more desirable option. It is possibly a more cost effective
cabling solution (the cost of the baluns must be considered)
See article: Video, Power & Control www.muxlab.com
Common Power Supplies
A common CCTV power
supply provides multiple
fused power outputs for
CCTV systems. They are
available in either 24 V AC
or12 V DC configurations and
accommodate 4, 8,16 or 32
cameras. They are available
in several amperage outputs
to accommodate the draw
required by all cameras and
housings etc. in the system.
Since variations in current
will adversely affect video,
the best camera performance
is more easily achieved with
a common power supply.
Cameras can be damaged by
sudden power surges and will
be protected with a fused
common power supply.
“Home-running” cameras
to a common regulated
power source makes
system set-up and trouble
shooting much simpler.
The CCTV system can be
further secured by installing
a UPS (Uninterruptible Power
Source) device between the
main power supply and the
system. In the event of a
power failure, the UPS will
keep the system running for
a period of time (the length
of time varies by model).
Power failures can make
businesses easy targets for
criminals. Including a UPS
and will keep the system
running when it’s most
needed. For further details
refer to www.stealthlabs.com90’200’300’600’12 VDC/18-2
180’400’600’1,200’24 VAC/18-2
1 Amp450 Ma 300 Ma150 MaCamera Draws
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QUICK GUIDE TO CCTV SYSTEMS
Four camera system (4 channels):APPLICATIONS:
• Convenience Stores
• Gas Stations
• Restaurants/Drive Throughs
• Small Office/Warehouse
• Car Wash
• Small Retail
Description
For small applications, a basic 4 camera CCTV system should provide adequate coverage. Cameras should be selected based on the desired area to be viewed. (See Camera Selection page 2 for more information.)
The 4 channel DVR and control monitor are located in a secure location, usually a locked office or electrical room. The public view monitor should be installed in a prominent location where it can be easily seen by customers and employees.
DVRs provide a variety of outputs including; BNC ( public view monitor), and VGA for back-office video monitoring.
When designing a surveillance system, always consider
future camera growth. For example, a four camera system should be matched with an 8 Channel DVR .
For systems of 4 cameras or more, a dedicated CCTV power supply should be installed. (See Common Power Supplies for more information.)
Typical Convenience
Store Application
SYMBOLS LEGEND:
Standard (Box) Camera
Mini Dome Camera
Armor Dome Camera
Pan, Tilt, Zoom
(PTZ) Camera
Quad Splitter
Public Viewing
Monitor
DVR &
Control Monitor
Bullet Camera
(Cylinder Style)
Wireless Camera
Infrared Illuminator
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QUICK GUIDE TO CCTV SYSTEMS
Eight camera system (8 channels):
APPLICATIONS:
• Convenience Stores
• Gas Stations
• Small Restaurants
• Multi-Unit Residential
• Gravel/Aggregate Pits
• Drive-through
• Small Office/Warehouse
• Car Wash
• Small Retail
• Small Banks
• Automobile Dealerships
Typical Small Office/Warehouse
Application
Description
An 8 camera system may be suitable for both small applications where increased coverage is needed and slightly larger locations that need only basic surveillance. For gas stations with a convenience store, the 8 camera system is the logical choice allowing for 4 cameras in the store and 4 cameras mounted on the pump canopy. Always be aware of future expansion possibilities.
In the above application diagram, the small office/warehouse has an all weather vandal dome camera above the rear entrance and a PTZ camera providing side and front building coverage. PTZ control can be achieved with a separate controller or the DVR. If lighting is poor, then installation of additional lighting or infrared illuminators may be required.
The 8 channel DVR and control monitor are located in the office or electrical room. A public view monitor is optional for this type of application, but if needed, would be installed in the most prominent location.
Cameras are connected to the DVR using RG59/U video cable or CAT5 cable using video baluns. The DVR provides a spot monitor output (BNC} for connecting the public viewing monitor. For systems of 4 cameras or more, it is recommended that a dedicated Common Power Supply be installed. (See Common Power Supplies for more information.)
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QUICK GUIDE TO CCTV SYSTEMS
Sixteen camera system (16 channels):APPLICATIONS:
• Lumber Mills
• Manufacturing Plants
• Petrochemical Plants
• Big Box Retail Stores
• Warehouse/Distribution
• Port Facilities
• Airports
• Office Buildings
• Condominium Complexes
• Recreation Complexes
• Large Restaurants
• Mines & Smelters
• Banks
Description
Large applications normally require at least 16 cameras. Such systems often combine a series of indoor and outdoor fixed cameras with several PTZ units for coverage of large outdoor areas. It is not unusual for large systems to require other specialty equipment such as infra red illuminators or wireless camera links. If more than 16 cameras are required, it is best to install a second DVR (4,8 or 16 Channels)
In the above application, lighting was a major consideration for outdoor cameras so infrared illuminators were installed. Because there is a rail track between the camera and main building, a wireless video
system was chosen as an alternative to trenching under the rail track.
The 16 channel DVR and control monitor are located in the central monitoring location or security office. Cameras are connected to the DVR using RG59/U video cable (or CAT5 cable using video baluns). The DVR provides a monitor output for connecting the public viewing monitor. For systems larger than 4 cameras, a dedicated Common Power Supply for the cameras is a necessity. This is particularly true in large plants which may be supplied with multi-phase power. Be sure to note total power requirements
for all cameras before selecting the power supply. (See Common Power Supplies for more information.)
Typical Large Retail/Lumber
Yard Application
Parking Lot
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QUICK GUIDE TO CCTV SYSTEMS
Special CCTV Applications:
Single Camera Wireless Solution (No recording)
Wireless Receiver
Wireless Camera transmits video signal to receiver unit connected to viewing monitor.
Quad Splitter with DVR for Public Viewing of selected cameras only
All cameras connect to DVR. Selected cameras are connected to quad via looping DVR outputs. Quad outputs four camera display to one or more public viewing monitors.
Multiple Camera Wireless Link combined with hardwired system
Allows remote site to be connected to main CCTV system via wireless link. Wireless receiver outputs are connected to DVR.
PTZ Installation with Manual Controller and DVR Recording
Allows PTZ to be operator controlled independently from the DVR. All PTZ video is still recorded at DVR.
Keyboard controller
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(1 link per camera)
AC adaptor
Also called a power supply, plugs in to a standard wall outlet to provide 12 volt DC or 24 volt AC power for cameras and other low voltage devices.
Alarm input
An input connection to a DVR that triggers the unit to start recording.
Analog
There are two main methods to transmit video; analog or digital. Most cameras used in CCTV applications are analog. CRT monitors switchers, multiplexers and quads also are analog devices.
Aperture (iris)A device in a lens which controls the amount of light to be let into the camera. The size of the aperture is controlled by manually adjusting the iris. By increasing the f stop number (f1.4, f1.8, f2.8, etc.) less light is permitted to pass into the camera. ( see AUTO IRIS)
AudioMost DVRs support audio and can be configured with microphones.
Electronic shutterThe ability of the camera to compensate for moderate light changes in indoor applications without the use of auto iris lenses
Auto IrisAuto Iris Lenses adjust for changing light conditions. If the amount of light increases, the lens will electronically reduce the aperture size so the picture remains clear. Required for all outdoor applications.
BalunA device that is installed on both ends of Cat 5e cable that allows for the transmission of cable
CCDStands for "charge-coupled device“ and is the image capture device in CCTV cameras. The size of the CCD chip is normally 1/4“ or 1/3".
Coaxial CableCc-axial cable is used to transmit video signals for CCTV systems, A video signal can be transmitted reliably up to750 ft on RG59U Cable and up to1500 ft on RG6U cable, assuming the only connections are at the camera and DVR. Always use 95% copper shielded cable.
Compression
Compression techniques are used in Digital CCTV to reduce the file sizes of recorded video images which conserves hard drive space and allows for efficient remote transmission of images. Typical compression formats used for video include MPEG-4 & H.264.
QUICK GUIDE TO CCTV SYSTEMS
Basic CCTV Terminology: Covert Cameras
Cameras that are concealed within special housings such as smoke detectors or otherwise hidden from view.
Day Night CameraA "Day/Night Camera” has a very sensitive CCD chip that enables images to be captured in very low ambient lighting (regular lighting - not infrared).
Digital Video Recorder [DVR]
A digital video recorder is basically a computer that converts the incoming camera (analog) signal to digital, compresses it, and stores it on a hard drive. The DVR replaces the function of a multiplexer and a security VCR. DVRs offer many features that were previously unavailable with analog only systems.
Dome CameraA type of camera with dome cover. They may have fixed or vari-focal lenses. Some come with infrared lighting and some are designed to be tamper-proof (also referred to as vandal-resistant). Armor dome cameras are designed to resist vandalism by using a hi-impact reinforced polycarbonate dome casing.
Field Of ViewThe view ( width & height) that the lens captures and displays. See lens chart.
Frame Rate (Frames Per Second) (FPS)
Digital recorders are often specified by their total frame rate, i.e. the maximum numbers of frames the unit can record in one second over all channels. Real time recording for 1 camera is 30 FPS. Therefore a 16 channel real time DVR would be capable of recording 480 FPS. DVRs are available with lower frame rates.
Infrared (IR) illuminationInfrared cameras or dedicated infrared illuminators use special infrared LED’s to project IR light, which enables an IR sensitive camera to capture good quality video, in extreme low light conditions.
IP Rating
Ingress Protection Scale - 2 numbers indicating the protection level provided by an outside enclosure against water - e.g. IP66 protected against strong jets of water,IP67 protected from immersion to 1m.
Fixed LensMeans that the field of view is not adjustable. It is “ fixed” at a specific angle so you can view wide, standard or telephoto images. The focus of the captured image is achieved manually. There are many different lens sizes to choose from. (see vari-focal lens)
LoopingTerm referring to the passing of a video signal through one or more devices. The most common instance is the looping of a video signal through several CCTV monitors for multiple displays of the same camera array.
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QUICK GUIDE TO CCTV SYSTEMS
Basic CCTV Terminology (continued):
LUX
Used to specify how sensitive cameras are to light (measured in lumens/sq meter). e.g. a camera with a LUX Level of 0 can see in pitch black. The lower the LUX Level the better the camera will “see” in the dark.
MonitorSecurity monitors are used to display images from cameras (or captured on your recording device). There are two basic kinds used in CCTV applications. Analog or composite video monitors are used to display images in analog systems. LCD monitors with analog and VGA inputs are now available for use as public viewing or “spot” monitors or as DVR control monitors.
MonochromeThe technical term for black & white images.
Motion detectionRefers to the feature standard in most digital recorders where video is only recorded when there is a pixel change (i.e: something in the image moves or changes). This feature conserves hard drive space and saves time when searching through recorded data. The sensitivity can be adjusted to eliminate minor changes from being recorded.
NEMA ratingeg. Nema 4 enclosures intended to provide protection from windblown dust and rain, splashing water, hose directed water and formation of ice on the enclosure.
Outdoor housingA weatherproof enclosure, equipped with a fan and heater to protect a standard camera usually in an outdoor environment.
Pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameraPTZ cameras allow you to adjust their position ('pan' is side-to-side, 'tilt' is up-and-down and zoom is field of view) .They are controlled by a separate control unit or from a DVR. Due to this added functionality, these cameras tend to cost more than non-PTZ cameras
Quad Splitter
An analog device used to display 4 cameras simultaneously on a single monitor. Some are available with looping outputs for system flexibility.
Remote Client Software
Software that is supplied with the DVR to enable monitoring at an “off premises” location.
Remote surveillance
The ability to view cameras from a remote location. Information is transmitted from the DVR by the internet.
ResolutionRefers to how much detail can be captured on a camera then displayed on a monitor. Medium resolution cameras typically capture about 380 horizontal lines of resolution. High resolution cameras can capture 500 lines of resolution or more. The higher the resolution, the more detail in a picture.
Siamese cableA cable that combines LVT power and video cable. Use this type of cable when you are using a common power supply. Check the draw required for each camera as the video distance may exceed the power capabilities.
Vari- focal lensA camera lens in which the field of view and focus is not fixed, they are manually adjusted at time of installation.
Video inputA connector (usually a BNC style) at a PTZ controller, monitor, quad splitter, multiplexer or recording device that you can plug in a video cable.
WeatherproofA device that is weatherproof can be installed outside and stand up to limited weather conditions and temperatures. However, it does not mean that it is waterproof. (see IP RATING)
Wireless camera
Wireless cameras allow the transmission of video to a receiver without having to run video cable. Power is needed at both the camera and receiver locations.
Wide Dynamic Range
A WDR security camera (Wide Dynamic Range) is used for capturing clear images of objects surrounded by a strong back light, while still keeping the background visible. The Dynamic Range is the difference between the maximum acceptable signal level and the minimum acceptable signal level. Therefore a WDR camera is capable of processing signals that vary over a wide range.
Zoom LensThe image can be 'zoomed' in or out while the view of the cameraremains in focus. Seldom used in CCTV systems other than in a PTZ camera. Not to be confused with a vari-focal lens.
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Digital Video Recorders
DVRE-12004RT-250
DVRE-24008RT-250
DVRE-48016RT-500
Monitors
LCDI-040
LCDI-05.6
LCDI-070
LCDI-010
LCDI-015
Standard (Box) Cameras
CB-05
CC-06H
CC-12DNH
CC-14WDR
Bullet Style Cameras
CB-01 Series
CC-02 Series
Indoor Dome Cameras
CC-32DN
CC-2449VF3
CC-2457VF3
Vandal Dome Cameras
Pan, Tilt, Zoom Cameras
WPT-48022
WPT-48023EX
WPT-48036EXD
Quad Splitters
QS-C-02
QUICK GUIDE TO CCTV SYSTEMS
OptiGuard Part Numbers by Equipment Type
Wireless Cameras
ZX-480SR40
ZX-520SR40
Wireless Transmitters
& Receivers
RT-WAVE
TCO-5808Q4
Infrared Illuminators
CSI Series
Specialized CCTV Housings
EXHC-EXHD
EXPTC
NXW
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LCDI-017
LCDI-019
LCDI-021
LCDI-023
VD-540NDV
QUICK GUIDE TO CCTV SYSTEMS
Contact OptiGuard:
CCTV Training Sources and Literature:
Canada:
~ CANASA
www.canasa.org
United States:
~ LTC Training Center
www.ltctrainingcntr.com
~The Security Industry
Association
www.siaonline.org
~STAM Multimedia
www.stamweb.com
~ASIS International
www.asisonline.org
~New York Burglar and Fire
Association
www.nybfa.org
~National burglar and Fire
Alarm Association
www.alarm.org
About OptiGuard Security Systems Inc
Canadian Office:OPTIGUARD SECURITY SYSTEMS INC109 - 2799 Gilmore AvenueBurnaby, BC, Canada V5C 6S5Toll Free: 1-888-FOR-CCTV (1-888-367-2288)Tel: 1-604-682-2265Fax: [email protected]
Online:www.optiguardsys.com
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Established in 1973, Vancouver based OptiGuard Security Systems specializes in providing the latest in closed circuit television equipment to wholesale clients worldwide. Our integrated analog, digital and web based video security solutions. As well as manufacturing several specialized CCTV cameras, OptiGuard distributes a broad range of CCTV and video surveillance products.
Put our combined 50 years of CCTV experience to work for you.