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• “Native” Americans
• Beringia
– Eskimo
– Northwest
– Anasazi
• Pueblos
• Water conservation
– Similarities
• Diet
– Hunt, farm, fish
• Bows & arrows
• No writing
• Vs. Europeans
– Less dense
– No wheels or ships
– Small animals only
• Ericsson
• Prince Henry
• Bartolomeu Dias
• Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498
• Portugal inches along African coast
– Slaves
– Religion
• Cape Verde 1st plantations
• Ottoman Turks
– Genoa & Venice
– Atlantic nations look west
– Spain
– Moors
• Columbus
– Bad with the ruler
– San Salvador
• Bahamas
– Hispaniola
• La Navidad
– Returns with natives
– 4 trips
– Columbian Exchange
• Goods, ppl & ideas
• Treaty of Tordesillas
– Portugal
– Brazil only
– de Gama 1498
• Cabot
– Northwest Passage/ cod
• Cabral
– Vespucci
• Balboa
• Magellan
– West voyage not feasible
• Conquistadores
– Cortez
• Aztec
– Empire, tribute, sacrifice
• Spain most powerful after
– Pizarro
• Inca
• French
– Verrazano
– Cartier
– Up to now
– No settlements in America
– Spanish Empire
– Portugal to China
– International fishing
– Huguenots
– Challenge to Spain
– St. Augustine 1st
• England
– John Hawkins Africa to Haiti
• Factors encouraging exploration
– Technological advances
– Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich
– Gold, glory & the Gospel
• England supplants Spain
– Henry VIII
– Elizabeth
• Reform
– Drake
– Roanoke Island
– Armada
• Spain defends Cath.
• English pond
• England Colonizes in a Big Way
• Hakluyt
– New trade partners
– Ease unemployment
• Pressure valve
• 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave
• Joint-stock company
– VA London
– VA Plymouth
– Takes time for profit
– Jamestown
– License to poach
– Terrible location
• Swamp, drought
– Gentlemen/servants
– Search for gold
• 38/144
– Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor
– Could have done better if they learned to farm
– John Smith
• Harsh
• “The Starving Time”
• Powhatan Confederacy
– Aid led to survival
– Weapons for reinforcing
• Lord de la Warr
– Irish tactics
• Raid, burn, steal
• Natives inferior
• Almost exterminated due to VA success
• John Rolfe
– Made VA a stable colony
– Seals peace by marriage
• Spread of the vile weed
– Scattered settlements
– Constant encroaching
• Labor force
– Indentured
• Lack of labor
• Poor, willing
• Cheap, abundant
• 2x or 3x pay
• Most migrants to Chesapeake
• Many premature deaths
• Society of servants and ex-servants
• Sometimes sold
• Extended– legally
– Stole, ran away, pregnant
– Women no marriage
– Freedom dues
– Headright
• Wealthy gentry class
– More land, more workers
– New arrivals in 1619
• Africans & wives?
• House of Burgesses
– Series of harsh rulers
– Representative self-government
• Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies
• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.
• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629
• Maryland
– Proprietary
• Lord B’more
• Sanctuary
– But… conflict
» Majority Protestants as yeoman
» Catholics as gentry
– Act of Toleration 1649
• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
• Polarized society post 1649
– Land, money in east
– Untamed in the west
– Gov. Berkeley
• No elections for 15 years
• Only male landowners & heads of households
• Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians
• Bacon’s Rebellion
– Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed
– New workforce
• New England
• Pilgrims
– Separatists
– Too corrupt
– Holland
– Mayflower Compact
• Political body & legal auth
• Will of majority
– Squanto
• Pilgrims as allies
• Thanksgiving
• Mass. Bay Colony
– Covenant
• Contract for a mission
– “City Upon a Hill”
• Reform the Church of Eng.
– King’s puppet
– Families, educated, college
– Voting rights
• Property owning males
• Popular got big tracts
• The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted
• Connecticut
– Thomas Hooker
– All males
– Fundamental Orders of CT.
• Rhode Island
– Roger Williams
• Land belonged to…
• Freedom of religion
– Newport 1658
– Anne Hutchinson
• Comm. Directly with God
• Relations with Indians
• Pequot War of 1637
– White settlement disrupted trade
– Narragansett allies
– Heavily criticized
• Tried to Christianize
• Indians knew only unity stops encroachment
• King Philip’s War
– Encroachment
• Surrounded Indian towns
• Sassamon
• Mohawk
• Great Swamp
• Sold into slavery
• Debt, ruined frontier, hatred
• Eunice Williams stayed
• Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock
• Trouble in New England
• Salem
– Tituba
• Witchcraft
• Specters
– Causes
• Continual disorder explained by blame
– Indian attacks
– Decline of Puritan society
– Ergot
• The Other Colonies
• New York
– 1609 Hudson
– Albany
– New Netherlands
– New Amsterdam
• Manhattan
• Patroonships
• Headright
– Diverse
– Huguenots
• Peter Stuyvesant
• Duke of York– James
• Pennsylvania
– Wm. Penn
– Quaker
– Proprietary
– Indians
• Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims
• Those having probs elsewhere
– Religious toleration
• “in the souls there is no sex”
• Carolina
– Restoration as others
– Barbados in south
• Charles Town
• Slaves
• Staple crops
– Eliza Lucas
– VA influence in north
• Regulator – no reapportioning—not represented
• Georgia
– Oglethorpe
– Buffer/Reform
• Between two empires
– Savannah
• Navigation Acts
– Mercantilism—raw materials
– Only English/colonial ships
– Enumerated
– Designed to make money and stop competition
– Board of Trade
• Parliament passed rules but they didn’t affect the colonies unless stated
– Salutary Neglect
• Robert Walpole
– Ignoring leads to more wealth
• Admiralty Courts
• Crown attacks colonies charters
– Mass Bay Colony charter revoked
– Dominion of New England
• Under direct English control
• All land titles invalidated
– Edmund Andros
– Glorious Revolution
• Influenced colonists to rise as well
• Mass Bay restored with additions
– Leisler’s Rebellion
– Coode
• More Indian Wars
– New York
• Beaver Wars
• Iroquois
– Needed to war to replenish since European disease killing them
– North Carolina
• Tuscarora—many enslaved
– South Carolina
• Yamassee
– Abused by whites (sold into slavery)
– Threatened lands
– Spanish intrigue
• Slavery
– Portuguese
– Africans practiced violence
• Europeans didn’t have to
• Xtianized them instead
– Triangular Trade
• Products/ trade became basis of European economy
• Middle Passage
– Rebellion
• Stono
– Can’t overturn slavery; can’t win the fight for freedom.
• Colonial experiences
– The Great Awakening
• First shared
• Religious indifference
– Convert non-believers and revive piety of believers
– Most didn’t go to church
• Revivals
– Jonathan Edwards
» Sinners…
• Led to religious diversity
• Enlightenment
– Liberty, liberty, property
» John Locke
• Right of rebellion
» Peter Zenger
– Religion
» Deism
» God the Clockmaker
– Ben Franklin
» Poor Richard’s
• Work & wealth
• The French in America
– Champlain
• Coureurs de bois
• Black Robes—Jesuits
– Robert de la Salle
• Mississippi
– No suppression of Indian
– They liked European goods
• Kept Spanish out
• Wars with the French
– King William/Queen Anne
• Mostly European affairs
• Attacks on frontier towns by French/Indians told colonists that they still needed English protection
– King George’s War
– Louisbourg
• Colonists furious
– Boston widows
• French and Indian War
– Contested land
• Ohio Valley
• French forts
• Gov. Dinwiddie
– Washington
» Surrenders
» British retaliate
• Nova Scotia
– Albany Congress
• Albany Plan for Union
– Ben Franklin
» Win Indians—they made no commitment
» Colonists meet annually
» Colonies & crown refused
• Not enough or too much independence
– General Braddock
• Duquesne—war declared
• Colonists refused to fight
• British thought colonists bear the responsibility
• Indians side with French—less land-hungry
– William Pitt—Great Commoner
• Picked better commanders
– Recruitment was local now
• Finance thoroughly—but… leads to huge debt
– Boon to colonies economy
– Turning point
• Focus on North America
– Attack Quebec
– Cripple France’s colonies
– Plains of Abraham
» Wolfe & Montcalm
» Iroquois allied w/ GB
– Treaty of Paris
• Indians lose land as colonists mover west
• England east, Spain west
– Colonial hangover
• Colonists have military confidence
• Colonist officers treated poorly
– No promotions—British discipline brutal
– Amateurs
• British concerns
– Americans traded with enemy
– Americans begin to head west
– Pontiac’s Rebellion
• Refused to surrender lands
• Britain raised prices
• Several British forts attacked
• Many lives lost, long time to quell
• Britain retaliated with germ warfare
– Proclamation of 1763
• Keep peace—no settling west
• Stationed soldiers here for same
• British problems
– War debt
– Colonists should help pay for empire
– Pitt’s role
– Standing Army (where?!?)
– Quartering Act
• Sugar Act
– Molasses Act
– Rewards for capture
• Stamp Act
– Internal tax
– James Otis
• No rep in Parle
• Direct rep here
• Grenville virtual
– Sons & Daughters
• Boycott
– VA Resolves
• Patrick Henry
• Caesar, Chas I and George
– Stamp Act Congress
• First successful union
• 9 of 13
• Rights & Grievances
– Tax and represent redux
– Jury w/o trial
– Restrict on trade
• Prevent distribution
– Andrew Oliver
» Effigy
– Thomas Hutchinson
» All resigned
• Boycott worked
• Declaratory Act
• Townsend Acts
– Revenue Act of 1765
– Customs collectors paid by crown
– Tax on lead, glass, paint, tea
– Writs of assistance
– New York Assembly
– Circular Letter
• Sam Adams
• Tax w/o consent?
• VA Assembly agrees dissolved
• Currently
– Taxes
– Houses searched
– Troops stationed at the center of hotbeds
• Boston Massacre
– March 5, 1770
– Soldiers withdrawn
– Townsend repealed
• Gaspée
– Crown’s commission to find perpetrators
– Committees of Correspondence
• Cooperation to oppose
• Boston Tea Party
– British East India Tea Co.
• Smuggled tea
• Tax lowered
• Favoritism
• Hurt current suppliers
• Hurt smugglers
• “Intolerable” Acts
– 1. Boston Harbor
– 2. Mass. Charter
– 3. Trials in England
– 4. New Quartering Act
– 5. Quebec Act
• New borders
– Land granted to Catholics!
– No precedent
– General Gage
• First Continental Congress
– Rights & Grievances
• Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response
• Continental Association
– Manage boycott
– Ben Franklin
» “we must hang together…”
– Colonists forced to choose sides
– Meet again in one year
• Lexington & Concord 4/75
– Stockpiles
– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes
– Sam Adams/John Hancock
– Boston under siege
• Second Continental Congress
– G. Washington C-in-C
– Mass Militia named Cont. Army
• Bunker Hill
– 3 attempts
– Pyrrhic victory
– Hessians
– Ports closed
– Halifax
• Ethan Allen
• Canadian Invasion
– Ben Arnold
• Fawkes Day
– Americans need European support
• Common Sense/ Thomas Paine
• Hessian = war’s unpopularity
• Independence needed for European support
– Richard Henry Lee
– “these colonies are and of right ought to be independent states”
– Committee formed
• Adams, Franklin, Jefferson et al
• SC & GA edit
– “all men are… life, liberty and pursuit…”
– Government purpose is to allow constituents…
– Government derive their power
– If government fails…
• All signers… treason!
– All states were encouraged to write const
• All took power away from executive
• Battle of New York
– No pursuit
– Lots of desertion
– The Crisis
• Brit ad/disadvantages
– Profession army
– 3000 miles
– Re-conquer w/o destroy
• Divide and conquer
• Tories
• Keep allegiance
• Americans
– Good generals/ bad also
– Home game
– Bonus (land) for enlistment
• Women
– Nurses, domestic tasks, Robert Shurtleff, Molly Pitcher
• New Jersey
– Delaware River
• Trenton
• Princeton
• Britain attempts to cut off NE
– Howe
– Philadelphia
– Burgoyne
– Saratoga
• One of the world’s biggest!
• French
– Repossess
– Reconcile?
• Home-rule
• Philadelphia
– Brandywine
– Accomplished nothing
– Fired-up colonists
• Valley Forge
– Baron von Steuben
– Post Saratoga/Philadelphia new strategy
• War in the west
– Iroquois Alliance
– George Rogers Clark
– Indians neutral to British
• War on the sea
– John Paul Jones
• Bonhomme Richard
– Privateers
• War in the South
– Charleston/ Savannah
• Put Tories in charge
• African-Americans
• Nathaniel Greene
– “we fight, get beat, fight again
– Guerrilla warfare
» Francis Marion, Thomas Sumter
» Drag British inland
– Yorktown
• De Grasse
• Cut their loses
– Treaty of Paris
• State Constitutions
– Reduced power of governors
– Most bi-cameral
– Limited voting rights—25-50% of all males disenfranchised
• South—at least you ain’t Black
– VA had Bill of Rights
• Republican government
– Elected reps
– Most favor weak central government
– Articles of Confed.
• 1st constitution
– Conduct foreign affairs
– Maintain armed forces
– Borrow money
– Issue currency
» Could not
» Regulate trade
» Draft an army
» Tax
» To pass law—9 of 13
» To amend—all 13
» No exec, no judicial
» Tariff tried but…
– One vote per state
– Ratification problems
» Western lands
• March 1781
• Accomplishments
– Won war
– Foreign affairs
– New states
• Land Policy
– Ordinance 1785
• First independent source of revenue
• rectangular with 1 of every 36 for education
• 640 acres each—$1 per acre
• Public auction
• Speculators
– Ordinance of 1787
• Northwest Territory
• 3 to 5 states
• 60,000
• Equal to others
• Bill of Rights
• No slavery
– Fugitive slave law included
• Problems with money
– Soldiers wages
– 1781 march on PHL
– Paper $ worthless
– Dept. of Finance created
• Robert Morris
• 5% on imports
– Denied—A of C government could get too powerful
• Depression
– Rice crop destroyed
– Farms confiscated for non-payment of state taxes
– West Indies closed to trade (Britain)
– Britain flooded
• Shay’s Rebellion
– Mass broke
– Tax farmers
– Judge taking lands
– Shay leads rebellion to courts, arsenal
– 4 killed by Bowdoin’s troops
• Many feared future rebellions
• A of C not strong enough
• Slavery
– Many states immediate to gradual in Northern states
– Manumission
– All men…. Quok Walker
• Only humans in South
– NJ let free & women vote
• Constitutional Convention
– Annapolis Conference
– Madison/Hamilton
• Changes—A of C too weak
• 55 delegates—most lawyers, all rich
• Closed doors no notes
– VA Plan & NJ Plan—how to satisfy big/small states
• VA 2 house, both pop proportional, chief chose by legislature
• People choose lower, lower chooses upper
• NJ one house one vote per state
• Plural execs
– The Great Compromise
• Roger Sherman
• 2-house, H of Reps by pop, Senate (2 for all states)
• 3/5 clause
• Slavery not interfered with till 1808
• 9 of 13 states required to ratify
• Ratification
– Federalists
– Anti-Federalists
• Fear of a distant power
• Bill of Rights
– Delaware
• New Hampshire
• Virginia
– B of Rights to be added
• New York
– Federalist essays
• Detailed failure of A of C
• First Election
– Washington
• Adams
• Dept of State—Jefferson
• Dept of the Treasury—Hamilton
• Dept of War
• Cabinet (advisers)
– Adams just presided of Senate
• Judiciary Act of 1789
– Supreme Ct.
– John Jay
• Bill of Rights
– Madison
– 12—10
– Nothing on who could vote
• Financial Problems
– Hamilton
• Tariff
– To protect/ foster
– South no, North yes
• Report on Public Credit
• Fed debt (par)
– Speculators—wealthy have stake
• Assumption
– States
– South not happy
– Washington
• National Bank
• Vault, loans, currency
• Strict
• Loose—Necessary & Proper
• Political parties
• Whiskey Rebellion
– Hamilton’s programs
• 25%
• Barter = no cash
• Serious threat
• Nationalize PA militia
• Frontier Problems
– Indians look to Britain/Spain
– Anthony Wayne
• Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794
• Treaty of Greenville 1795
– Ohio
• European Problems
– French Revolution
– Neutrality
– Citizen Genet
– Jefferson resigns
– British impress
• Jay’s Treaty
– Hamilton’s role
– Northwest
– Withdraw
– Pay for ships
– Allow trade w/ British W.I.
– Freed slaves
– French capture US ships
• Executive Privilege
– Pinckney’s Treaty
• Right of Deposit
• Mississippi
• Washington’s Farewell
– Precedent
– Party system
– Foreign alliances
• Election of 1796
– Adams/ Chas. Pinckney
– Jefferson/ Burr
– 71-68
– 12th Amendment
• Adam’s Presidency
– Problems w/ France
• XYZ Affair
– Shipping
– Talleyrand
• Undeclared war
– Dept of Navy
– Alien & Sedition Acts
• Aimed at Republicans
– 14 year naturalization
• Sedition Act
– KY & VA Resolutions
• Constitution a compact
• Nullification
• Election of 1800
– Adams hurt by A/S & taxes to build navy
– Jay’s Treaty
– Whiskey Rebellion
– Jeff called Jacobin etc
– Fathered mulatto
– Atheist
– Jeff v. Burr
– 26 ballots later
– Deal made?
– Hamilton role
– VA threat to march on DC
– Revolution of 1800—peaceful transition—“we are all Republicans, we are all…”
• Jeff presidency
– Weak gov’t
• States center of power
– Compact!
• New capital
• Pay down debt
– Albert Gallatin
– Warships decommissioned
– Army downsized
– Excise tax abolished
– Sedition Act expires—many freed
– Repealed Naturalization Act
– Kept par, assumption, tariff
• Midnight Appts
– Keep feds in power
– John Marshall
– Marbury v. Madison
• Madison Secy of State***
– Writ of mandamus
– Part of 1789 Act unconstitutional because only exec can enforce, not SC
– Judicial Review
– Sam Chase—big proponent of Sedition Act
• Senate too Federalist
• SC maintains its independence
• Foreign Policy
– Tripoli
• Increased tribute refused by Jeff
• War declared
• Stephen Decatur
– Louisiana Purchase
• French get Louisiana back
• Threat to Right of Deposit
• French Empire here?
• Eli Whitney
• Robert Livingston, James Monroe mission
• Haitian Revolt
– Toussaint L’Ouverture
– Malaria killed 1000s of French soldiers
– War w/ GB financed by sale
• Federalists oppose—losing influence to South & West
– Strict v. loose
– Louisiana 1812
– Doubled size
– Lewis & Clark
» Foster good relations
» Flora/fauna
» Water route to Pacific
» Claim to Oregon
» Sacajawea
• Scout/translator
• Domestic
– Essex Junto
» New England, NY & NJ
• NE threatened by Louis. Purchase
» Burr as governor of NY
» Hamilton remarks
» Duel
» Burr flees
• Southwest Empire?
• Acquitted of treason
• 2nd Term
– Problems w/ Britain & France
• Continental system
• Orders in Council
• Impressment
– 6,000 from 1808-1811
• Chesapeake v. HMS Leopard
– 3 dead, 18 wounded
• Embargo Act
– Disaster
– Smuggling
– GB not as reliant as hoped
– Feds in Northeast hating on Jeff
– Started Industrial Revolution as US became self-sufficient
• 1809 Non-Intercourse Act
– Every nation except GB/FR
• Election of 1808
– Madison but Feds gain seats in Congress
– Macon’s Bill Number 2
• Hope both drop restrictions
• Napoleon deceives
– War Hawks
• Henry Clay
• John C Calhoun
• Andrew Jackson
• Anti-British
– Tippecanoe
• William Henry Harrison
• Prophet/Tecumseh
• Federation
• Tecumseh flees to Canada
• Causes for War
– War Hawks push for declaration of war and attack on Canada
– Attack Florida
– Impressment
– Federalists opposed
– Sectional vote
– Orders in Council suspended but news travels slow
• War of 1812
– Ad: GB tied up w/ Napoleon
• Home game
• Canada real target & not heavily populated
– Dis-ad:
• Small army & old
• “Mr. Madison’s War”
– Invasion of Canada
• William Hull & Detroit
• NY militia
– Lake Erie
• Oliver Hazard Perry
• Retreating British (former loyalists) at Thames/Tecumseh by Harrison
• York
– Naval Victories
• USS Constitution
• Mostly fought on inland lakes
• Privateers very successful
• British impose blockade
– Economy crippled
– Treasury broke
– Bank allowed to expire
– 1814 Napoleon defeated
• British invade Chesapeake
– Washington
– Baltimore 8/14
» Francis Scott Key
• British invade from Canada
– Macdonough
» Plattsburgh 9/14
» Too costly
• Southwest Campaign
– Andrew Jackson
– Horseshoe Bend
– Treaty of Ghent
• Status Quo Ante Bellum
• Battle of New Orleans
• Hartford Convention
– Feds last hurrah
• Openly traded w/ GB
• Militia refused to leave states
– 3/5 Clause—60 day embargo—1 term President—no successive Pres. From same state—2/3 vote for new states
– Delegation arrives same time as news of Jackson victory
• Era of Good Feelings
– Nationalism high
– BUS re-chartered 1816
• Local banks printed worthless
• War effort hurt
– Tariff of 1816
• Protect
– Florida
• Adams- Onis
– 1816 Election
• James Monroe
– Rush-Bagot/Convention of 1818
• Demilitarized Great Lakes
• To the Rockies
• 49th