Caylo.malaria

8/8/2019 Caylo.malaria

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MALARIA

By Marinel M. Caylo


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I. Infectious AgentsI. Infectious Agents

Malaria

-- is a disease caused by infection with single-celled

parasites of the genus Plasmodium. The bite of theAnophelesmosquito transmits these parasites from one person toanother.

For plasmodia produce malaria in humans:

1. Plasmodium falciparum

2. P. vivax

3. P. ovale

4. P. malariae


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Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae


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The severity and characteristic manifestationof the disease are governed by:

infection species magnitude of the parasitemia

metabolic effects of the parasite

cytokines released as a result of the infection


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Life Cycle of the Malaria ParasiteLife Cycle of the Malaria Parasite


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(A) Mosquito infected with themalaria parasite bites human,

passing cells called sporozoitesinto the humans bloodstream.


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(B) Sporozoites travel to the liver. Eachsporozoite undergoes asexual

reproduction, in which its nucleussplits to form two new cells, calledmerozoites.


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(C) Merozoites enter thebloodstream and infect redblood cells.


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D) In red blood cells, merozoites grow and divideto produce more merozoites, eventuallycausing the red blood cells to rupture. Some ofthe newly released merozoites go on to infectother red blood cells.


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((E) Some merozoites develop into sex cellsknown as male and female gametocytes.


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(F) Another mosquito bites the infected

human, ingesting the gametocytes.


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(G) In the mosquitos stomach, the gametocytesmature. Male and female gametocytes

undergo sexual reproduction, uniting to forma zygote. The zygote multiplies to formsporozoites, which travel to the mosquitossalivary glands.


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(H) If this mosquito bites another

human, the cycle begins again.


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II. Signs and SymptomsII. Signs and Symptoms

SpleenomegalySpleenomegalyHepatomegalyHepatomegaly

Profuse sweatingProfuse sweating AnemiaAnemia

MalaiseMalaise

Recurrent chillsRecurrent chills

FeverFever


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Early Diagnosis and Prompt Treatment:Early Diagnosis and Prompt Treatment:

Early DiagnosisEarly Diagnosis

1.1.Clinical MethodClinical Method is based on the signs andsymptoms of the patient and the history of

he/she having visited a malaria-endemic area.


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2. Microscopic Method2. Microscopic Method is based on theexamination of the blood smear of the patient

through a microscope.


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ChemoprophylaxisChemoprophylaxis

Only chloroquine drug should given.

It must be taken at weekly intervals, startingfrom 1-2 weeks before entering the endemicarea.

In pregnant women, it is given throughout theduration of pregnancy.


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Sustainable Preventive and VectorSustainable Preventive and VectorControl MeasuresControl Measures


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Sustainable Preventive and Vector ControlSustainable Preventive and Vector Control

MeasuresMeasures

-refer to the adoptionof measures for the

prevention and control

against the malaria

parasite and the mosquitovector.


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Sustainable Preventive and Vector Control MeasuresSustainable Preventive and Vector Control Measures

A. Insecticide- Treatment of Mosquito Net

B. House Spraying

This involves the soaking of the mosquito net in an insecticideThis involves the soaking of the mosquito net in an insecticide

solution and allowed to dry.solution and allowed to dry.

C. On Stream Seeding

This involves the construction of bioThis involves the construction of bio--ponds for fish propagationponds for fish propagationwhich shall be the responsibility of the LGUs and theirwhich shall be the responsibility of the LGUs and their

corresponding communities.corresponding communities.

D. On Stream Clearing


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Recommended AntiRecommended Anti--Malaria DrugsMalaria Drugs

Blood SchizonticidesBlood Schizonticides

--drugs acting on sexual blood stages of the parasitesdrugs acting on sexual blood stages of the parasites

which are responsible for clinical manifestations.which are responsible for clinical manifestations.

Chloroquine phosphate 250 mg 150mg base/tabletChloroquine phosphate 250 mg 150mg base/tablet

Sulfadoxine or sulfalene 50 mgSulfadoxine or sulfalene 50 mg--pyrimethamine 25 mg/tabletpyrimethamine 25 mg/tablet

Quinine hydrochloride 300 mg/ml,2 ml ampuleQuinine hydrochloride 300 mg/ml,2 ml ampule Tetracycline hydrochloride 250 mg/capsuleTetracycline hydrochloride 250 mg/capsule

Quinidine sulfate 200 mg/durulesQuinidine sulfate 200 mg/durules

Quinidine glucolate 80 mg 50 mg base ml, 1 ml vialQuinidine glucolate 80 mg 50 mg base ml, 1 ml vial


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Other Preventive Measures:Other Preventive Measures:

Wearing of clothing that covers arms and legs in the eveningWearing of clothing that covers arms and legs in the evening

Avoiding outdoor night activities, particularly during the vectors peak bitingAvoiding outdoor night activities, particularly during the vectors peak bitinghours from 9PM to 3AM.hours from 9PM to 3AM.


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Using mosquito repellents such as mosquito coils, soap lotion or otherUsing mosquito repellents such as mosquito coils, soap lotion or other

personal protection measures advocated by the OH/ MCSpersonal protection measures advocated by the OH/ MCS-- Malaria ControlMalaria ControlService.Service.

Planting of Neem tree or other herbal plants which are potential mosquitoPlanting of Neem tree or other herbal plants which are potential mosquitorepellent as advocated by the DOH /MCSrepellent as advocated by the DOH /MCS-- Malaria Control Service.Malaria Control Service.


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Zoo prophylaxisZoo prophylaxis-- the typing of domestic animals like thethe typing of domestic animals like the

carabao, cow, etc., near human dwellings to deviate mosquitocarabao, cow, etc., near human dwellings to deviate mosquito

bites from man to these animals.bites from man to these animals.


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Early Recognition Prevention andEarly Recognition Prevention andControl of Malaria EpidemicsControl of Malaria Epidemics


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Early Recognition Prevention and Control ofMalaria Epidemics

-refer to the establishment of a system that willimmediately recognize an impending malaria epidemic.

Malaria Epidemic-is a situation where there is an incidence of new

malaria cases in excess of the expected.

Small epidemics are usually called outbreaks.

Epidemic Potential

-is a situation where in an area is vulnerable to malariacase upsurge due to causal factors such as climaticchanges, ecological changes or socio economic changes.


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Prevention of the EpidemicPrevention of the Epidemic

11. The following should be done in the event that an imminent epidemic occurs:. The following should be done in the event that an imminent epidemic occurs:

Mass Blood Smear MBS collectionMass Blood Smear MBS collection

Immediate confirmation and followImmediate confirmation and follow up of casesup of cases

InsecticideInsecticide--treatment of mosquito netstreatment of mosquito nets

Focal SprayingFocal Spraying

Stream ClearingStream Clearing Intensive IECCampaignIntensive IECCampaign

2. All case should be given drug treatment and followed2. All case should be given drug treatment and followed--up until clinically and/orup until clinically and/ormicroscopically found negative.microscopically found negative.

3. Continuous surveillance measures should be implemented for three years.3. Continuous surveillance measures should be implemented for three years.

4. The Local Government Units in collaboration with the Nongovernmental4. The Local Government Units in collaboration with the NongovernmentalOrganization and with the technical assistance from the provincial MalariaOrganization and with the technical assistance from the provincial MalariaCoordinator should contribute in terms of IEC campaign and logisticsCoordinator should contribute in terms of IEC campaign and logisticssupport.support.


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PublicHealth Nursing ResponsibilitiesPublicHealth Nursing Responsibilities


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PublicHealth Nursing ResponsibilitiesPublicHealth Nursing Responsibilities

1.1. Participates in the implementation of theParticipates in the implementation of thefollowing:following: Treatment policies

Provision of drugs

Laboratory confirmation of diagnosis

Training of Barangay Health Workers and volunteers on thediagnosis and treatment of malaria

Supervision of malaria control activities of all health personnel

in the area Collection, analysis and submission of required reports

2.2. Recognition of early signs and symptoms forRecognition of early signs and symptoms formanagement and further referralsmanagement and further referrals


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3. Educate the individual/families/community of3. Educate the individual/families/community of

the importance of the following:the importance of the following: Taking of chemoprophylaxis

Wearing of long-sleeved clothing and trousers when going

out at night.

Application of insect repellant to skin Use of mosquito nets

Use of screen in doors and windows. If no screen, close

windows and doors during night time.

Use of insecticide aerosols and pyrethroid mosquito coils Clearing of hanging branches of trees along the stream

44. Availability of anti. Availability of anti--malaria drugs andmalaria drugs and

chemoprophylaxis drugschemoprophylaxis drugs


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The EndThe End

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