Ccnet Lec 05 Transmission Media
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Transcript of Ccnet Lec 05 Transmission Media
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Lecture
05Computer Communications& Networks
Transmission Media
Muhammad Yousaf
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Transmission Media:
Transmission mediumPhysical path between transmitter and receiver
Transmission is in the form of electromagnetic waves
Guided/wired media
Signal is guided along a solid path
e.g. twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optic
Unguided/wireless media
Signal is not guided along a certain path, ratherpropagates around all the directions
e.g. air, water, vacuum
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Electromagnetic Spectrum:
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Communication Spectrum:
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Wired Media:
Most commonly used wired medias:Twisted Pair
Shielded Twisted Pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair
Coaxial cableOptical fiber
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Twisted Pair:
RJ-45 Jack
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TP physical description:
Two insulated copper wiresWire thickness = from 0.4 to 0.9mm
Arranged in spiral pattern
Pair of wires act as a single communication linkNumber of pairs can be bundles together
Twisting decreases the interference due tocrosstalk
Neighboring pairs have different twist length
Twist length = from 0.5 to 15cm
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Twisted Pair applications:
Most common mediumTelephone network
Between house and local exchange (subscriber loop)
Within buildings
To private branch exchange (PBX)
For local area networks (LAN)
10Mbps or 100Mbps
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TP Pros and Cons:
CheapEasy to work with
Low data rate
Short range
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TP Transmission Characteristics:
AnalogNeeds Amplifiers every 5 to 6km
Digital
Needs Repeater every 2 to 3km
Limited distance
Limited bandwidth
Limited data rate
Susceptible to interference and noise
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UTP & STP:
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)Ordinary telephone wire
Cheapest
Easiest to install
Suffers from external
electromagnetic (EM)
interference
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UTP & STP: cont
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interference
More expensive
Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
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UTP Categories:
Bandwidth up to 600 MHz
Link cost = 2.2 (Normalized to cat 5)Cat-7
Bandwidth up to 250 MHz
Link cost = 1.5 (Normalized to cat 5)Cat-6
Bandwidth up to 100MHz
Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm
Data grade cable, most commonly used medium for LANs
Link cost = 1 (Normalized to cat 5)
Cat-5
Bandwidth up to 20 MHzNot so much used
Cat-4
Bandwidth up to 16MHz
Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm
Voice grade cable, have been used for telephony networks
Link cost = 0.7 (Normalized to cat 5)
Cat-3
DescriptionCategory
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Coaxial Cable:
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Coax physical description:
Consists of two conductorsOuter conductor, cylindrical hollow
Inner conductor, surrounded by outer conductor
Both separated by some insulating materialOuter conductor also covered by protecting shield
Coax diameter = from 1 to 2.5cm
Less susceptible to interference and crosstalk
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Coax Applications:
Most versatile mediumTelevision distribution (Cable TV)
Can carry hundreds of TV channels up to 10s of Km
Long distance telephone transmission
Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
Now being replaced by fiber optic
Local area networks
Also, have been used for high speed I/O forcomputer systems
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Optical Fiber:
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Optical Fiber physical description:
Thin, flexible mediumData transmit as optical ray (light)
Various materials can be used to make fiber
Ultra pure fused Silica
Multi-component glass
Plastic fiber
Optical Fiber consists of 3 concentric components
Core (inner most section, diameter = 8 to 100m)Cladding (of different optical characteristics than core)
Jacket (surrounds one or more claddings)
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Optical Fiber Benefits:
Greater capacityData rates of hundreds of Gbps
Smaller size & weight
Lower attenuation
Repeater spacing up to 40Km
Reducing cost and error rate
Electromagnetic isolation
Not vulnerable to interference and noiseSecurity
Cant be taped
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Optical Fiber Applications:
Long-haul trunks of telecom networksIncreasingly replacing coax and microwave
Submarine optical fibers getting more popularity
FLAG = Fiber Link Around Globe
A global fiber optic connectivity project
Subscriber loops
NayaTel & COMSATS providing fiber connectivity tosubscribers
LANs
FDDI = Fiber Distributed Data InterfaceA LAN standard similar to token ring
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Optical Fiber - Trans Char:
Principle: Total internal reflectionPortions of infrared and visible light is used
Spectrum 1014 to 1015 Hz
Light sources for fiber:
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Injection Laser Diode (ILD)
Wavelength Division Multiplexing:
Multiple light waves of different frequencies aretransmitted through single fiber
Bell Lab demonstration:
100 beams x 10Gbps fiber => 1Tbps data rate
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Wavelength Division Multiplexing:
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Wireless Media
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Wireless Transmission:
Antenna is required for every wireless
communicationFor transmission antenna radiates electromagnetic waves
For reception it picks these electromagnetic waves
OmnidirectionalSignal spreads in all directions
Can be received by many antennas
Directional
Focused beamCareful alignment is required
Higher the frequency, more it is possible to focusthe EM beam
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Omnidirectional Antenna:
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Directional Antenna:
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Sectorized Antenna:
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Wireless Propagation:
Wireless signals can travel in three ways:
Ground waveFollows contour of earth
Up to 2MHz
AM radio
Sky waveFrom 2MHz to 30MHz
Signal reflected from ionosphere layer of upper atmosphere
Ionosphere = Ionized region of atmosphere >50Km above earths surface
BBC world service, Voice of America
Line of sightAbove 30MHz
Line of Sight (LoS) limitation
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Ground Wave Propagation:
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Sky Wave Propagation:
Ionosphere > 50KmStratosphere >10Km,
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Line of Sight Propagation:
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Wireless Impairments:
Free space losses
Signal disperses with distance
Atmospheric Absorption
Water vapour and oxygen absorb radio signals
Water absorption, greatest at 22GHz, less below 15GHz
Oxygen absorption, greater at 60GHz, less below 30GHzRain & fog scatter radio waves
Multipath interference
Better to get line of sight if possible
Signal can be reflected causing multiple copies to be receivedMay be no direct signal at all
May reinforce or cancel direct signal
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Multipath Interference:
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Wireless Frequency spectrum:
Broadcast radio
1MHz to 1GHz
Omni-directional
Microwave
2GHz to 40GHzDirectional
Terrestrial / Satellite
Infrared
300GHz to 200THz
Highly directional
Short distance communication
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Broadcast Radio:
Omnidirectional
AM & FM radio
UHF and VHF television
Doesnt requires Line of Sight
Suffers from multipath interference
Less sensitive from attenuation due to rain
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Broadcast Radio: cont
Maximum distance between two antennas:
d = distance in kilometers
h = height in metersK = adjustment factor, = 4/3
Losses (L) due to attenuation:
d = distance
= wavelength
Kd 14.7
d
L
24
log10
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Effect of Height on Distance:
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Terrestrial Microwave:
Parabolic dishFocused beam
Line of sight requirements
Long haul telecommunications
Higher frequencies give higher data rates
Distance and losses equations same as broadcastradio
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Satellite Microwave:
Satellite acts as relay station
Receives on one frequency, amplifies it and transmits onanother frequency
4 / 6 GHz band:Angular spacing between satellites 4o, maximum 90 satellites
4.2 to 4.7GHz for downlink5.9 to 6.4GHz for uplink
12 / 14 GHz band:Angular spacing between satellites 3o, maximum 120 satellites
11.7 to 12.2GHz for downlink
14.0 to 14.5GHz for uplink
19 / 29 GHz band:For future requirements
17.7 to 21.2GHz for downlink
27.5 to 31.0GHz for uplink
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Satellite Point to Point Link:
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Satellite Broadcast Link:
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Satellite orbits:
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
Height = 35,784km
Latency = 240ms
Needs 3 satellites to cover the whole globe
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
Height = from 7000 to 18000km
Latency = from 35 to 85ms
Global Positioning System (GPS) comprises of 24 satellites
Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Height =
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Satellite orbits: cont
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Infrared:
Modulated non-coherent infrared light
Line of sight (either directed or reflected)
Blocked by walls
Require no licensing
Remote control, IRDA port
IRDA = Infrared Data Association
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ISM band:
Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) Band License free frequency spectrum WLAN IEEE 802.11 (uses both 2.4 and 5GHz bands) Bluetooth IEEE 802.15 (uses 2.4GHz band)
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Questions ???