cc tn aed aetc am&e p&p 2 tractors, farm equipments., ...

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Training on Newly Developed Agricultural Machinery & EquipmentsAgricultural Machinery & Equipments (Past & Present) - An 'U' Turn Look.Coomarasamy. CFormerly EE, AEDAgricultural Engineering Training Centre, Tiruchirapalli 29.12.2015 : 11.00 a.m.- 01.00 p.m.cc aed aetc am&e p&p 2 tractors, farm equipments.,

1.0. INTRODUCTION : AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

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1.0. Introduction- Farming ErasPre-1800s- Farming Operations conducted by hand or animals.

1850-1900- Era of the Steam Tractor

1900s- Era of the Internal Combustion Tractor

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1.1.0.tractorTractor: The word tractor was taken from Latin, being the agent noun of trahere "to pull. 1859 -"traction engine" 1892 John Froelich developed tractor to power a grain thresher. 1901 -The first recorded use of the word meaning "an engine or vehicle for pulling wagons or ploughs 1906- The term tractor is first used. 1918 a PTO shaft used to power equipment drawn Tractor definition :

The tractor is a wheeled or tracked self propelled vehicle used as a power means for moving agricultural, road-building, and other machines equipped with special tools, and also for towing trailers.

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The speed, power, flexibility, adaptability, and handling ease of modern tractors is what makes them valuable and indispensable for modern day farming.Tractor Purposes : Farm tractors were designed for our primary purposes:1. Load Mover (High Lift)2. Remote Power Source (PTO)3. Implement Carrier (3 Pt. Hitch)4. Transport Unit (Drawbar Unit)1.1.0.tractorTractors are work horses,not race horses.A tractor is designed to do work. Use the tractor only for this purpose!c.coomarasamy

1.1.0.tractorThe uses of tractor in agriculture are many, and so different types of tractors are needed to do different types farm work.Tractor engine can be used in agriculture as a prime mover for active (moving) toolto pull such equipment as : ploughs, harrows, cultivators, mowers; harvesters

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to power stationary farm machinery through an intermediary power take off (PTO) shaft or belt pulley such as : threshers pumps saws and winches; and to push : snow ploughs and earth-moving implements.

1.1.0.tractor

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Tractor is an agricultural or industrial machine that has the following basic elements:

Self-PropelledProduces Drawbar PullProduces Belt or PTO PowerHas Clutches to Engage/Disengage PowerHas a Reverse GearSteered by the OperatorHydraulic Capability3 Point Hitch

1.1.0.Tractor c.coomarasamy

1.1.1. classification of tractors.TRACTORtype of under carriagetype of running gearDraw Bar pull t fis classified according to Framed

Semi-Framed

Frameless

Special-purpose

Universal-row-cropWheeled

Semi-tracked

Crawler5.04.03.02.01.40.90.60.26.08.04 x2 3 x2 4 x4 purposeGeneral-purpose1. Hillside2. Swamp3. Ameliorative4. Garden5. Self -propelled carriers6. Vineyard7. Cotton field8. Beet field9. ForestryTo make or become better; improve-On forest tracks, rills and ruts are created by the wheels oftractorsand by the haulage of timber, in the course of which soil is gathered up in front of the logs asthey are dragged along.- soil in forest, mining**c.coomarasamy

1.1.1. classification of tractors (Purpose)On the basis of purpose, wheeled tractors are classified into three groups.(a)General purpose tractors: (Land Utility tractors) They are used for major farm operations common to the cultivation of major crops such as ploughing, (tillage, discing, general cultivations) harrowing, sowing, harvesting and transporting work. Such tractors are characterized by a (i) low ground clearance (ii) increased engine power (iii) good adhesion (traction) and (iv) w i d e tyres or tracks enabling them to develop a high pull.

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1.1.1.classification of tractors (purpose)(b) Universal - row - crop tractors: They are used for furrow (row) crop cultivation. Such tractor is provided with replaceable driving wheels of different tread widths. It has high ground clearance to save damage of crops. W i d e wheel track can be adjusted to suit inter row distance. i.e., w i d e for general farm work and narrow for row crop work.

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. Row-crop tractors make possible the mechanization of inter row tillage, such as cultivation, hoeing, hilling, dusting, and harvesting of such row crops as corn, sugar beets, and cotton. The particular features of row-crop tractors are their ability to operate with toolbar-mounted implements and to operate in the inter rows of row crops, and their w i d e track (usually adjustable), high clearance, and narrow wheels or crawler tracks. 1.1.1. classification of tractors (purpose)

hoeing machine for corn, sunflower, etc.Hoeing weedsc.coomarasamy

An Oliver Row Crop 60 tractor 1.1.1. classification of tractors (purpose)c.coomarasamy

(c)Special purpose tractors: are modifications of standard land or row-crop utility tractor models and are used for definite jobs (e.g., in vine yards, cotton field), or for various jobs under certain conditions (e.g., marshy soils, hill sides).Special designs are there for special purpose tractor.Thus, Special tractors used to mechanize the cultivation of cotton have a single front steerable wheel,Swamp tractors are equipped with w i d e tracks enabling them to operate on marshy soils,The hill side tractors are designed to work on hillside slopping at up to 160.1.1.1. classification of tractors (purpose)

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1.1.1. classification of tractors (purpose)c.coomarasamy

As to the type of undercarriage, tractors may be Framed,Semi-framed orFrameless.The body of the framed tractors is essentially riveted or welded frame.The body of the semi-framed tractors is made up of two short longitudinal beams (side members) bolted or welded to the rear axle housing.

1.1.1.classification of tractors (type of undercarriage)

Cabin supportCabinDrive trainFrameSuspensionc.coomarasamy

The body of the frameless tractors is formed by bolting together the casings of individual tractor mechanisms.

1.1.1. classification of tractors (type of undercarriage)

A frameless Fordson Model F tractorc.coomarasamy

Tractor design and layoutTractors are divided into six main types: tracked or 'crawler' tractors 4 wheeled, 2 wheel driven (2WD) tractors 4 wheeled, 4 wheel driven (4WD) tractors 8 wheeled, 8 wheel driven (8WD) tractors . 2 wheeled tractors special purpose tractors

1.1.1.classification of tractors (running gear)

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1.1.1. classification of tractors (running gear)As to the design of the running gear tractors can be classified as follows:1. Crawler tractors (track type or chain type) (track laying)2. Wheel tractors (wheeled type)3. Power tillers (Walking tractor )1. Crawler tractor: This is also called track type tractor or chain type tractor. In such tractors, there is endless chain or track in place of pneumatic wheels. They are distinguished by a large ground contact area and therefore have a good track adhesion; Such tractors show a high cross-country power, and are capable of developing a high pull.

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Tracked or 'crawler' tractors. Tracked tractors are equipped with tracks instead of wheels. They are generally used on farms where soils are difficult to cultivate, such as heavy clays, or where seasons are shorter and wet conditions predominate. More power can be transmitted to the drawbar than wheeled tractors.Maintenance costs are however higher than for wheeled tractors. Also, unlike wheeled tractors, they must be transported from field to field by a 'low loader'. Recently, a tractor manufacturer designed a high powered, high speed tracked tractor that runs on rubber tracks and can be driven on the road. This model may make the tracked tractor more popular in future. Tracked tractors have power ratings of 65-700 HP.

1.1.1. classification of tractors (running gear)c.coomarasamy

1.1.1. classification of tractors (running gear)

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2. Wheel tractors: are more versatile and can be used for both field and transport work, but their traction is lower than that of crawler tractors.Tractors, having three or four pneumatic wheels are called wheel tractors. Four wheel tractors are most popular every where.


Wheel-type tractor: engine, (2) steering wheel, (3) cab, (4) fuel tank, (5) levers of toolbar assembly. (6) power takeoff shaft, (7) hitch, (8) main drive, (9) driving wheel, (10) gear box, (11) clutch, (12) front (steerable) wheelc.coomarasamy

Four wheeled, 2WD tractors: Four wheeled, 2WD tractors are the most common type of tractor. The two rear wheels supply power. The front wheels are much smaller and are used only for steering. Engine power ranges from 25 to 120 hp.Four wheeled, 4WD tractors:The 4 wheeled, 4WD tractor is similar to the 4 wheeled, 2WD tractors, but all 4 wheels can be powered for better traction.The front wheels are half the size of the rear wheels. 4WD tractors usually have power ratings of 70 hp and above, although some lower horsepower units are made for special purposes.


4x4 Agricultural Tractorc.coomarasamy

Eight wheeled, 8WD tractors: The 8WD tractors are the top of the range in terms of weight and power. They avoid soil compaction and wheel slip by distributing weight and power over 8 wheels. They are jointed in the middle, and 1 axle is mounted to each of the jointed halves, with both axles driven. Each axle has 2 dual wheels at each end, or 4 wheels per axle. 8WD tractors usually have engines of 200 hp or more.1.1.1. classification of tractors (running gear)

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Tractors can be generally classified as two-wheel drive, two-wheel drive with front wheel assist, four-wheel drive (often with articulated steering), or track tractors (with either two or four powered rubber tracks).c.coomarasamy

3. Power tiller (Walking tractor) Two wheeled tractors: Two wheeled tractors are often called 'walking tractors' . This tractor usually fitted with two wheels only. The operator, walking behind the tractor performs the direction of travel and its controls for field operation. Now-a-days, drivers seat provision is made in some machines.The small hand held units with rotary cultivators are usually driven by petrol engines. Larger units are often coupled to 2 wheeled trailers and driven by diesel engines. Engines of 5-10 horsepower (hp) are common.

1.1.1. classification of tractors (running gear)c.coomarasamy

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Power Tiller Gn 121 (12HP Engine)Application scope: Plain, mountainous area, hills of small grades, paddy field, and dry land. Function: Ploughing, rotary tilling, harrowing, reaping, seeding, spraying, pumping, threshing, and etc.Features: Solid type gearbox applied, compact, delicate Power tiller- walking tractor1.1.1. classification of tractors (running gear)

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Special purpose tractors:The agricultural tractor is sometimes modified for use under special conditions where the standard type is not suitable.The narrow tractor is a basic small tractor which has been modified to pass through the narrow rows of soft fruit trees and vineyards.The high clearance tractor is usually a standard tractor which has been elevated to give more clearance over advanced stage crops for spraying or fertilizer broadcasting.Light, low HP, 4WD tractors work in rice paddies, where the combination of light weight and 4WD is desirable.Other special purpose tractors provide engine and transmission facilities for purpose-built machines, such as pipe layers, drainage machines, and mechanical harvesters.


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As to the nominal Draw Bar (DB) Pull, tractors are divided into several classes differing in design.

Drawbar pull DP = {(T x R ) r }- RRwhereTorque of the vehicle's motor (T) gear reduction (R) (including the axle and transmission)radius of the drive tire (r)rolling resistance (RR)

and it is given by RR = {GVW x R} 100wheregross vehicle weight (GVW)rolling resistance of the surface (R). 1.1.1.classification of tractors (draw bar pull)c.coomarasamy

1.1.2. Selection of tractorSelection of tractor depends upon following factors:Land holding: Under a single cropping pattern, it is normally recommended to consider1 hp for every 2 hectares of land. In other words, one tractor of 20-25 hp is suitable for 40 hectares farm.

2. Cropping pattern: Generally 1.5 hectare/hp has been recommended where adequate irrigation facilities are available and more than and crop is taken. So a 30-35 hp tractor is suitable for 40 hectares farm.c.coomarasamy

1.1.2. Selection of tractor3.Soil condition: A tractor with less wheel base, higher ground clearance and low overall weight may work successfully in higher soil but it will not be able to give sufficient depth in black cotton soil.

4. Climatic condition: For very hot zone and desert area, air cooled engines are preferred over water-cooled engines. Similarly for higher altitude, air cooled engines are preferred because water is liable to be frozen at higher altitude.

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1.1.2. Selection of tractor5. Repairing facilities: It should be ensured that the tractor to be purchased has a dealer at near by place with all the technical skills for repair and maintenance of machine.6. Running cost: Tractors with less specific fuel consumption should be preferred over others so that running cost may be less. Initial cost and resale value: While keeping the resale value in mind, the initial cost should not be very high, otherwise higher amount of interest will have to be paid.7. Test report: Test report of tractors released from farm machinery testing stations should be consulted for guidance.

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1.1.3. Main components of TractorTractor is complex self-propelled machine consisting of separate interacting mechanisms and units that can be combined into certain groups.The arrangement of the main component parts (groups of mechanisms) of the wheel type tractor is shown in fig.2.The arrangement of the main component parts (groups of mechanisms) of crawler type tractor is shown in fig.9.Irrespective of particular design features, all tractors consists of 1. Engine I.C Engine2. Drive line clutch, flexible coupling, transmission & rear axle.3. Running gear the rotation of the driving wheels in contact with the ground is converted into the translatory motion of the tractor.4. Steering mechanism- turning front wheels (in wheeled tractors) varying the speed of one of the tracks (in crawler tractors)5. Working attachments- P.T.O shaft, draw bar, belt pulley etc.,6. Auxiliary equipments- drivers cab, hood, lighting equipment, horns, tell tales (indicators).

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1.1.3. Main components of Tractor

1. Engine2. Drive line3. Running gear4. Steering mechanism5. Working attachments6. Auxiliary equipments

Fig: 1.c.coomarasamy

Fig:2.Wheel-type tractor: (1) engine, (2) steering wheel, (3) cab, (4) fuel tank, (5) levers of toolbar assembly. (6) power takeoff shaft, (7) hitch, (8) main drive, (9) driving wheel, (10) gear box, (11) clutch, (12) front (steerable) wheel1.1.4. WHEEL TYPE TRACTOR1532641. Engine2. Drive line3. Running gear4. Steering mechanism5. Working attachments6. Auxiliary equipments1. Engine

2. Drive line

4. Steering mechanism

5. Working attachments

6. Auxiliary equipments

3. Running gear

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1.1.4. WHEEL TYPE TRACTORFig : 3. AUXILIARIES-FITTINGSc.coomarasamy

1.1.4. WHEEL TYPE TRACTOR : front view

There are tractors with two or four driving wheels and two or four wheels that change the direction of the tractor.Fig : 4. Tractor: Front view c.coomarasamy

1.1.4. WHEEL TYPE TRACTOR : rear view

The back end of the tractor is fitted with the equipment necessary to haul farm equipment or supply mechanical power to it.Fig : 5. Tractor: Rear view c.coomarasamy

1.1.4. WHEEL TYPE TRACTOR

Fig : 6. SECTIONAL VIEWc.coomarasamy

1.1.4. WHEEL TYPE TRACTOR Fig : 7. CUTAWAY OF TRACTORc.coomarasamy

1.1.4. WHEEL TYPE TRACTORFig : 8. Wheel tractor with front end loader and back hoe. c.coomarasamy

Fig: 9. Crawler tractor: (1) engine, (2) cab, (3) fuel tank, (4) levers of tool-bar assembly, (5) power takeoff shaft, (6) hitch, (7) driving sprocket, (8) main drive, (9) crawler track, (10) gear box, (11) bogie wheel, (12) clutch, (13) idler wheel1.1.5. CRAWLER TYPE TRACTOR532641. Engine2. Drive line3. Running gear4. Steering mechanism5. Working attachments6. Auxiliary equipments1. Engine

2. Drive line

4. Steering mechanism

5. Working attachments

6. Auxiliary equipments

3. Running gear

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Fig : 10.CRAWLER TYPE TRACTOR1.1.5. CRAWLER TYPE TRACTORc.coomarasamy




Engine converts thermal energy into mechanical energy.The engine is the heart and soul of any tractor. Most modern tractors today run on diesel and biodiesel. These powerful engines typically range in size from 18 to 575 horsepower, giving them all of the incredible power they need to tackle any job on today's farms. Diesel (automotive gasoil) is the most commonly used fuel in agricultural engines. Petrol is generally confined to smaller tractors and crop handling equipment.Petrol engines are usually small, single cylinder, air cooled units and are used to power 'walking tractors. Multi-cylinder petrol engines are hardly ever used in agricultural equipment today. Their reliability is reduced by having an electrical ignition system. Petrol too is extremely flammable and so safety margins are much less.

1.2.1. engine

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Diesel engines use compression ignition, where injected fuel is ignited by hot highly compressed air inside the cylinder. Diesel engines have a strong construction, and are inherently simpler and thus more reliable than petrol engines. They deliver power over a wider speed range and have more torque or lugging power at low speeds than petrol engines. Fuel economy is greater because of the higher power density of the fuel, but of course fuel consumption will increase with higher HP.Tractor engines can be 3, 4, or 6 cylinder in-line engines, and then go to V-8 and V-12 configurations.Turbo-charging is now very common, and enables greater power out-put from a given size of engine. However, if strict operating rules and servicing, especially oil changes, are not carried out, reliability of a turbocharged tractor engine will be seriously reduced. For developing countries, it is advisable to opt for a bigger sized naturally aspirated engine than a smaller turbocharged unit of the same power.

1.2.1. engine

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Utilizes two revolutions of the crankshaft between power impulsesProvides an individual piston stroke (up or down) to accomplish the complete cycle1) Intake - down stroke of piston 2) Compression - up stroke of piston 3) Power - down stroke of piston 4) Exhaust - up stroke of piston

1.2.1. engineFour-Stroke

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Stroke 1 (intake) only air enters cylinder.

1.2.1. engineDiesel Engine OperationStroke 2 (compression) air is compressed to high extent, raising its temperature. Stroke 3 (power) diesel is injected, high air temperature ignites diesel. Stroke 4 (exhaust) burnt gases are expelled from the engine. c.coomarasamy

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1.2.1. Engine - Cylinder Arrangement

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1.2.1. Engine-Cylinder Arrangement

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1.2.1. engine

Working components of I.C.Engine .

Components of I.C.Engine c.coomarasamy

1.2.1. engineParts Of An Engine.

PISTON CRANKSHAFTCAM SHAFT VALVE

ENGINE BLOCK

CYLINDER HEADc.coomarasamy

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The drive line comprises a set of mechanisms which transmit the torque developed by the engine to the driving wheels or tracks and change the driving torque both in magnitude and direction.The power transmission system consists of: (a) clutch, (b)flexible coupling, (c) transmission gears (d) differential, (e) final drive, power take off (PTO), drive shafts (f) rear axle, (g) rear wheels. Combination of all these components is responsible for transmission of power. The drive line is up to rear axle.

1.2.2. Drive linec.coomarasamy

1.2.2. Drive line 1. Power transmission system of tractor c.coomarasamy

Power transmission. The tractor moves when engine power flows through the drive line (train) to the driven wheels. Clutch. The clutch disengages the engine from the gearbox so the tractor operator can shift gears or stop the tractor. The clutch in most tractors is a dual unit that can pass power to both the gearbox and the PTO, which provides power to auxiliary implements.Types of clutch: Clutches are mainly of three types: (1) Friction clutch (2) Dog clutch (3) Fluid coupling. Friction clutch is most popular in four wheel tractors. Fluid clutch is also used in some tractors these days. Dog clutch is mostly used in power tillers. Friction clutch may be subdivided into three classes: (a) Single plate clutch or single disc clutch (b) Multiple plate clutch or multiple disc clutch (c) Cone clutch.1.2.2. Drive line 2. clutch

Single plate clutch c.coomarasamy

The flexible coupling, incorporates elastic elements allowing to connect the clutch shaft and the transmission drive shaft with a slight misalignment.1.2.2. Drive line 3. flexible coupling

Hydraulic multi-disc clutch with flexible coupling 2 400 - 18 000 Nm c.coomarasamy

The transmission (Gear box) makes it possible to change the driving torque and the running speed of the tractor by engaging different pairs of gears.With the direction of rotation of the engine shaft remaining the same, the transmission enables the tractor to be put in reverse. A transmission (gearbox) is necessary to keep the engine at its most efficient operating speed while being able to vary ground speeds of the tractor. Also, it is not possible to accelerate the mass of a tractor and implement using high gears from a dead start, so a low gear is selected for starting and upward changes made as you get to the speed limit of that gear.Most agricultural operations have an optimum speed to achieve the best result for the type of work you are doing. If you are going too slowly, you are wasting time and fuel, and if you are going too fast, the quality of work will decrease and you may be overloading or lugging your engine, which will shorten its life.

1.2.2. Drive line 4. transmission (gear box)c.coomarasamy

1.2.2. Drive line transmission (gear box)

The Side-View of a Standard 5-Speed Manual Transmission System

Two-speed manual transmission gearbox. c.coomarasamy

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The rear-axle mechanisms increase the driving torque and transmit it to the driving wheels or tracks at right angles to the drive shaft. In most tractors, the rear axle also comprises brakes.Differential:In the wheeled tractor, as distinct from its crawler counterpart, the drive line includes the differential which enables the driving wheels to revolve with different speeds when making turns or running over a ragged terrain, at which time the left - and right- hand wheels must travel different distances during one and the same time.

1.2.2. Drive line 5. rear axle c.coomarasamy

After the engine power has passed through the gearbox, the differential sends it to the driven wheels. The differential allows the driven wheels to turn at different speeds, as when turning a corner.In the case of a 4WD or 8WD tractor, power is also sent to the front wheels, which are equipped with their own differential.To compensate for rear wheel slippage, the front wheels of 4WD and 8WD tractors turn slightly faster than the rear ones. These tractors must not be driven on the road in four wheel drive, because of excessive tire wear and damage to the drive train.

1.2.2. Drive line 5. rear axle

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Final drive is a rear reduction unit in the power trains between the differential and drive wheels. Final drive is the last stage in transferring power from engine to wheels. It reduces the speed of the propeller shaft (drive shaft) to that of wheels. It also turns the drive of the propeller shaft by an angle of 90o to drive the wheels.The propeller shaft has a small bevel pinion which meshes with crown wheel. The crown wheel gives rotary motion to rear axles.

1.2.3. Running gear

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The size of crown wheel is bigger than that of bevel pinion, therefore, the speed of rear axles (or crown wheel) is lower than the speed of pinion.Final drive is of two types, i.e. chain type and gear type. This running gear is needed for the tractor to move.The rotation of the driving wheels (or movement of the tracks) in contact with the ground is converted into the translatory motion of the tractor.

1.2.3. Running gear

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The steering mechanism serves to change the direction of movement of tractor by turning its front wheels (in wheel tractors) or varying the speed of one of the tracks(in crawler tractors)

1.2.4. the steering mechanism

Power SteeringUse hydraulic pressure to move a double acting cylinder. Manual Steering

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Tracked Vehicle SteeringIn order to steer a tracked vehicle, it is necessary to drive one track faster than the other, causing the vehicle to turn toward the slower track. This is called "skid steering" or "differential steering". While the theory is simple, its execution is not. Design ConsiderationsA steering transmission must, in addition to steering the vehicle, be easy to use. Most fast track-layers are tanks: incredibly heavy, powerful, and expensive machines that are operated by teenage recruits with limited experience, at night without lights, over rough and unfamiliar ground, with extremely limited vision not to mention under fire. Thus, whatever steering mechanism is used, it has to be fairly simple to operate.

1.2.4. the steering mechanism c.coomarasamy

It must also be efficient. Any inefficiency produces waste heat, usually from the friction in a slipping clutch or brake. Since a tracked vehicle implies a heavy vehicle, which in turn implies a powerful engine, inefficiency can produce problematic amounts of waste heat. For example, a 1500 hp engine running a 50% efficient transmission will produce 560,000 watts of waste heat. All this heat has to be extracted from the vehicle before it causes problems. Furthermore, all that energy is no longer available for driving the vehicle, meaning the engine ... and fuel tank ... could be made much smaller if the transmission were more efficient. Both of these problems are significantly less for slow track-layers, such a bulldozers, but they still apply.


Clutch-Brake SteeringFar less complicated (as it only requires one engine) is the Clutch-Brake system, where the output of a single power source drives both tracks directly. Since they are physically connected to each other, the tracks must turn at the same speed and the vehicle will travel in a straight line. To allow for turns, each track can be disconnected from the engine with a clutch, allowing that track to slow and the vehicle to turn fairly gently ... a "free turn". A brake allows the disengaged track to be slowed to tighten the turn, even to the point of stopping the track so the vehicle turns in a very tight radius ... a "braked turn".


Detail of power train in tract-type tractor.

1.2.4. the steering mechanism Controlsc.coomarasamy

1.2.5. Working Attachments of Tractors

The Working attachments are used / necessary to utilize the useful power of the tractor engine, teamed with various farm machines or implements, for the many and time-consuming farm tasks carried out on the land. The attachments include a hydraulic lift(implement-attaching) linkage system, a drawbar hitch(coupling), / a draft hook,automatic draft and / position control system a power takeoff(PTO) shaft, and a belt pulley.

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1.2.5.1. Working of Hydraulic system - principlesA simple hydraulic system consists of a pump which pumps oil to a hydraulic ram. This pump may be driven from tractors transmission system or it may be mounted on its engine. This system consists of a cylinder with a close filling piston like an engine cylinder. As the oil is pumped in to the closed end of the cylinder, the piston is forced along with it.

Operating lever at lifting positionOperating lever at neutral positionc.coomarasamy

Working of Hydraulic systemThe movement of the piston is transmitted to the lower links by means of a cross shaft and lift rods. A control valve controls the flow of oil and direction it back to the reservoir. It allows the oil in the cylinder to flow out again when the links are to be lowered. It also traps the oil in the cylinder when the links are to be held at any height.Fig shows the schematic diagrams of a hydraulic system fitted.1.2.5.1.Working of Hydraulic system -principles

Operating lever at lowering positionc.coomarasamy

1.2.5.1.General Design of Hydraulic Lift Linkage System

Modern tractors manufactured are equipped with a hydraulic lift linkage system that allows fully mounted, semi-mounted, and draft implements to be hitched to the tractor. The system is controlled by the tractor driver from his driving seat in the tractor cab. It includes a hitch linkage and a hydraulic lift mechanism. The hitch linkage serves to attach agricultural implements to the tractor. It consists of several links, rods, and arms, usually installed at the rear of the tractor.The purpose of the tractor hydraulic system is to lift and lower implements attached to the tractor.

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The system (Fig.) includes 1. oil tank, 2. low pressure oil (hydraulic lines), 3. oil (hydraulic)pump, 4. hydraulic control(selector)valve, 5. Control (valve)spool, 6. hydraulic control lever, 7. high pressure oil lines, 8. Power(hydraulic ram)cylinders, 9. Hitch linkage, 10. Mounted implement.

1.2.5.1.General Design of Hydraulic Lift Linkage System

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1.2.5.2. drawbar hitches (coupling)Provide a means of connecting and controlling drawn, integral and semi-integral implements Are attached to center of equipment Drawbars Regular Can be adjusted Laterally VerticallyFore and aft Swinging Provide easier steering

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The swinging draw bar mounts to a bracket under therear end of the tractor with a pivot pin. It is adjustable to the left or right or center on the regular 11 hole drawbar and makes pulling implements or trailers easy and safe. 1.2.5.2. drawbar hitches (coupling)c.coomarasamy

Hitches Tractor power is transmitted to the implement through the two lower draft links. The upper link prevents implement roll over from occurring. 3 point hitch standardization Increased interchangeability Different categories (Four)

Three point hitch and linkage parts are used in the attachment of three-point hitch implements to the rear of agricultural wheeled tractors.1.2.5.2. drawbar hitches (coupling)c.coomarasamy

1.2.5.2. drawbar hitches (coupling)Lift links raise and lower draft links.Lift arms connect lift links to rockshaft. Rockshaft raises and lowers lift links.Center link the top link. Parts of the 3 point hitch Draft Link the lower attachment point. c.coomarasamy

1.2.5.2. drawbar hitches (coupling)c.coomarasamy

The entire Three Point hitch assembly is shown in position on the ground. When in use, the implement will be 28 inches beneath the soil surface. The upper link and lower training arms will take on a slope toward the ground at that point and the draft forces are used to signal the hydraulic system to adjust and maintain a consistent depth into the soil.

1.2.5.2. drawbar hitches (coupling)c.coomarasamy

Ball and spoon Push Back Hitch1.2.5.2. drawbar hitches (coupling)(Dromone)c.coomarasamy

Ball HitchTractor quick hitchTractor tow hitch

JCB quick hitch1.2.5.2. drawbar hitches (coupling)Link less roller hitch (Farmtech)

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TRANSPORT LOCK:The Hydraulic System ( in Farm trac Models) is also equipped with flow control valve. It serves Dual Purpose.1.Control the lowering speed of the implements2.It acts as transportation Lock (Avoid accidental lowering of implements during travel on the road)When the knob is fully tightened by rotating it in clockwise direction to an extreme, the lowers links can be locked in the raised position, will not lower even if draft or position levers are lowered.1.2.5.2. drawbar hitches -TRANSPORT LOCKc.coomarasamy

1.2.5.3. Automatic draft and / position control system

While operating an implement with the hydraulic control lever in the FLOAT position or with the hydraulic traction booster control lever in the ON position, the depth of the work depends on the setting of the depth wheel or wheels of the implement.Such a system is known as depth control system.Automatic draft control systems will automatically raise or lower an implement as the draft of the attached implement increases or decreases.The sensing device that tells the hydraulic system to lower or raise the hitch linkage is located on either the lower links or the top link, depending on the size of the tractor.The position of the hand control lever, in effect, establishes the draft to be maintained.

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Operation of (a) draft and / or position control unit(b) Sensing devicesIV- Oil pumpV- Oil tankVI- hydraulic accumulatorI- control unitII- main power cylinderIII- hydraulic control valveVII- traction control unitc.coomarasamy

1. control mode selector lever2. control lever3. movable sleeve screw4. expansion spring5. movable sleeve6. spool valve7. spool valve nut8. spool valve screw9. position control arm10. draft control arm 11. power cylinder lever chamber12. draft control rod13. position control rod14. main power cylinder15. ram arm (position sensing device)


16. top link17. bracket18. draft sensing device19. leaf spring20. coil springs21. ram rod22. armI- control unitII- main power cylinderIII- hydraulic control valveIV- oil pumpV- oil tankVI- hydraulic accumulatorVII- traction control unitA,B,C,D,E,F,and G- hydraulic linesc.coomarasamy

The hand control lever determines the position of the implement.The relative position of the hand lever and the power cylinder are identical.Within the limit of the relief valve controlling the maximum pressure, the power cylinder will automatically move the implement to its predetermined position relative to the tractor undercarriage and maintain it there, regardless of the draft of the implement or any leakage in the system.Automatic draft and / position control system includes a hydraulic draft and / position control unit, draft and position sensing devices, and an operating mechanism.


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Any variation in the thrust in the top link of the hitch linkage due to changes in the implement draft resulting from varying soil conditions or unintentional variations in the depth of the work causes some change in the extent of deformation of the control (load) springs in the draft sensing device 18. Any deviation of the implement from its prescribed position causes ram arm 15 to turn accordingly.1.2.5.3. Automatic draft and / position control system

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Power take off shaft, usually called simply Power Take Off- ( P.T.O, pto, p.t.o) provides tractor power to drive the coupled or trailed implements such as mowers, sprayers, and cultivators.The power for the PTO comes from the engine through the dual clutch. The two transmissions of power are usually independent. For example, an operator can stop or move the tractor without affecting the use of the PTO, or can stop the PTO yet still move the tractor.

1.2.5.4. power takeoff(PTO) shaftUnless it functions solely by pulling it through or over the ground, a towed implement needs its own power source (such as a baler or combine with a separate engine) or else a means of transmitting power from the tractor to the mechanical operations of the equipment.c.coomarasamy

In addition to towing an implement or supplying tractive power through the wheels, most tractors have a means to transfer power to another machine such as a baler, swather, or mower.

1.2.5.4. power takeoff(PTO) shaftA baler is a piece of farm machinery used to compress a cut and raked crop (such as hay, cotton, straw, or silage) into compact bales that are easy to handle, transport, and store. Several different types of balers are commonly used, each producing a different type of bales square, rectangular or cylindrical, of various sizes, bound with twine, strapping, netting, or wire.

Square balerc.coomarasamy

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Eicher tractor with a mid-mounted finger-bar mowerSwatherA swather, or windrower, is a farm implement that cuts hay or small grain crops and forms them into a windrow. "Swather" is predominantly the North American term for these machines. In Australia and other parts of the world, they are called "windrowers.A mower is a machine for cutting grass or other plants that grow on the ground. Usually mowing is distinguished from reaping, which uses similar implements, but is the traditional term for harvesting grain crops, e.g. with reapers and combines.1.2.5.4. power takeoff(PTO) shaft

Swatherc.coomarasamy

Early tractors used belts or cables wrapped around the flywheel or a separate belt pulley to power stationary equipment, such as a threshing machine, buzz saw, silage blower, or stationary baler.

1.2.5.4. power takeoff(PTO) shaft

In most cases, it was not practical for the tractor and equipment to move with a flexible belt or cable between them. So this system required the tractor to remain in one location, with the work brought to the equipment, or the tractor to be relocated at each turn and the power set-up reapplied.c.coomarasamy

Power take off shafts are classified according to their location on the tractor, type of drive, rotational speed, and method of control.1.2.5.4. power takeoff(PTO) shaftPower take off shaftsLocationType of driveRotational speedMethod of control-Rear-Front-Rear & Side(Row cropTractors)-Transmission drive-Live(Independent, or-Constant running)-Semi-independent-Ground speed-540 rpm-1000 rpm(at nominal engine speed)-Mechanical-Hydraulicc.coomarasamy

Tractors under 100 HP use a PTO speed of 540 rpm, and larger units use a PTO speed of 1100 rpm. Some manufacturers of smaller tractors provide both speeds regardless of the HP rating. The PTO may also drive hydraulic pumps for remote work.1.2.5.4. power takeoff(PTO) shaftc.coomarasamy

1.2.5.4. power takeoff(PTO) shaftc.coomarasamy

1.2.5.4. power takeoff(PTO) shaft - safetyc.coomarasamy

1.2.5.5. belt pulley

The Belt Pulley can be set in one of three positions as shownc.coomarasamy

1.2.5.5. belt pulleyBelt pulleyserves to drive various stationary farm machines by a flat belt.usually fits over the PTO shaft at the rear of the tractor.uses the normal PTO control levers and clutches.axis must be at right angles to the centre line of the tractor.unit is essentially a bevel reduction gear comprising a pair of gears.is splash lubricated with transmission oil contained in the case.

Cordwood Saw-The belt pulley is a type drive found on older tractors and steam engines. A large, flat and wide flexible belt was used to connect the tractor's belt pulley to a machine such as a pump, saw mill etc., c.coomarasamy

The belt pulley attachment drives off the pto shaft and allows implements or attachments to be driven by a wide flat belt from this pulley.

Centrifugal pump driven by tractor for agriculture irrigation1.2.5.5. belt pulleyc.coomarasamy

Auxiliary equipment serves the purpose of improving the conditions of drivers work, so as to allow driver to perform many complex tasks with efficiency, safety, and a minimum of fatigue.Such equipments includes 1. the drivers cab with spring mounted seat, together with the engine hood, heating and ventilation equipment, 2. tell tales (indicators), 3. Fifth wheel assembly 4.winches, 5.horns, 6. front splash paneling, 7. various hitch devices, etc.,1.2.5.6. Auxiliary equipment

Tractors: 100 HP +

Tractor tow hitch

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General purpose tractors usually use two or three-seater cabs and row crop tractors are equipped with one-seater cabs of all metal construction. As an example, consider the construction of a general purpose tractor (two or three-seater cabs) and a row crop tractor (one-seater cabs)Two or three-seater cabsThe cab is coated with a layer of sound-insulating mastic 2 covered with a layer of pasteboard 1 on the outside.It is finished with waterproof pasteboard 3 on the inner side.The cab is held to the tractor frame by four isolation rubber mounts 8 to reduce the adverse effect of vibrations on the driver.The construction of the cab provides for good visibility.Front windows 4 are hinged, so that they can be opened for ventilation purposes. The door glasses are equipped with regulators(window raisers) 5. 1.2.5.6. Auxiliary equipment drivers cabc.coomarasamyc.coomarasamy

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1.2.5.6. Auxiliary equipment drivers cabTwo or three seater cabs

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In cold weather, the cab is heated with warm air supplied from the radiator via a metal duct.Some of the air is directed on to the front glasses (wind screens) for defrosting purposes, and the rest is ducted into the cab interior through an outlet arranged under the instrument panel.The air outlet is equipped with a shutter that can be closed to direct all of the warm air entering the cab onto the front glasses.In the summer time, the air inlet to the cab (which is located under the engine hood) is closed with another shutter, and the air scoop is removed together with the metal air duct.The cab is force-ventilated by means of a fan mounted on the cab roof.The fan is equipped with a dust separator to clean the air forced into the cab.A deflector plate is used in the air outlet in the cab to allow the direction of the air stream to be changed.An optional fan may be installed inside the cab.The fan motor switches are mounted on the instrument panel.

1.2.5.6. Auxiliary equipment drivers cabc.coomarasamy

The cab is equipped with - a sun visora rear view mirrorthermos bottle for drinking watera first aid kit two coat hooksprovision for mounting a fire extinguisher on the outside of the right side panel of the cabglass cleaners for both the front and rear glassesrunning boardmounting steps for the driver to climb and fill the radiator with water.two seats: one seat for driver and a passengers seat

1.2.5.6. Auxiliary equipment drivers cabc.coomarasamy

One- seater cabs1.2.5.6. Auxiliary equipment drivers cabAn agricultural tractor, indicated 10, has a rigid chassis 12 carrying, in known manner, the engine, the transmission members and the driving and steerable wheels.A driver's cab 14, in which a seat 16 and the devices for driving and operating the tractor, such as the steering wheel, the gear-change lever, etc. (not shown), are situated, is mounted on the chassis 12.One-seater cabsc.coomarasamy

1.2.5.6. Auxiliary equipment drivers cabThe cab 14 is connected to the chassis 12 in a floating manner and a suspension system 18 is operatively interposed between the cab 14 and the chassis. In the embodiment illustrated in the drawing, the cab 14 is articulated to the chassis at the front about a transverse axis, indicated 19. The suspension system 18 comprises at least one air spring 20 interposed between the cab and the chassis 12. The suspension system 18 also comprises a distance sensor 24 for measuring the distance between the cab 14 and the chassis 12, and a supply system for the spring or springs.The distance sensor 24 generates a signal indicative of the distance between the cab and the chassis. As will be explained further below, this distance measurement is made in static conditions, that is, in the absence of relative oscillations between the cab and the chassis. c.coomarasamy

1.2.5.6. Auxiliary equipment drivers cabThere are several possible variants of the supply system for the air spring (or springs).A first variant provides for the use of a motor-driven air-compressor unit 26 with an integral solenoid valve 28 and filter. In this case, the distance sensor 24 switches on the motor-driven compressor unit 26 if the spring 20 is to be inflated and opens the solenoid valve 28 if the cab is to be lowered.The signal coming from the distance sensor 24 is sent to a control valve 28 which varies the quantity of air contained in the spring 20 in dependence on the signals coming from the distance sensor 24.c.coomarasamy

The most outstanding feature of the CX-L tractor is the all-round visibility of the DELUXE cab provided by all-glass side doors hinged onto the rear post.1.2.5.6. Auxiliary equipment drivers cab

McCORMICKc.coomarasamy

1.2.5.6. Auxiliary equipment drivers cabThe roof features a fixed clear sunroof, ideal for work with front loaders, and four lights for night work. Natural ventilation is ensured by the openable front and rear windscreens.Built using the modern composite materials of automotive design, the interiors are stylish and accurate and feature logically-arranged controls according to current ergonomic standards.The adjustable seat, the new digital instrument panel and the steering wheel adjustable in height and inclination further improve the driving comfort.The heating, ventilation and air conditioning system installed on the cab roof offers the driver significant benefits in terms of comfort, safety and health.c.coomarasamy

A tell-tale is an indicator on or near thedashboardto inform the driver that a system or device is operating, switched on, or that a problem has occurred with the vehicle.The name itself indicates that it tells you a small story related to the vehicle. So a tell tale is a small story for the driver. For example: When you see the right or the left indicator it tells the driver a small tale that the vehicle is about to turn followed by its turning and finally it has completed the turn when the light goes off. Similarly, when there is an error, its tells you where the error is when possible.1.2.5.6. Auxiliary equipment tell-tale4 in 1DirectionLow FuelHand Brakec.coomarasamy

1.2.5.6.Auxiliary equipment fifth wheel assemblyTractor semitrailers, i.e., tractor trucks specially designed for handling semitrailers, are equipped with a self acting trailer coupling, known as the fifth wheel assembly.It enables the semi trailer to be automatically hitched the tractor truck and excludes the possibility of the semitrailer breaking loose from the truck.The hitching of the semitrailer assembly involves reversing the tractor truck slowly under the braked semi trailer until the hitch jaws of the fifth wheel assembly lock on the coupling pin of the semitrailer.

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The fifth wheel hitch (the part that lives in the bed of the pickup truck) is a large, flat plate that has a shape similar to a horseshoe. The metal rails that run beneath the hitch attach to the frame of the pickup truck for strength. The trailer connects to the fifth wheel hitch via a downward-facing pin -- called aking pin-- along with a plate that rests on top of the fifth wheel hitch plate. The king pin locks into position so it is secure within the hitch but can pivot to accommodate turns.The flat plate of the trailer and the flat plate of the fifth wheel hitch are in constant contact with one another. They slide against one another continuously when the trailer is in motion, so lubrication between these two components is critical.1.2.5.6.Auxiliary equipment fifth wheel assemblyc.coomarasamy

1.2.5.6. Auxiliary equipment - winch Awinchis a mechanical device that is used to pull in (wind up) or let out (wind out) or otherwise adjust the "tension of arope orwire rope (also called "cable" or "wire cable"). In its simplest form it consists of aspooland attached handcrank. In larger forms, winches stand at the heart of machines as diverse astow trucks, steam shovelsandelevators. The spool can also be called the winch drum.More elaborate designs havegearassemblies and can be powered by electric,hydraulic, pneumaticor internal combustiondrives.Some may include asolenoid brakeand/or a mechanical brake or ratchet and pawl device that prevents it from unwinding unless the pawl is retracted.

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1.2.6. trailers Trailers may be of two wheeled, four wheeled, and multi wheel type, i.e., they may have one, two, more axles.A trailer consists ofa frame is supported on its axles and wheels by springs a body one or more axleswheels and a coupling attached to the front part of the frame either of rigid or of cushion spring type.

Tractor trailers are classified according to the manner in which they transmit load onto their support surface.A full trailer is a truck whose wheels fully support the vertical load due to its own weight and the weight of the cargo it carries.A semi trailer is a trailer whose front end is supported by the tractor in such a way that some of the vertical load is transmitted to the rear wheels of the tractor.c.coomarasamy

1.2.6. trailers

two wheeledfour wheeledfour wheeledmulti wheel type

two wheeledtwo wheeledc.coomarasamy

Trailers having more than one axle may be equipped with swiveling device.It consists of two ring shaped swivel blocks with a series of rollers or balls placed between them, which enable the front axle of the trailer to be readily turned relative to the frame.In this case, the front part of the frame is supported by its swivel block on swivel block of the sub frame. Semitrailers may have one or several axles at the rear and may be equipped with jockey wheels to support their front end whenever they are unhitched from their tractors. Fifth wheel trailers require no swiveling device, its function being performed by the fifth wheel assembly of the tractor.All trailers are equipped with brakes, marker lights, turn-indicator lights, and stop lights.

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A bulldozer is a - large powerful tractor, also called as crawler tractor (track type or chain type) (track laying) (continuous tracked tractor) - equipped with a substantial (large) metal plate (known as a blade) in front used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material (flattens areas of ground) during construction or conversion work - and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted materials.The term "bulldozer" is often used erroneously to mean any heavy equipment (sometimes a loader and sometimes an excavator), - but precisely, the term refers only to a tractor (usually tracked) fitted with a dozer blade.

1.3.0. bulldozersc.coomarasamy

1.3.0. bulldozersc.coomarasamy

In such Crawler tractors, there is endless chain or track in place of pneumatic wheels. They are distinguished by a large ground contact area and therefore have a good track adhesion; Such crawler tractors show a high cross-country power, and are capable of developing high pull.

KOMATSU1.3.0. bulldozers -trackedc.coomarasamy

1.3.0. bulldozers -tracked

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Bulldozers / Tracked or 'crawler' tractors. They are generally used in farms where soils are difficult to cultivate, such as heavy clays, or where seasons are shorter and wet conditions predominate. More power can be transmitted to the drawbar than wheeled tractors.Maintenance costs are however higher than for wheeled tractors. Also, unlike wheeled tractors, they must be transported from field to field by a 'low loader'. High powered, high speed tracked tractor that runs on rubber tracks and can be driven on the road are also available. This model may make the tracked tractor more popular in future. Tracked tractors have power ratings of 65-700 HP.

1.3.0. bulldozers -tracked

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1.3.0. bulldozers -trackedc.coomarasamy

Bulldozers are used to push soil, rocks, trees, and other materials with its large front blade

1.3.0. bulldozers tracked- oval drivec.coomarasamy

shoestracktensioneridlerguide (pilot) wheeldriving wheelcrawler beltrunnerspinsOval drive1.3.0. bulldozers tracked- oval driveMini Bulldozer

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Advantages of delta drive:

due to elevated engine and drive risk of getting dust (mud) in is less longer operation (life) time increased bulk clearance

Disadvantages of delta drive:higher costs of manufacturingmore components, longer crawler belt.

1.3.0. bulldozers tracked-Delta drive

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Bulldozer equipped with ripper attachmentSatellite controlLaser controlUp-to-date controls

1.3.0. bulldozers tracked-Delta drive

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Another type of bulldozer is the wheeled bulldozer, which generally has four wheels driven by a 4-wheel-drive system and has a hydraulic, articulated steering system. The blade is mounted forward of the articulation joint, and is hydraulically actuated.

1.3.0. bulldozers- wheeled

Wheeled Bulldozerc.coomarasamy

1.3.1. bulldozers blades

A Straight Blade ("S-Blade") which is short and has no lateral curve, no side wings, and can be used for fine grading. A Universal Blade ("U-Blade") which is tall and very curved, and has large side wings to carry more material. An Angling Blade (Angle blade or angle dozer.) which is lower, straight across the face, has a very curved profile designed to roll material in front of it and has the ability to be angled to either side to facilitate movement of material across the machine's path in front of the blade. The angling blade is w i d e r than a straight or semi-U blade to allow for angling across the machine. A "Semi-U" combination blade which is shorter, has less curvature, and smaller side wings. This blade is typically used for pushing piles of large rocks, such as at a quarry. In recent years, adaptations of the angling blade have featured power angling and power side-to-side tilting of the blade on the move by the use of hydraulic rams. These blades are commonly called 'power angle and tilt' (PAT) blades and are most commonly fitted to smaller crawlers used for clean-up and finishing work.c.coomarasamy


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U-Dozer Blades feature U shaped wings and are built to withstand the toughest mining environments.

Semi-U dozer blade wings are fitted with end bits, allowing for effective push.Dymax mining


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The capacity of Dozer is indicated by engine horse power and blade volume. Dozers can be as small as 62 hp to as high as 1150 hp. D31EX-22 Dozer Blade Capacity: 1.61 (m3) / 2.11 (yd3) D31PX-22 Dozer Blade Capacity: 1.61 (m3) / 2.11 (yd3) D37EX-23 Dozer Blade Capacity: 1.91 (m3) / 2.5 (yd3) D37PX-23 Dozer Blade Capacity: 1.95 (m3) / 2.55 (yd3) D37EX-22 Dozer Blade Capacity: 1.77 (m3) / 2.32 (yd3) D37PX-22 Dozer Blade Capacity: 1.95 (m3) / 2.55 (yd3) D39EX-23 Dozer Blade Capacity: 2.21 (m3) / 2.89 (yd3) D39PX-23 Dozer Blade Capacity: 2.4 (m3) / 3.14 (yd3) D39EX-22 Dozer Blade Capacity: 2.21 (m3) / 2.89 (yd3) D39PX-22 Dozer Blade Capacity: 2.3 (m3) / 3.01 (yd3) D51EX-22 Dozer Blade Capacity: 2.7 (m3) / 3.53 (yd3) D51PX-22 Dozer Blade Capacity: 2.9 (m3) / 3.79 (yd3) D61EX-15 Dozer Blade Capacity: 3.4 (m3) / 4.45 (yd3) 1.3.2. bulldozers- crawler-capacitiesc.coomarasamy

D61PX-15 Dozer Blade Capacity: 3.8 (m3) / 4.97 (yd3) D61EX-23 Dozer Blade Capacity: 3.4 (m3) / 4.45 (yd3) D61PX-23 Dozer Blade Capacity: 3.9 (m3) / 5.1 (yd3) D65EX-16 D65PX-16 D65WX-17 D65WX-16 D65EX-17 D65PX-17 D85PX-15 Dozer Blade Capacity: 5.9 (m3) / 7.72 (yd3) D85EX-15 Dozer Blade Capacity: 7 (m3) / 9.16 (yd3) D155AX-6 Dozer Blade Capacity: 9.4 (m3) / 12.29 (yd3) D155AX-7 Dozer Blade Capacity: 9.4 (m3) / 12.29 (yd3)D275AX-5 Dozer Blade Capacity: 14.6 (m3) / 19.1 (yd3)

1.3.2. bulldozers- crawler-capacitiesc.coomarasamy

1.3.3. bulldozers- crawler-dimensionsc.coomarasamy

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Bulldozers can be found on a wide range of sites,Land excavation, road construction etc., in mines and quarries, military bases, heavy industry factories, engineering projects and farms.

1.4. bulldozers- applications

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1.4. bulldozers- Applications -IRRIGATION

Irrigation has been one of the major jobs which has been carried out from ancient time. The current trend in awarding irrigation projects warrants speedy completion - at times, even before the scheduled completion time limit. This poses a challenging task, which can be carried out only with the help of equipment. The various jobs involved are earthwork, dozing/leveling, slope cutting, dredging, pipe laying, trench cutting, etc.c.coomarasamy

Dozing and levelingThe irrigation work involves many dozing/leveling activities wherein the ground has to be cleared/flattened for movement of tipper trucks, making trenches, etc. These activities can be carried out by dozers, motor-graders.

1.4. bulldozers-Applications -IRRIGATION

Bulldozers are used to push rocks, trees, and other materials with its large front blade

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Dozing and levelingEven in the construction of dams, the usage of dozers is extensive for getting a flat base for the dam.Small and medium size Dozers have proven their versatility in ripping, dozing and leveling operations in irrigation project also. Motor Graders are also used for leveling activities and also for making of haul roads for movement of tippers / dumpers.


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Komatsu takes to the ground with new crawler dozers


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New track-type tractor includes improvements in blade control, fuel economy, productivity, and emissions control.1.4. bulldozers-Applications -IRRIGATION

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Trench cutting

1.5. Applications -IRRIGATION

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Major crop systems:1. Row crops corn, soybeans, cotton, potatoes, tobacco, etc.,2. Broadcast crops rice, wheat, hay, and small grains

1.6.1. farm equipment

Equipments can be profitably used with both the row and broadcast crops systems and must suit the crops and the type of farming. The more uses to which a machine can be adapted, the less the initial investment in equipment.c.coomarasamy

1.6.1. classification of farm equipments1. Primary tillage equipment mould board, disc, rotary, chisel, and sub soil plough.2. Secondary tillage equipment harrows, cultivators, rollers, pulverizers, tools for mulching and fallowing, one way plough, certain chisel ploughs. - 3. Planting equipment Row crop planters- Trailing- Drill, Hill drop, Narrow-row. Rear tractor mounted- Drill, Hill drop, Transplanters or plant setters Broadcast crop planters- End gate seeders, Narrow and wide-track and weeder - mulcher, Air planes. Drill seeders- Grain drills- Planting attachment for other equipment4. Cultivation and weed control equipment Cultivators- central forward, rear mounted, beet and bean, lister, rod weeders, field, subsoil, chisel, rotary hoe, Flame weed control, chemical weed control.

seed drill

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5. Spraying and dusting equipment Power sprayers, Hydraulic sprayers, Hydro-pneumatic sprayers, Blower sprayers, Aerosol generators (Fog machines).6. Fertilizing equipment Manure spreaders, Ground and PTO driven spreaders, Granular fertilizer distributors, Broadcast fertilizer and lime distributors,1.6.1. classification of farm equipments

Power Operated sprayer cum duster

Power sprayersManure spreadersc.coomarasamy

7. Hay harvesting equipment Mowers, rakes, balers, loaders, stackers8. Forage harvesting equipments Row crop forage, Silo forage blowers9. Grain harvesting equipment Threshers, Combines

1.6.1. classification of farm equipments

hay baler

forage harvester

A Germancombine harvesterby Claas

forage blower

Rake device for turning over hay

Mowersmowerc.coomarasamy

10. Corn harvesting equipment11. Cotton harvesting equipment12. Root harvesting equipment Potato, Sweet Potato, Sugar-beet, Peanut 1.6.1. classification of farm equipments

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13. Special harvesting equipment- sugar-cane, Castor, Sesame, tree harvesting.1.6.1. classification of farm equipments

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14. Crop processing equipment-Crop residue disposal, Corn shellers, Feed grinders, Feed mixers, Crop dryers.15. Special farm and ranch equipment-Elevators, Truck and wagon hoists, Power loaders, Bin loaders, Mixer feeders, Power-post hole diggers, Air compressors, Special trailers and wagons, Detasseling and topping equipment. 1.6.1. classification of farm equipments

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1. Primary tillage equipment mould board, disc, rotary, chisel, and sub soil plough.

1.6.1. 1. Primary tillage equipment

Tillage: It is a mechanical manipulation of soil to provide favourable condition for crop production. It consists of breaking the compact surface of earth to a certain depth and to l o o s e n the soil mass, free from weeds, so as to enable the roots of the crops to penetrate and spread into the soil. Tillage operation is most labour consuming and difficult operation, compared to all subsequent operation in the field. Objective of tillage 1. to obtain deep seed bed, suitable for different type of crops. 2. to add more humus and fertility to soil by covering the vegetation. 3. to destroy and prevent competitive weeds. 4. to aerate the soil for proper growth of crops. 5. to increase water absorbing capacity of the soil. 6. to destroy the insects, pests and their breeding places and 7. to reduce the soil erosion. c.coomarasamy

Types of TillageTillage operations are broadly grouped into following types.


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Primary tillage: It constitutes the initial major soil working operation. It is normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates. The operations performed to open up any cultivable land with a view to prepare a seed bed for growing crops in known as Primary tillage. Types of Primary TillageDepending upon the purpose or necessity, different types of tillage are carried out.They are deep ploughing,sub soiling and year-round tillage.Implements may be tractor drawn or animal drawn implements.Animal drawn implements mostly include indigenous plough and mould-board plough.


Indigenous plough

Mould board ploughTractor drawn implements include mould-board plough, disc plough, subsoil plough, chisel plough and other similar implements. c.coomarasamy

Mould board plough A mould board plough is very common implement used for primer tillage operations. This plough performs several functions at a time such as (1) Cutting the furrow slice (2) Lifting the furrow slice (3) turning the furrow slice (4) Pulverizing the soil.

Mould Board is the part of the plough, which receives the furrow slice from the share, it lifted, turns and breaks the furrow slice. Different soil conditions require mould boards of varying shapes and sizes to carryout a good job of ploughing.


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The texture of the soil, amount of moisture and extent of vegetative cover on the surface determine the soil pulverization. The pulverization and inversion depend upon the curvature of the mould board. A long, gradual curved mould board turns the furrow gently and does not break the soil much. Short, abruptly curved mould boards twist and shear the soil and pulverize it. Mould boards for general use fall between the two extremes of the conditions. Mould boards are made of cast iron.


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Components of mould board plough c.coomarasamy

Types of mould board


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Throat clearance Plough accessories of M.B.Plough


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Ribbing plough- Ploughing- tilling device for cutting up and ploughing in furrow slicesc.coomarasamy


Standard disc plough Disc ploughs It is a plough (Fig.) which cuts, turns and in some cases breaks furrow slices by means of separately mounted large steel discs. A disc plough is designed with a view to reduce friction by making a rolling plough bottom.A disc plough works well in the conditions where mould board plough does not work satisfactorily. c.coomarasamy


Disc: It is a circular, concave revolving steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil. The disc turns the furrow slice to one side with a scooping action. The usual size of the disc is 60 cm in diameter and this turns a 35 to 30 cm furrow slice. It is made of heat treated steel of 5 to 10 mm thickness. The edge of the disc is well sharpened to cut the soil. Scraper: It is a device to remove soil that tends to stick to the working surface of a disc. Concavity: It is the depth measured at the center of the disc by placing its concave side on a flat surface. Disc ploughs are favoured in areas where the climate is dry and where the soil is rough. They also work well in heavy clay, hard pan and l o o s e sandy soils. Such soil conditions do not permit the operation of mould board ploughs to good advantage.c.coomarasamy


It is also preferred for land infested with heavy growth of vegetation and for land requiring deep ploughing for reclamation purposes. It leaves the trash on top of the ground to conserve soil moisture.The disc plough bears little resemblance to the common mould board plough.No harrowing is necessary to break the clods of the upturned soil as in a mould board plough. Penetration of the disc plough depends mainly on the weight of the plough as a whole. Tractor drawn disk ploughs weigh between 180 and 540 kg per disk. But the animal drawn plough weighs about 30 kg per disk.Disc ploughs are broadly classified as: Standard disc plough - animal drawn and tractor drawn

2. Vertical disc plough or harrow ploughs c.coomarasamy


Rotary PloughThis large heavy-weight Rotavator can cultivate the stubble ground after harvest tilth at a fraction of the cost than the plough.Tests have shown that it uses less fuel per hour than pulling a plough and that the Rotavator leaves the soil closer to seed bed, reducing cultivation costs.Machines 3m and 3.5m wide built are being widely used. The Rotary plough can also be speed up the preparation of the ground for potatoes.c.coomarasamy

Chisel ploughThechisel ploughis a common tool to get deep tillage with limited soil disruption. The main function of this plough is to loosen andaeratethesoilswhile leaving crop residue at the top of the soil. This plough can be used to reduce the effects ofcompactionand to help break upplough panandhardpan. Unlike many other ploughs the chisel will not invert or turn the soil. This characteristic has made it a useful addition tono-tilland low-till farming practices that attempt to maximise theerosion-prevention benefits of keeping organic matter and farming residues present on the soil surface through the year. Because of these attributes, the use of a chisel plough is considered by some to be moresustainablethan other types of plough, such as themould board plough.


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The chisel plow produces a rough surface Straight, narrow points, about 2" wide, leave the most residue.Where erosion is not a primary concern, 3- or 4-inch wide, twisted points invert more soil and bury more residue.Typically, chiseling is performed in the fall and is followed by one or more secondary tillage operations in the spring. Spring chiseling affords erosion control during the winter and allows extended grazing of stalks.A chisel plow may clog in extremely heavy or wet residue unless stalk shredding or light tillage precedes chiseling.Chisel Plough should not be used when the soil is too wet.


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Chisel Points (spikes) are suitable for most high clearance plows. This spike has a swedged point for longer wear, is self sharpening and reversible. Points are available plain or hardfaced.

RH TWISTED CHISEL

Double point shovel

Duckfoot Style Shovel


Chisel pointsReversible spike

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