CROP PRODUCTION CLASS IX-B

AGRICULTURE• This transformation from a plant to a finished

product involves three types of economic activities. These are primary, secondary and tertiary activities.

• Primary activities include all those connected with extraction and production of natural resources. Agriculture, fishing and gathering are good examples.

• Secondary activities are concerned with the processing of these resources. Manufacturing of steel, baking of bread and weaving of cloth are examples of this activity.

• Tertiary activities provide support to the primary and secondary sectors through services. Transport, trade, banking, insurance and advertising are examples of tertiary activities.

• Agriculture is a primary activity. It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock.

• In the world, 50 per cent of persons are engaged in agricultural activity. Two-thirds of India’s population is still dependent on agriculture.

• Favourable topography of soil and climate are vital for agricultural activity. The land on which the crops are grown is known as arable land.

• Agriculture or farming can be looked at as a system. The important inputs are seeds, fertilizers, machinery and labour.

• Some of the operations involved are ploughing, sowing, irrigation, weeding and harvesting.

• The outputs from the system include crops, wool, dairy and poultry

products.

FARM SYSTEM

• Farming is practiced in various ways across the world. Depending upon the geographical conditions, demand of produce, labour and level of technology, farming can be classified into two main types. These are subsistence farming and commercial farming.

A farm in Haryana, a northern state of India, prospering with India's Green Revolution.

This image shows a farming community in a more prosperous part of India.

TYPES OF FARMING

This type of farming is practiced to meet the needs of the farmer’s family.Traditionally, low levels of technology and household labour are used to produce on small output. Subsistence farming can be further classified as intensive subsistence and primitive subsistence farming.

SUBSISTENCE FARMING

• In commercial farming crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in market. The area cultivated and the amount of capital used is large.

• Most of the work is done by machines. Commercial farming includes commercial grain farming, mixed farming and plantation agriculture.

COMMERICAL FARMING

In mixed farming the land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock.It is practiced in Europe, eastern USA, Argentina, southeast Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

MIXED FARMING

• Plantations are a type of commercial farming where single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown.

• Large amount of labour and capital are required. The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories.

• The development of a transport network is thus essential for such farming.

• Major plantations are found in the tropical regions of the world. Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India and Sri Lanka are some examples.

PLANTATIONS

Non- Food Crops

Rubber • Rubber is an important industrial

Raw material• India ranks fifth among the world’s

natural rubber producers.

Conditions Required for the crop:-• It is an equatorial crop, but under

special conditions, it is also grown

in tropical and sub-tropical areas.• It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more

than 200 cm.• Temperature above 25°C.

Areas of Cultivation :- • It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and

Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya.

Fibre Crops.

Cotton• India is believed to be the

original home of the cotton plant.• Cotton is one of the main raw

materials for cotton textile industry.• India is the third-largest producer

of cotton in the world.

Conditions Required For The Crop :-• Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of

the Deccan plateau.• It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation,

210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.• It is a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature

Areas Of Cultivation• Major cotton-producing states are – Maharashtra,

Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

Jute• It is known as the golden fibre.• It is used in making gunny bags,

mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and

other artifacts.• Due to its high cost, it is losing

market to synthetic fibres and

packing materials, particularly the nylon

Conditions Required for the crop:-• Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood

plains where soils are renewed every year.• High temperature is required during the time of growth.

Areas of Cultivation• West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya are

the major jute producing states.

FOOD SECURITYTechnological And Institutional Reforms

Causes for Introduction of New Reforms in Agriculture

• Agriculture has been in practised in India for thousands of years.

• · Continued uses of land without well-matched techno-institutional reforms lead to slow

• down in the pace of agricultural development.• · In spite of development in irrigation most of the farmers

in large parts of the country• still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility of soil.• · Our population grew at fast rate than agriculture

production.• There has been a lot of injustice done with farmers with

the current prices for their production.• Famines, droughts and other disasters ruined the entire

crop produced putting farmers in dilemma.

Technological And Institutional Reforms Introduced after Independence

• Collective farming was introduced.• Land holdings were consolidated• Co-operative movement were started in Indian

agriculture• Zamindari system was abolished,• Land reform’ was introduced in First Five Year Plan.• The Green Revolution and related technologies were

introduced such as use of HYV of seed, fertilizers, modern machinery and inputs.

• White Revolution (Operation Flood) was introduced to increase milk production.

Features Of Comprehensive Land development

• Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some important steps in this direction.

• Kissan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced for easy availability of inputs.

• Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.

• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.

• The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

PRESENTATION BY ;MAD SCIENTIST GROUP