CC and CR model

Sophistical Refutations

Sanzhar Kerimbek (Sancho)Rivalry between CC and CR modelCR model narrowing respective range of application and positioning CR model for knowledge down below and what is called immediate knowledge, such as the knowledge we have , or appear to have of our own sensory experience

CC model stands for mediate knowledge, in which knowledge above is achieved by inference from down below premises is considered paradigmatic.Causalizing CC model : in determining whether alpha , it is possible for an agent both to attempt to follow ad to experience himself as following the routines sanctioned by the CC model and that doing so is sometimes a necessary condition of his actually doing well by the lights of the CR model.

Corollary: there may be causes in which having a justification for an agents belief alpha is causally necessary for the firing of the devices by which his belief is produced.

The True appearance hypothesis: A reason that this is the way things appear is that rather massively this is the way things actually are.

The False appearance hypothesis: A reason that this is the way things appear is the sheer scale of our mistakenness. A mistake is an error attended by a contrary appearance, accordingly, the more errors there are, the more there is the mere appearance of knowing.ArgumentCounting in favor of the modelling option is the phenomenon of belief change and inference , au fond , is a belief change. BAD modelling: do not model premise-conclusion reasoning in the logic of argumentThis advice is heavily needed for CR modelling. For CC model it seems like it offers only doubtful accommodation at best.

What do we know about Aristotle?

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was born circa 384 B.C. in Stagira, Greece. When he turned 17, he enrolled in Platos Academy. In 338, he began tutoring Alexander the Great. In 335, Aristotle founded his own school, the Lyceum, in Athens, where he spent most of the rest of his life studying, teaching and writing. Aristotle died in 322 B.C., after he left Athens and fled to Chalcis.Aristotle on Sophistical RefutationsAristotles list of the fallacies gives Ambiguity (equivocation or homonymy)Amphiboly (or ambiguity)CombinationDivisionAccentForm of expressionAccidentThe use of words absolutely or in a certain respectMisconception of refutationBegging the questionConsequentNon causa pro causaComplex question

Reasoning and refutation are sometimes real and sometimes not, but appear to be real owing to men's inexperience; for the inexperienced are like those who view things from a distance. Reasoning is based on certain statements made in such a way as necessarily to cause the assertion of things other than those statements and as a result of those statements; refutation, on the other hand, is reasoning accompanied by a contradiction of the conclusion. Some refutations do not affect their object but only appear to do so; this may be due to several causes, of which the most fertile and widespread division is the argument which depends on names.