IS MATTER AROUND US PURE

IS MATTER AROUND US PURE

Pranav GhildiyalRoll no.

SCIENCE PROJECT

WHAT IS MATTER? Matter is a general term for the substance of which all physical objects are made, however in practice there is no single correct scientific meaning; each field uses the term in different and often contradictory ways. Whereas "matter" originally (in Aristotelian hylomorphism) referred not to an independent thing, but to a co-dependent "principle," the modern conception is that matter is a "substance“ that is to say, it exists even apart from composing something else. Modern science identifies this

"substance" through its physical properties; the most common current

definition of matter is anything that has mass and occupies volume. Matter is commonly said to exist in four states ( or phases) : solid, liquid,gas and plasma. However, advances in experimental technique have realized

other Phases.

PURE SUBSTANCES

The substances which do not have adulteration are known as pure substances. Some are given below.

Milk Bread

MIXTURE

A mixture is when two or more   different substances are mixed

 together but are not combined chemically. The molecules of two or

more different substances are mixed in the form of mechanical

mixtures, solutions, suspensions, and colloids. While there are no chemical changes to its constituents, the

physical properties of a mixture such as its melting point, may differ

from those of the components. Some mixtures can be separated into

their components by mechanical means.There are two types of mixtures.

(i) Homogeneous (ii) Heterogeneous

TYPES OF MIXTURES HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS

Substances that look the

same throughout. Homogeneous

substances have one phase and

uniform composition.

Example :Alcohol ,wine ,milk 

substances in which you can see more than one color or type of matter.

Heterogeneous substances have more than one phase and a non-uniform composition.

Example : Sandy water , orange

juice with pulp in it sugar cornstarch.

SOLUTIONA solution is a homogenous mixture of substances with variable

composition. The substance present in the major proportion is called the solvent, whereas the substance present in the minor proportion is called the solute. It is possible to have solutions composed of several solutes. The process of a solute dissolving in a solute is called dissolution. There are three types of solution :-Solid, Liquid, Gas.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUTIONA solution is something dissolved in something else. By dissolved it mean it needs to have some partials ionized a solid you place in water that dissociates (ions split apart from each other) makes a solution a good solution you can make in your kitchen is a salt-water solution, Put some regular table salt in a glass and stir it and you will notice the salt "disappears" what happens is the sodium ions and the chloride Ions separate and 'hide' between water molecules. 

.

Types of solution

Solid• Solid substance have definite shape,

• Fixed volumes, • Are rigid.

• Cannot be compressed

Liquid• Liquid substances doesn’t have definite shape ,

• Definite volume, are Non -rigid.

• Cannot be compressed.

Gas• No definite

shape.

• No definite volume.

Are not at all rigid.

• Can be easily compressed

.

PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION

•A solution is a homogeneous mixture. The particles of a

solution are smaller then 1nm in diameter, so they cannot be

seen with naked eye.

•Because of very small particle size, they do not scatter a beam

of light passing through the solution. So, the path of the light is

not visible in the solution.The solute particles cannot be

separated from the mixture by the process of filtration. The

solute particles do not settle down when left undisturbed. That

is, a solution is stable.Many reactions do not occur until the

solid reactants are dissolved to make a solution.The solvent is

present in greater amount in greater amount.

COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION

SOLVENT SOLUTE The component of the

solution that dissolves the other component in it (usually the component present in larger amount) is called the solvent.

Present on a greater proportion in the solution.

Dispersed phase.

Solution may or may not be in the same state of matter as the solute.

The component of the solution

that is dissolved in the solvent (usually the component present in lesser quantity ) is the solute.

Present in lesser proportion in the solution.

Medium of dispersion solute.

Solution will be in the same state of matter as the solute.

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION The concentration of a solution refers to the strength of the solution.Concentration = quantity of solute quantity of solution (not solvent)There are 3 basic ways to express concentration: 1) percentages,2) very low concentrations,3) molar concentrations

4) Percentage (%) concentration can be in V/V, W/W, or W/V

2)Expressing concentrations in parts per million (ppm) requires the unit on

top to be 1,000,000 times smaller than the unit on the bottom.

3) Molar concentration is the most commonly used in chemistry. Ensure that units are mol/L.

Suspension

A suspension is a heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles

that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. Usually they must be

larger than 1 micrometer. The internal phase (solid) is dispersed

throughout the external phase (fluid) through mechanical agitation,

with the use of certain excipients or suspending agents. Unlike 

colloids, suspensions will eventually settle. An example of a

suspension would be sand in water. The suspended particles are

visible under a microscope and will settle over time if left

undisturbed. This distinguishes a suspension from a colloid, in

which the suspended particles are smaller and do not settle.

 Colloids and suspensions are different from solutions, in which the

dissolved substance (solute) does not exist as a solid, and solvent

and solute are homogeneously mixed.

Properties of suspension The particles of suspension can be seen by the naked eye.

The particles of a suspension scatter a beam of light passing through it and makes its path visible

The solute particles settle down when a suspension is left undisturbed, that is, a suspension is unstable

Colloids  colloid is a type of mixture in which one substance is

dispersed evenly throughout another. A colloidal system consists of two separate phases: a dispersed phase (or internal phase) and a continuous phase . A colloidal system may be solid, liquid, or gaseous.

Many familiar substances are colloids, as shown in the chart below. As well as these naturally occurring colloids, modern chemical process industries utilize high shear mixing technology to create novel colloids.

Some colloids are translucent because of the Tyndall effect, which is the scattering of light by particles in the colloid. Other colloids may be opaque or have a slight color.

Types of colloid There are many types of colloids :-Aerosol(gas +liquid/solid e.g. fog and smoke)

Foam(liquid +gas e.g. whipped cream)

Emulsion(liquid +liquid e.g. milk)

Sol(liquid + solid e.g. paint)

Solid foam(solid + gas e.g. marshmallow)

Solid emulsion(solid + liquid, e.g. cheese)

Solid Sol(solid + solid e.g. pearl.)

colloidal solution By a colloidal solution one understands a solution, in

which the solved particles are present in such a small grain size

that they cannot be separated by filtration. The solved particles

are larger than molecules, but they are smaller than fillers in  suspensions. Therefore these colloidal solutions behave

partly like genuine solutions. In order to keep such colloidal

solutions stable and to prevent precipitations, wetting and dispersing agents as well as other additives are added. In foundries, colloidal graphite solutions are used as die

coatings.

Properties of colloid

One property of colloid systems that distinguishes them from

true solutions is that colloidal particles scatter light. If a beam of

light, passes through a colloid, the light is reflected by the

colloidal particles and the path of the light can i.e., be observed.

A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture.

The size of particles of a colloid is too small to be individually

seen by naked eye.

Colloids do not settle down when left un disturbed, that is, a

colloid is quite unstable.

Common examples of colloids

Dispersed

phase

Liquid

Solid

Gas

Liquid

Solid

Gas

Liquid

Solid

Dispersing

space

Gas

Gas

Liquid

Liquid

Liquid

Solid

Solid

Solid

Example

Fog, clouds, mist

Smoke, automobile exhaust

Shaving cream

Milk, face cream

Milk of magnesia, mud

Foam, rubber, sponge,

Pumice

Jelly, cheese, butter

Coloured gem stone,glass

Type

Aerosol

Aerosol

Foam

Emulsio

n

Sol

Foam

Gel

Solid Sol

Difference between pure substance and mixture

A pure substance is a substance where there is only one kind

of matter present and only one kind of particles. Where as a

mixture is an impure substance that has two or more kinds of

matter present and two or more kinds of particles present. Also

a pure substance has fixed, sharp melting and boiling points

and a mixtures varies. 

chemical element  Substance consisting of atoms which all have the same

number of protons – i.e. the same atomic number. Elements are

chemically the simplest substances and hence cannot be broken down further

using chemical methods. At 75 percent, hydrogen is the most

abundant element in the universe, followed by helium at 23 percent

and oxygen at 1 percent. The other elements make up the

remaining 1percent. In the earth's crust, oxygen (47 %) is the most

abundant element, followed by silicon (28 %) and aluminum (8 %).

75%

23%

1% 1%Elements in the universe

hydrogen

helium

oxygen

others

Compounds In chemistry, a compound is a substance that results from

a combination of two or more different chemical element s, in

such a way that the atoms of the different elements are held

together by chemical bonds that are difficult to break. These bonds form

as a result of the sharing or exchange of electron s among the

atoms. The smallest unbreakable unit of a compound is called a

molecule.

Types of compoundIONIC COMPOUNDS MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

Ionic compounds are formed

when metallic elements from

The left-hand side of the Periodic Table react with non metallic elements from

the right-hand side of theTable. Ionic compounds

have high melting and boiling points. Many ionic

compounds are soluble in water.

Molecular compounds form edwhen two or more nonmetal

atoms form units that are called molecules. Molecular compounds generally have low melting and boiling points. Molecular compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid form or in the liquid form. Some molecular compounds dissolve in water and some do not.

Difference between mixture and compounds

MIXTURES COMPOUNDSA mixture is when two or more different substances are mixed together but are not combined chemically. The molecules of two or more different substances are Mixed In the form of mechanical mixtures, solutions, suspensions, and colloids. While there are no chemical changes to its

constituents, the physical properties of a

mixture such as its melting point, may

differ from those of the components.

In chemistry, a compound is a substance that results from a combination of two or more different chemical element s, in such a way that the atom s of the different elements are held together by chemical bonds that are difficult to break. These bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of electron s among the atoms. The smallest unbreakable unit of a compound is called a molecule .

Conclusion

Some extra informationAlloys

Alloys are mixture of two or more metals or a non metal and cannot be separated into their components by physical methods. But still,

an alloy is considered as a mixture because it shows properties of its

constituents and can have variable composition. For example, brass is a mixture of approximately 30% zinc

and 70% copper

Elements The number of elements known at present are more than

Hundred. Ninety-two elements are naturally Occurring and the rest are man-made. Majority of elements are solid. Eleven elements are in

gaseous state at room temperature.Two elements are liquid at room Temperature – mercury and

Bromine. Elements, gallium and cesium become liquid at a temperature slightly above room temperature

(303K)