CCTV Basic Training

7/28/2019 CCTV Basic Training

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CCTV Basic TrainingCCTV Basic Training

CCTV System Components:

CCTV Basic Components

Camera and Lens

Transmission & Monitoring

Video Management

Digital Video Concept


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How do we see things?How do we see things?

Foot Candle

(Lux) Foot Lambert

(Nits)

Light

Source

Light

Sensor

BasicBasic


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Sensitivity, measured in foot candles or

lux indicates the minimum light level

required to get an acceptable videopicture.

Minimum scene illumination indicates theminimum light required at the scene to

get an acceptable video picture.

Light Source MeasurementLight Source Measurement


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IlluminationIllumination Illumination is not a measure ofIllumination is not a measure oflight strengthlight strength oror

light powerlight power. The measure of. The measure oflight powerlight power, such as, such ashow much light is radiated, for example by a 100Whow much light is radiated, for example by a 100W

bulb, is termed luminous flux and luminous intensity.bulb, is termed luminous flux and luminous intensity.

The unit of luminous flux is the lumen and the unitThe unit of luminous flux is the lumen and the unit

of luminous intensity is the candela.of luminous intensity is the candela.

One candela of radiated light is approximately equalOne candela of radiated light is approximately equalto the light radiated by a common candle.to the light radiated by a common candle.

OneOne luxluxis equal to one candela illuminating anis equal to one candela illuminating anobject at a (point to point) distance of one meter.object at a (point to point) distance of one meter.


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Camera and LensCamera and Lens


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The Light SensorThe Light Sensor

INTERLINE TRANSFER SYSTEM

OUTPUT

AMPLIFIER

HORIZONTAL SHIFT REGIST ER

VERTICAL SHIFT REGISTER

PHOTOSEN

(PIXEL)

1 Vp-p

=140 IRE

0.7V

=100 IRE

0.3V

=40 IRE

The Chip is made up ofThe Chip is made up ofLight sensorsLight sensorsThey react to the differences of light IntensityThey react to the differences of light Intensityand cause the changes in voltageand cause the changes in voltage

CCD = Charge Coupled DeviceCCD = Charge Coupled Device


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CCD ChipCCD Chip

CCDCCDCCDCCDSAMPLINGSAMPLINGSAMPLINGSAMPLING

DIGITAL CLOCKING AND CONTROLDIGITAL CLOCKING AND CONTROLDIGITAL CLOCKING AND CONTROLDIGITAL CLOCKING AND CONTROL

ANALOGANALOGANALOGANALOG

STORAGESTORAGESTORAGESTORAGE

REGISTERREGISTERREGISTERREGISTER

READOUTREADOUTREADOUTREADOUT

REGISTERREGISTERREGISTERREGISTER

OUTPUTOUTPUTOUTPUTOUTPUT

AMPAMPAMPAMP

ANALOG VID EO OUTANALOG VIDEO OUTANALOG VID EO OUTANALOG VIDEO OUT

LIGHTLIGHTLIGHTLIGHT

INPUTINPUTINPUTINPUT

Advantage:Advantage:

Small Size, Lower Production Costs, Robust physical ConstructionSmall Size, Lower Production Costs, Robust physical Construction

Condition:Condition:

Sensitivity to lightSensitivity to light


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The Size of the CCD Chip is in InchesThe Size of the CCD Chip is in Inches

Width to height ratio is 4:3 (16:9)Width to height ratio is 4:3 (16:9)

1/21/41/3

2/3

8,8mm 6,4mm 4,8mm 3,6mm

6,64,8

3,62,7

Attention! Be careful which size lens is chosenAttention! Be careful which size lens is chosenfor the camera.for the camera.

The available CCD Chip in marketThe available CCD Chip in market


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The light is gatheredThe light is gathered100%

0%

50%

75%

400 500 600 700 800

RELATIVE

RESPO

NSE

CCD CAMERA

HUMAN EYE

WAVELENGTH (nm)

BLUE GREEN YELLOWRED

25%

900

UVINFRARED

MERCURY MULTIVAPOR

SODIUM VAPOR

FLUORESCENT (DAYLIGHT)

TUNGSTEN LIGHT

B/WB/W--Cameras collect theCameras collect thelight also the invisible lightlight also the invisible light

so called IR light Infra redso called IR light Infra redspectrumspectrum

Color Cameras work onlyColor Cameras work onlywith corrected illuminationwith corrected illumination

The best light is daylightThe best light is daylight Not only is the amount ofNot only is the amount of

lightlightimportant but also the typeimportant but also the type

of lightof light The closer the light sourceThe closer the light source

is to actual sunlight, theis to actual sunlight, thebetter the picture qualitybetter the picture quality

will bewill be


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Camera-electronics

CCD Chip

IR-Blocking filter

Lens

Color filter

IR-Light reduces the

Quality of the Color signalsand that is why it is filtered

Why aren't color cameras asWhy aren't color cameras assensitive as BW cameras?sensitive as BW cameras?


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As CCD receive light, it builds up electric charge in each of itAs CCD receive light, it builds up electric charge in each of its cells.s cells. The charge in eachThe charge in eachcell must be refreshedcell must be refreshed or it will become saturated and produce no picture.or it will become saturated and produce no picture.

The process of refreshing is done line by line. Odd lines was reThe process of refreshing is done line by line. Odd lines was refreshed first before thefreshed first before the

even lines. Thiseven lines. This method of refreshingmethod of refreshing is calledis called InterlacingInterlacing.. The refresh signal was sent line by line through transmission meThe refresh signal was sent line by line through transmission medium. The more the CCDdium. The more the CCD

cells, the more the signal line, that is whycells, the more the signal line, that is why the measurement for CCD cell resolutionthe measurement for CCD cell resolutionis TV Lineis TV Line..

TV Line measurement only applied to Analog camera.TV Line measurement only applied to Analog camera. IP camerasIP cameras, because they work in, because they work indifferent way, do not use TV Line as measurement, instead theydifferent way, do not use TV Line as measurement, instead they use Pixeluse Pixel..

1 Vp-p

=140 IRE

0.7V

=100 IRE

0.3V

=40 IRE

CCD Refreshing OperationsCCD Refreshing Operations


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The CCTV lens has four basic functions:The CCTV lens has four basic functions:The CCTV lens has four basic functions: Lens FormatLens Format

Focal Length ControlFocal Length Control

Iris ControlIris Control

BackBack--Focus ControlFocus Control


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Back Focus 12,497 mm

CS-MountLens

CS-MountCamera

CCD-

Chip

X

12.5mm

17.526

mm

Flange Surface

X

Focal Point

of CS Lens

Focal Point

of C Lens

CS Lens

C Lens

Lens mounting settingLens mounting setting(C(C--mount vs. CSmount vs. CS--mount)mount)

C LENS:C LENS:

The one time industry standard lensThe one time industry standard lens

with an imager focal point to flangewith an imager focal point to flange

surface distance of 17.526mmsurface distance of 17.526mm

CS LENS:CS LENS:

A smaller lens used with 1/2" andA smaller lens used with 1/2" and

smaller cameras with an imager focalsmaller cameras with an imager focal

point to flange surface distance ofpoint to flange surface distance of12.5mm.12.5mm.

Simply stated, the focal point of the lens is theSimply stated, the focal point of the lens is thepoint where the lens focuses. The camera'spoint where the lens focuses. The camera'simager needs to be positioned at the focalimager needs to be positioned at the focal

point of the C or CS lens to produce a focusedpoint of the C or CS lens to produce a focusedimage.image.


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Always use a lens format equal to or greater than the camera

imager format.

1/2" imager

1/3" imager

1/2" Format Lens

Do NOT use lens formats smaller than the cameras imagerformats. This will NOT fill the imager with light.

1/2" imager

1/3" Format Lens

Edges ofimage will bedark - no light

Both imagers arefilled with light

Lens Format: Do and DonLens Format: Do and Dontt


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Focal Length: SurveillanceFocal Length: Surveillance Surveillance / MonitoringSurveillance / Monitoring

with an angle range of 1 to 8 mm (approx.)with an angle range of 1 to 8 mm (approx.)

(you will only see but not recognise a person or an object)(you will only see but not recognise a person or an object)


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Focal Length: ObservationFocal Length: Observation ObservationObservation

with a range higher than 6 mm (approx.), you can recognise a perwith a range higher than 6 mm (approx.), you can recognise a person or anson or anobject)object)


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DISTANCE IN FEET *IMAGER FORMAT

(mm)

LENS FOCAL LENGTH(mm)

FIELD of VIEW

(Ft) *

1/21/3"

1/4

8.8 mm

6.6mm

6.4 mm

4.8mm

4.9 mm

3.7mm

3.2 mm

2.4mm

2/3"

Distance (ft)*Lens (mm) = X Imager Format (mm)

Field of View (ft)*

*Feet (FT) or meters(M) could be used in calculations, provided that the same unit of measure is used throughout the formula.

Lens Basic FormulaLens Basic Formula


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Common viewing angles and associated camera formats

or z.

View Reference Application 1/3 1/2" 2/380 degrees Ex. Wide Angle Elevators, wide viewing area < 2.8 mm < 3.7 mm < 6 mm

60 degrees Wide angle Small lobbies, check outs 4 mm 6 mm 8 mm

30 degrees Std. View Lobbies, general views 8 mm 12 mm 16 mm15 degrees Telephoto Hallways, corridors > 12 mm > 16 mm > 25 mm

Variable Zoom Detailed, distant views 5.8-58 mm 7.7-75 mm 10-100 mm

General rule: the smaller the focal length number, the wider an area will be covered

Camera/Lens Field of ViewCamera/Lens Field of View


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Focal ControlFocal Control

AdvantageAdvantage Changes theChanges the

angle everyangle everytime, manualtime, manual

zoomzoom Nearly a zoomNearly a zoom

lens, but with alens, but with asmaller zoomsmaller zoomratioratio

LowerLowerassembling costsassembling costs

DisadvantageDisadvantage More expensiveMore expensive

(approx.(approx.15.0015.00than Fixedthan Fixed

lenses)lenses) Physical size isPhysical size is

biggerbigger

Not suited for allNot suited for all

applicationsapplications(zoom ratio)(zoom ratio)

UseUse For projects likeFor projects like

shops,shops,industries,industries,

outsideoutsideapplications, etc.applications, etc.

About 65%About 65%

Varifocal Length LensVarifocal Length Lens


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Focal ControlFocal Control

AdvantageAdvantage Changes theChanges the

angle everyangle everytime, usuallytime, usually

motorizedmotorized zoom ratio iszoom ratio is

highhigh

DisadvantageDisadvantage ExpensiveExpensive

(approx.(approx. 250.00)250.00)

Physical size isPhysical size isbiggestbiggest

SpecialSpecialapplicationsapplications

neededneeded

UseUse Special projectsSpecial projects

OutsideOutsideapplicationsapplications

About 5%About 5%

Zoom lensZoom lens


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A) No Iris

-Has a non adjustable iris, "fixed"F-Stop, and can not adjust to

varying lighting conditions.

B) Manual Iris

-Has an adjustable iris. Level isdetermined by the installer at

setup, at the camera location.

C) Motorized Iris

-Has an adjustable iris. Level isdetermined by the operator, or

level controller.

D) Auto-Iris

-Has an adjustable iris. Level isdetermined by the video content,

requiring connections to camerasignal levels. Automatic operationis maintained within the lens.

E) Direct Drive Iris-Has an adjustable iris. Level is

determined by the video content,requiring camera to contain auto

iris control circuitry. Automatic

operation is maintained within thecamera.

Iris MechanismsIris Mechanisms


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Iris ControlIris Control

AdvantageAdvantage Not an idealNot an ideal

position of theposition of thecameracamera

Strong back lightStrong back light Changing lightChanging light

conditions (darkconditions (dark light)light)

Connector isConnector isstandardisedstandardised

DisadvantageDisadvantage More expensiveMore expensive

(approx.(approx.10.00)10.00)

Physical size isPhysical size isbigger thanbigger thanmanual irismanual iris

Unsightly cableUnsightly cable

and connectorand connector

UseUse All projects andAll projects and

applicationsapplications

About 75%About 75%

Auto Iris (DC)Auto Iris (DC)


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-The larger the number, the smaller the opening, resulting in a change in light to the imager.

-*Higher f/stop values utilize spot filters to operate in brighter light conditions.

-Lenses are typically rated in an f/stop range; low - high(example: f/1.4-f/300)

decrease increase

LIGHT TRANSMISSION BY LENS

f/300* f/64* f/5.6 f/4 f/2.8 f/1.4 f/1.0 f/0.8

(Typical f-Stop values)

Lens Aperture FLens Aperture F--StopStop


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f 1.4f 300Daylight-

Small

Aperture

opening

Evening-

Aperture

FullyOPEN

Evening-

Aperture

FullyOPEN

Depth of Field ChangeDepth of Field Changewith aperture changewith aperture change


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Aspherical TechnologyAspherical Technology

Aspherical Lens

Compensation for Spherical Aberration

Image Place

Image Plane

Spherical lens

An aspherical lens focuses the light passing through its centre andthe light passing through its edges on a single point. This results incrisp, sharply focused images, and the effective useful relative lens

aperture is thereby increased by up to 2 aperture steps.


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IR corrected lensesIR corrected lenses

Day & Night Lens used under IR lightconditions with Day/Night camera:

Visible Light and Infra Red light do not focus at the same point onCCD because of the difference of the wavelength.

IR Light

Visible Light

Result: Sharp Image

Standard Lens used under IR light

conditions with Day/Night camera:

Result: Blurry Image

IR Light IR Light Focal

Plane

Visible Light

Focal Plane

Visible Light


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The Difference between StandardThe Difference between Standard

Lens vs. IR corrected LensLens vs. IR corrected Lens

Day & Night

Lens

StandardLens

Day time Night time


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Knowing your cameraKnowing your cameraKnowing your camera1.1. Electronic ShutterElectronic Shutter

2.2. Automatic Gain ControlAutomatic Gain Control3.3. Auto White BalanceAuto White Balance

4.4. Back Light CompensationBack Light Compensation

5.5. Wide Dynamic RangeWide Dynamic Range

6.6. Lens Mounting SetLens Mounting Set


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Electronic Shutter OperationsElectronic Shutter Operations

Under normal operations the camera/imagerUnder normal operations the camera/imagersamples light and produces an image 60 timessamples light and produces an image 60 timesa second (50 times for PAL/CCIR). Thea second (50 times for PAL/CCIR). The

electronic shutter allows the camera toelectronic shutter allows the camera tosample this light at faster rates providing asample this light at faster rates providing astop action effect while viewing movingstop action effect while viewing movingobjects.objects.

Automatic Shutter operations allow theAutomatic Shutter operations allow thecamera to automatically change the shuttercamera to automatically change the shutterrate in proportion to the amount of light seenrate in proportion to the amount of light seenby the imager. The faster the shutter rate willby the imager. The faster the shutter rate will

lower amount of light charge, effectivelylower amount of light charge, effectivelyreducing the light level output of the camera.reducing the light level output of the camera.This allows manual iris lenses to be used inThis allows manual iris lenses to be used invarying light conditions.varying light conditions.

Automatic Shutter operation should not beAutomatic Shutter operation should not beused in conjunction with Autoused in conjunction with Auto--Iris lenses.Iris lenses.

Slow shutter speed

Fast shutter speed


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AGC regulates the VoltageAGC regulates the VoltageLevel (For lower lightLevel (For lower light

conditions you can raise theconditions you can raise the

db level. The Higher the dbdb level. The Higher the dbthe more sensitive to lowthe more sensitive to lowlight.light.

WhenWhenONONAGC will provide an image in reduce light levels. This willAGC will provide an image in reduce light levels. This willalso increase the signal noise levels and could be consideredalso increase the signal noise levels and could be consideredobjectionable. AGC can be switched off increasing the signalobjectionable. AGC can be switched off increasing the signal--toto--noisenoiseratio but in turn reducing the sensitivity at low light levels.ratio but in turn reducing the sensitivity at low light levels.

Automatic Gain Control (AGC)Automatic Gain Control (AGC)

1 Vp-p

=140 IRE

0.7V

=100 IRE

0.3V

=40 IRE

Camera circuitry used to increase theCamera circuitry used to increase thesensitivity of the camera allowing itsensitivity of the camera allowing itto produce an image in low levels ofto produce an image in low levels ofillumination.illumination.


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ATW Automatic Tracing White BalanceATW Automatic Tracing White BalanceATW Automatic Tracing White BalanceATW Automatic Tracing White Balance

Auto white balance function follows the change of

light from the object. This mode is the feedback

system that automatically aligns the white balance.

( Operating Range 2,800K ~ 8,000K)

AWB(AWC)AWB(AWC)AWB(AWC)AWB(AWC)

The auto white balance function is provided with anorange-cyan axis offset adjustment and 64 segment

photometric area designation. This mode perform

more faster action than ATW mode without

operating range.

Auto White BalanceAuto White Balance

MANUALMANUALMANUALMANUAL

Manual R and B adjustment possible. This mode is used for manual

adjustment of white balance.


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When the field of view contains a large brightly lit backgroundWhen the field of view contains a large brightly lit background and a smallerand a smallerdimly lit foreground object the normal response of the camera/ledimly lit foreground object the normal response of the camera/lens is to reducens is to reduce

the light level across both areas. This would cause the smallerthe light level across both areas. This would cause the smaller foreground areaforeground area

to be dark and undefinable.to be dark and undefinable. With backlight compensationWith backlight compensationONONcamera circuitry will automatically adjust thecamera circuitry will automatically adjust the

cameras shutter operation within the foreground area to providecameras shutter operation within the foreground area to provide a usablea usablepicture in both areas.picture in both areas.

Back light compensation

OFF

Back light compensation

ON

Back Light Compensation (BLC)Back Light Compensation (BLC)


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Wide Dynamic RangeWide Dynamic Range

Usage of latest DSPUsage of latest DSPtechnology ( SONY SS2technology ( SONY SS2--WD) improved extendedWD) improved extendeddynamic feature providesdynamic feature provides

optimum pictureoptimum pictureinformation where standardinformation where standardcameras come up withcameras come up withoverover-- and/or underexposedand/or underexposed

picture areaspicture areas

Normal

BLC

WDR


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Can you tell the difference?Can you tell the difference?Normal Mode Back Light Compensation

Wide Dynamic


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Video TransmissionVideo TransmissionVideo TransmissionMaximumMaximum

Transmission Distance:Transmission Distance:CoaxialCoaxial : 500 m: 500 m

Twisted pairTwisted pair : 1500 m: 1500 m

Fiber OpticFiber Optic : 20000: 20000


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Coaxial Cable CharacteristicsCoaxial Cable CharacteristicsCoaxial Cable Characteristics

PurePure copper center conductorcopper center conductor

Copper braid with at least 95% coverageCopper braid with at least 95% coverage

Stranded where excessive cable movementStranded where excessive cable movement

For optimum coax operation ALWAYS use a coax with a pure copperFor optimum coax operation ALWAYS use a coax with a pure coppercenter conductor with at least a 95% copper shield.center conductor with at least a 95% copper shield.

RG 59RG 59 : Maximum Distance, 200 m: Maximum Distance, 200 m




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When to use Coaxial cableWhen to use Coaxial cable

Advantages:Advantages:

Low costLow costSimple to cable, simple handlingSimple to cable, simple handling

PointPoint--toto--point connectionpoint connection

No maintenance requiredNo maintenance required

No active amplifier requiredNo active amplifier required

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

Large space required due to wide diameter of cableLarge space required due to wide diameter of cable

Signal interference from electroSignal interference from electro--magnetic sourcesmagnetic sourcesLimited range: up to 200 m depending on cable specificationLimited range: up to 200 m depending on cable specification

Lightning protection expensiveLightning protection expensive

Separate cable required for controlSeparate cable required for control


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COAX75 Ohm

Termination

Correct -

Good Termination

Video Signal TerminationVideo Signal Termination



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COAX 75 OhmTermination

Video Distribution Amp

INPUT

OUTPUT

OR

Correct -

Good Termination


with Multiple endswith Multiple ends

Vid Si lVid Si l N T i tiN T i ti


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Lack of termination causes the

video to not terminate at the last

monitor, but reflect off the input

and cause a ghosting effect onthe first monitor.

The unterminated signal mayoverdrive the monitor and

wash-out the picture and/or

cause distortion.

COAX 75 OhmTermination

(NC)

INCORRECT

PHILIPS

Video SignalVideo Signal No TerminationNo Termination


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Double termination weakens the signal.This will result in a faded picture. If the

signal strength is low, due to long cableruns (etc.), the monitor could lose thesync signal required to lock onto thepicture, causing the picture to verticallyroll.

COAX

75 OhmTerminations

INCORRECT

PHILIPS

Video SignalVideo Signal Double TerminationDouble Termination


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Transmitter

Twisted Cable Transmission

Receiver

1 pair of Twisted cable

1 pair of Twisted cable

Wh T i d iWh t T i t d i


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When to use Twisted pairWhen to use Twisted pair

cablecable Advantages:Advantages:

Range up to 1500 mRange up to 1500 m

More resistant to Electromagnetic interference compared to CoaxiMore resistant to Electromagnetic interference compared to Coaxialal

Uses existing cable infrastructureUses existing cable infrastructure

Small space required due to narrow diameter of cableSmall space required due to narrow diameter of cable

CostCost--effective for medium distanceseffective for medium distances

Control data can be transmitted on the same lineControl data can be transmitted on the same line


Active elements (transmitter and receiver required)Active elements (transmitter and receiver required)

Maintenance required (temperatureMaintenance required (temperature--dependent)dependent)

2 f d C


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2 types of Twisted Pair Converters2 types of Twisted Pair Converters

Passive Twisted pair converter:Passive Twisted pair converter:

Use no power.Use no power.

Maximum transmission is 300 mMaximum transmission is 300 mCommonly used in short distance but high Electromagnetic interfeCommonly used in short distance but high Electromagnetic interferencerence

environment, for example the Lift shaft.environment, for example the Lift shaft.

Active Twisted pair converter:Active Twisted pair converter:Use power.Use power.

Maximum transmission is 1500 mMaximum transmission is 1500 m

Commonly used for its longer range transmission and ElectromagneCommonly used for its longer range transmission and Electromagnetictic

interference function.interference function.

Transmitter


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Fiber Optic TransmissionFiber Optic TransmissionSIEMENS

12 VDC

POWER GRD

+ 12 VDC

VIDEO IN

VIDE O GRD1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

CTF-RM- 230

2GF5408-8 CA

INPUT :

OUTPUT:

230VAC-. 25A50/60HZ

20VAC -50/60HZ -3 A

PO WE R

SIEMENSSIEMENS

1

C T F 2141-RM2GF5407-8 CD

PO WE R

CA RRI ER

AGC

Fiber Optic


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When to use Fiber OpticWhen to use Fiber Optic Advantages:Advantages:

Range up to 69 kmRange up to 69 km

Immune to Electromagnetic interference.Immune to Electromagnetic interference.Secure against tappingSecure against tapping

Low pallet and fire load (weight)Low pallet and fire load (weight)

No maintenance requiredNo maintenance required

Multiple transmission of signals possibleMultiple transmission of signals possible


Higher cost (material and handling)Higher cost (material and handling)

Active elements (transmitter and receiver required)Active elements (transmitter and receiver required)Significant effort and expense involved with changesSignificant effort and expense involved with changes

in camera locationin camera location

Special installation training requiredSpecial installation training required

2 d l f b O2 d l f Fib O i T i i


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Multi mode Fiber OpticMulti mode Fiber Optic

transmission model:transmission model:

Maximum transmission is 4000 mMaximum transmission is 4000 m

The Fiber is more expensive whileThe Fiber is more expensive while

the Converter is cheaper compared tothe Converter is cheaper compared to

Single modeSingle mode

2 model of Fiber Optic Transmission2 model of Fiber Optic Transmission

MultimodeMultimode

62.5/12562.5/125micronmicron

50/125 micron50/125 micron

SinglemodeSinglemode 9/125 micron9/125 micron

Single mode Fiber Optic transmission model:Single mode Fiber Optic transmission model:Maximum transmission is 60000 mMaximum transmission is 60000 m

The Fiber is cheaper while the converter is more expensiveThe Fiber is cheaper while the converter is more expensive

compared to Multi modecompared to Multi mode

TCP/IP TransmissionTCP/IP Transmission


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TCP/IP TransmissionC / a s ss o

(LAN/WAN/Web)(LAN/WAN/Web)

Encoder

Decoder

Controller

Camera

IP-Network


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When to use TCP/IP transmissionWhen to use TCP/IP transmission

Advantages:Advantages:

Uses existing network structures and hardwareUses existing network structures and hardware

No range limit within the networkNo range limit within the networkInternet integration possibleInternet integration possible


Hardware costHardware costBandwidth restriction for image transmission speedBandwidth restriction for image transmission speed

Bandwidth restriction for image transmission qualityBandwidth restriction for image transmission quality

Typical format used inTypical format used in


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Typical format used inTypical format used in

TCP/IP transmissionTCP/IP transmission

Picture transmission formatsPicture transmission formats: Higher Security, larger bandwidth: Higher Security, larger bandwidth

required.required.WaveletWavelet

MJPEGMJPEG

Motion transmission formatsMotion transmission formats: Lower security, smaller bandwidth: Lower security, smaller bandwidthrequired.required.

MPEGMPEG--11

MPEGMPEG--22

MPEGMPEG--44


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Video ManagementVideo ManagementVideo Management

We have got the image capturedWe have got the image capturedand safely transmitted to ourand safely transmitted to our

Control Room.Control Room.

What we are going to

do with them?

Video Management SystemVideo Management System


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Video Management SystemVideo Management System

Based on the principle of Cost Saving and Efficiency, The VideoBased on the principle of Cost Saving and Efficiency, The Videomanagement must allow the guards to view as many cameras as possmanagement must allow the guards to view as many cameras as possibleiblewith as few monitors as possible within the least investment aswith as few monitors as possible within the least investment as possible.possible.

When viewing camera every operator must pick one function by sacWhen viewing camera every operator must pick one function by sacrificingrificinganother:another:

1.1. To view one camera at a time in cycles with clearer imageTo view one camera at a time in cycles with clearer image

2.2. To view all cameras at the same time with less clear imageTo view all cameras at the same time with less clear image

3.3. To record all cameras and view all later with clearer image.To record all cameras and view all later with clearer image.


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Video SwitcherVideo Switcher

4

3

2

1

Video Switcher allows the operator to view one camera at one timVideo Switcher allows the operator to view one camera at one timeein cycles with full imagein cycles with full image


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MultiplexerMultiplexer

Multiplexer allows the operator to view all cameras at the sameMultiplexer allows the operator to view all cameras at the same timetimewith compressed imagewith compressed image

16

n

n

1


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MatrixMatrix

16

n

n

1

Matrix is the same with Video Switcher, but it is programmable aMatrix is the same with Video Switcher, but it is programmable and thend thesize is usually bigger.size is usually bigger.


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Time Lapse VCRTime Lapse VCR

For recording purpose, A VCR is connected to a multiplexer or viFor recording purpose, A VCR is connected to a multiplexer or videodeoswitcher to view later. To save cost on recording media, the recswitcher to view later. To save cost on recording media, the recordingordingis usually set to Time lapse motion.is usually set to Time lapse motion.

16

n

n

1


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DVRDVR

Alarm button

DVR Screen

LAN / WANISDNADSL

The advancement of Digital Technology creates a new equipmentThe advancement of Digital Technology creates a new equipmentwhich combined all the functions of multiplexer, video switcher,which combined all the functions of multiplexer, video switcher, andand

VCR in a single system called Digital Video Recorder (DVR).VCR in a single system called Digital Video Recorder (DVR).


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NVRNVRVideoEncoderVideo

Encoder

Video

Encoder

VideoEncoder

VideoEncoder

VideoEncoder

TCP/IP

VideoDecoder

VideoDecoder

The integration of security system with the Information TechnoloThe integration of security system with the Information Technologygy(IT) start a new generation of DVR called Network Video Recorder(IT) start a new generation of DVR called Network Video Recorder

(NVR).(NVR). NVR system transmit the Video signal in full TCP/IP. NVR possessNVR system transmit the Video signal in full TCP/IP. NVR possesseses

all DVR capabilities plus the advantage of integration into IT aall DVR capabilities plus the advantage of integration into IT advancedvanceadvantages.advantages.

NVR

NVR

NVR

NVR


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IV. Digital Video ConceptIV. Digital Video Concept

1.1. Basic data communication: Dry contact, RS232, RS422, RS485, TCP/Basic data communication: Dry contact, RS232, RS422, RS485, TCP/IP.IP.

2.2. Protocols: PelcoProtocols: Pelco--D, PelcoD, Pelco--P, Panasonic, TTY, VCL, Ultrak.P, Panasonic, TTY, VCL, Ultrak.3.3. TCP/IP basic hardware: Switch, Router, Gateway.TCP/IP basic hardware: Switch, Router, Gateway.

4.4. Inside your Server: Bandwidth and Bottleneck.Inside your Server: Bandwidth and Bottleneck.

5.5. Resolution vs. frame rate. CIF vs. ipsResolution vs. frame rate. CIF vs. ips

6.6. Digital Video formats: Wavelet, MJPEG, MPEG.Digital Video formats: Wavelet, MJPEG, MPEG.7.7. TCP/IP access through: LAN, WAN, Internet.TCP/IP access through: LAN, WAN, Internet.

8.8. Integrated Security concept.Integrated Security concept.

9.9. Integrated Security in application.Integrated Security in application.


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ProtocolProtocol

When we need to talk to another people, in order that both of usWhen we need to talk to another people, in order that both of us toto

understand each other, both of us need to agree to use the sameunderstand each other, both of us need to agree to use the same languagelanguagewhich both of us can understand.which both of us can understand.

When an electronic machine need to communicate with another machWhen an electronic machine need to communicate with another machine, inine, inorder for the data do not get lost in the way, both of the machiorder for the data do not get lost in the way, both of the machines need tones need to

agree to use the same rule of communication. This rule is calledagree to use the same rule of communication. This rule is called Protocol.Protocol.

The Protocol can consist of:The Protocol can consist of: The level of voltage and current used.The level of voltage and current used.

The way to access the communication medium.The way to access the communication medium. The format of the data used in the communication.The format of the data used in the communication. etc.etc.


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ProtocolProtocol

There are many Protocols created, based on the standard made byThere are many Protocols created, based on the standard made by

International Standard Organization (ISO), 7 levels of protocolInternational Standard Organization (ISO), 7 levels of protocol are defined,are defined,they are:they are:1.1. Physical protocolPhysical protocol : RS232, RS485, RS422, RJ45: RS232, RS485, RS422, RJ452.2. Datalink protocol, which are divided into:Datalink protocol, which are divided into:

Medium Access ControlMedium Access Control : Ethernet, Token ring: Ethernet, Token ring

Logical Link ControlLogical Link Control : Odd/even parity, CRC check: Odd/even parity, CRC check3.3. Network protocolNetwork protocol : IP (Internet Protocol): IP (Internet Protocol)4.4. Transport protocolTransport protocol : TCP (Transport Control Protocol): TCP (Transport Control Protocol)5.5. Session protocolSession protocol : Simplex, Duplex, Half Duplex: Simplex, Duplex, Half Duplex6.6. Presentation protocolPresentation protocol : Firewall: Firewall7.7. Application protocolApplication protocol : email, www, ftp: email, www, ftp

In order so that 2 machine can communicate, all 7 protocolIn order so that 2 machine can communicate, all 7 protocolMUST BE THEMUST BE THESAMESAME..


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Physical Protocol: RSPhysical Protocol: RS--232232

RSRS--232 is a Physical Protocol.232 is a Physical Protocol.

RSRS--232 communicate in full Duplex.232 communicate in full Duplex.

2 devices connected with RS2 devices connected with RS--232 must have common ground.232 must have common ground.

The basic connection consists of 3 wirings, TX, RX, and GND.The basic connection consists of 3 wirings, TX, RX, and GND.

In the wiring the TX in one device goes to the RX of the other dIn the wiring the TX in one device goes to the RX of the other device. Theevice. The

opposite also the same.opposite also the same.

Maximum distance of transmission is 12 m.Maximum distance of transmission is 12 m.

TX TX

RXRX

GND GND


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RSRS--422 is a Physical Protocol.422 is a Physical Protocol. RSRS--422 communicate in Full Duplex422 communicate in Full Duplex

2 devices communicate with RS2 devices communicate with RS--422 do not need to have common ground.422 do not need to have common ground.

The basic connection consists of 4 wirings, TXThe basic connection consists of 4 wirings, TX--A, TXA, TX--B, RXB, RX--A, and RXA, and RX--B.B.

In the wiring the TXIn the wiring the TX--A and TXA and TX--B in one device goes to the RXB in one device goes to the RX--A and RXA and RX--B ofB ofthe other device. The opposite also the same.the other device. The opposite also the same.


TX-A

RX-ARX-B

TX-B

TX-A

RX-A

RX-B

TX-B


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RSRS--485 is a Physical Protocol.485 is a Physical Protocol.

RSRS--485 communicate in Half Duplex485 communicate in Half Duplex 2 devices communicate with RS2 devices communicate with RS--485 do not need to have485 do not need to have

common ground. It is possible to connect many devices with acommon ground. It is possible to connect many devices with asingle RSsingle RS--485.485.

The basic connection consists of 2 wirings, A and B.The basic connection consists of 2 wirings, A and B.

In the wiring the A goes to A and B goes to B on the other devicIn the wiring the A goes to A and B goes to B on the other deviceeand so on. At last and the beginning the devices must beand so on. At last and the beginning the devices must beterminated with resistors 120 ohm.terminated with resistors 120 ohm.


A

B

A

B

Termination120 ohm

Termination

120 ohm


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PTZ control high level protocolsPTZ control high level protocols

Every brand produce usually produce their own High Level ProtocoEvery brand produce usually produce their own High Level Protocols tols to

control the PTZ driver.control the PTZ driver. These are several most common high level protocol we usually fouThese are several most common high level protocol we usually found innd in

market are:market are:PelcoPelco--DD

PelcoPelco--PPPanasonicPanasonicVCLVCL

SensormaticSensormaticDiamond / KD6Diamond / KD6

ViconVicon

JVCJVC

Typically all PTZ protocols use RS485 as their Physical ProtocolTypically all PTZ protocols use RS485 as their Physical Protocol..


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MJPEG vs. MPEGMJPEG vs. MPEG

MJPEGMJPEG Similar to a digital still picture camera. MJPEG consists on capSimilar to a digital still picture camera. MJPEG consists on captured picturetured picturecompressed frame by frame into JPEG format. Each individual pictcompressed frame by frame into JPEG format. Each individual picture is aure is acompressed picture and all have guaranteed image quality.compressed picture and all have guaranteed image quality.

Simply described, MPEG basic principle is to compare 2 compresseSimply described, MPEG basic principle is to compare 2 compressed imaged imageand transmit the difference only. Using the first picture as refand transmit the difference only. Using the first picture as reference frameerence frameand only sending the part of the following images that is differand only sending the part of the following images that is differ from thefrom thereference picture.reference picture.

MPEGMPEG


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MJPEGMJPEG Advantages:Advantages:

1.1. Guaranteed image quality.Guaranteed image quality.

If bandwidth is reduced, image quality is maintained at the costIf bandwidth is reduced, image quality is maintained at the cost ofofframe rate.frame rate.

Image quality remains constant regardless of image complexity.Image quality remains constant regardless of image complexity.

Clear on each individual images.Clear on each individual images.2.2. LessLess--computationcomputation--intensive.intensive.

Many channels can be decoded and shown simultanously on a PCMany channels can be decoded and shown simultanously on a PCmonitor. Less cost spent on the encoding and decoding equipmentsmonitor. Less cost spent on the encoding and decoding equipments..

Faster and simpler to perform content searches and do imageFaster and simpler to perform content searches and do image

manipulation.manipulation.

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:1.1. Higher bandwidth consumption at frame rate > 5fps.Higher bandwidth consumption at frame rate > 5fps.2.2. Higher storage requirement at frame rate > 5 fps.Higher storage requirement at frame rate > 5 fps.


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MPEGMPEG Advantages:Advantages:

1.1. Constant frame rate. Real time frame rate can be maintainedConstant frame rate. Real time frame rate can be maintained If bandwidth is reduced, frame rate is maintained at the cost ofIf bandwidth is reduced, frame rate is maintained at the cost of

image quality. Good for surveillance, not good for recording.image quality. Good for surveillance, not good for recording.2.2. Lower bandwidth and storage consumption at > 5 fps.Lower bandwidth and storage consumption at > 5 fps.

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:1.1. Higher cost.Higher cost.

Complex compression. Requires more costly PC and equipments forComplex compression. Requires more costly PC and equipments forencoding and decoding. Fewer channels can be displayedencoding and decoding. Fewer channels can be displayedsimultanously in a monitor.simultanously in a monitor.

Licensing restriction. No free viewers.Licensing restriction. No free viewers.2.2. Lower reliability video.Lower reliability video.

If bandwidth goes down below a certain threshold, all video is lIf bandwidth goes down below a certain threshold, all video is lost.ost. Higher latency. Potential lagging problem when viewing live videHigher latency. Potential lagging problem when viewing live videoo

and PTZ control.and PTZ control. What you see is not always what you get. Designed for realWhat you see is not always what you get. Designed for real--timetime

viewing, but not good for recording and video analysis.viewing, but not good for recording and video analysis.

CIFCIF -- Resolution metric for DigitalResolution metric for Digital


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CIFCIF Resolution metric for DigitalResolution metric for Digital

SystemSystem


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MPEG Video CompressionMPEG Video Compression MPEGMPEG--1 (1993):1 (1993): Averagely 1.5 Mbit/sec at CIFAveragely 1.5 Mbit/sec at CIF

Frame rate is locked at 25 frame per second (PAL).Frame rate is locked at 25 frame per second (PAL).

MPEGMPEG--2 (1994):2 (1994):

Larger and higher quality picture. The best quality picture so fLarger and higher quality picture. The best quality picture so far.ar.

Frame rate is locked at 25 frame per second (PAL)Frame rate is locked at 25 frame per second (PAL)

MPEGMPEG--4 (2000)4 (2000)

Multi method of compressions.Multi method of compressions.

MPEGMPEG--4 SP, MPEG4 SP, MPEG--4 ASP,4 ASP,and MPEGand MPEG--4 AVC.4 AVC.

Variable frame rate possible.Variable frame rate possible.

Single Picture-Compression is already included in today's Video Standards


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is already included in today s Video Standards

The advancement of picture compression.

Singular standard Video standard newest Video standard

64 Kbit/Pic 20 Kbit/Pic 10 Kbit/Pic

http://de.wi kipedia.org/wiki/Verlustbehaftete_D atenkompression


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What Format should I choose?What Format should I choose?

1.1. Choose MJPEG if:Choose MJPEG if: Picture quality is more important than Frame rate.Picture quality is more important than Frame rate. Bandwidth is not guaranteed (Shared Network).Bandwidth is not guaranteed (Shared Network).

Frame rate 10 frame per second is required.

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