Cave Diving Fatalities A Summary - IUCRR
Transcript of Cave Diving Fatalities A Summary - IUCRR
Cave Diving FatalitiesCave Diving FatalitiesA SummaryA Summary
By Jeffrey BozanicBy Jeffrey BozanicRebekah HalpernRebekah Halpern
Cave Diving FatalitiesCave Diving Fatalities
nn The PastThe Pastnn Summary of Current DataSummary of Current Datann The FutureThe Future
–– Data CollectionData Collection–– Incident RateIncident Rate–– Non-Fatal IncidentsNon-Fatal Incidents
The PastThe Past
nn Originally to learn why cave divingOriginally to learn why cave divingfatalities occurringfatalities occurring
nn Demonstrate how “safe” cave divingDemonstrate how “safe” cave divingcould becould be
nn Data collection “uneven” at bestData collection “uneven” at best–– Thanks to past coordinators, especiallyThanks to past coordinators, especially
David David DesautelsDesautels
Source DataSource Data
19971997nn 429 cases429 casesnn SourcesSources
–– NSS-NSS-CDSCDS: 258: 258–– NACD: 361NACD: 361–– Other: 87Other: 87
nn Cave Trained: 40Cave Trained: 40
19991999nn 478 cases478 casesnn SourcesSources
–– CombinedCombined–– 14 “new” cases14 “new” cases–– 35 “old” cases35 “old” cases
nn Cave Trained: 47Cave Trained: 47
Summary of Current DataSummary of Current Data
nn Overall reviewOverall reviewnn Open water Open water vs vs cave trainingcave trainingnn Trends?Trends?
Fatalities by YearFatalities by Year
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1950
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
# F
atal
itie
s
n=475
Geographic LocationGeographic Location
74
401
0
50
100
150
200250
300
350
400
450
Foreign USA
# F
ata
liti
es
n=475
Foreign FatalitiesForeign Fatalities
02468
101214161820
# F
ata
liti
es
Mex
ico
New Z
ealan
d
Puerto
Rico
Rhodes
ia
South
Afri
ca
USSRW
ales
Yugosla
via
Australi
a
Baham
as
Belize
Canad
a
Germ
any
Hondura
s
Jam
aica
n=74
Age of DecedentsAge of Decedents
05
1015202530
3540
10 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 51 64
# F
atal
itie
s
n=427
Open WaterOpen WaterCertification LevelCertification Level
9
1
828
12
168
5
1
15
0 50 100 150 200
ADV
Basic
Inst
OW
TEMP
Asst InstAsst Inst
DMDM
NoneNone
RescueRescue
n=247
Cave CertificationCave Certification
3
1
31
4
143
7
1
0 50 100 150 200
Basic
Cavern
Inst
Yes
n=190
NoNo
FullFull
Category 2Category 2
Final Cylinder GasFinal Cylinder GasPressuresPressures
31 111
1314
337
40
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 1-500 501-1000
1001-1500
1501-2000
2001-2500
2501-3000
# F
ata
liti
es
n=411
Dive DepthsDive Depths
2918
95
93
158
60 55
020406080
100120140
160180
0 1-50 51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
250-300
>300
# F
ata
liti
es
fsw n=427
Number of LightsNumber of LightsCarried by VictimsCarried by Victims
036%
149%
29%
35%
40% 5
1%
198
144
36 20
(2)
3
n=403
Number of Divers in TeamNumber of Divers in Team
55
315
106
30
3 7 8 7 20
20
40
60
80
100
120
1
# F
ata
liti
es
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010n=236
Fatalities Involving DiversFatalities Involving DiversCertified Full Cave or AboveCertified Full Cave or Above
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
# F
atal
itie
s
n=42
Dive Depths of CaveDive Depths of CaveCertified VictimsCertified Victims
65
9
2
5
12
7
0123456789
10
0 1-50 51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
250-300
>300
# F
ata
liti
es
fswn=37
02468
101214
# F
atal
itie
sCauses of Fatalities AmongCauses of Fatalities Among
Trained Cave DiversTrained Cave Divers
n=40
Adv Adv E
quip
Equip
Air Rule
Air Rule
Cave I
n
Cave I
nDep
th
Depth
Entan
glem
ent
Entan
glem
ent
Gas
Mix
Gas
Mix
Pro
bPro
b
Hea
rt A
ttack
?
Hea
rt A
ttack
?
Hyp
othe
rmia
Hyp
othe
rmia
Line G
ap
Line G
ap
Mai
nten
ance
Mai
nten
ance
Solo
Solo
Train
ing
Train
ing
Drugs
Drugs
Gea
r Rem
oval
Gea
r Rem
oval
The FutureThe Future
nn Data CollectionData Collectionnn Incident RateIncident Ratenn Non-Fatal IncidentsNon-Fatal Incidents
Data CollectionData Collection
nn IUCRR EffortsIUCRR Efforts–– Spearheaded by Henry NicholsonSpearheaded by Henry Nicholson–– Coordination of all groups collecting dataCoordination of all groups collecting data–– Information cleared through Annette LongInformation cleared through Annette Long
nn New Accident Reporting FormNew Accident Reporting Formnn Past InformationPast Information
–– “Completion” of files“Completion” of files–– Documentation filedDocumentation filed
nn Web Site Reporting and PresentationWeb Site Reporting and Presentation
Incident RatesIncident Rates
nn What are they?What are they?nn Quantification of activity levelsQuantification of activity levels
–– Voluntary reporting by divers of annual activityVoluntary reporting by divers of annual activity–– Site activity reportingSite activity reporting–– Database of combined cave(Database of combined cave(rnrn) training) training–– Summarization of award data (Abe Davis, etc)Summarization of award data (Abe Davis, etc)–– “Specialized” equipment, techniques“Specialized” equipment, techniques
nn Importance to diving communityImportance to diving communitynn Importance to cave diving communityImportance to cave diving community
Non-Fatal IncidentsNon-Fatal Incidents
nn Should we collect them?Should we collect them?nn TypesTypes
–– Air management problemsAir management problems–– Equipment/maintenance problemsEquipment/maintenance problems–– Events related to “advanced” equip/techniquesEvents related to “advanced” equip/techniques–– OtherOther
nn Importance to cave diving communityImportance to cave diving community–– Pro-active development of the recreationPro-active development of the recreation–– Texts and training concernsTexts and training concerns–– TrendsTrends
IssuesIssuesnn By collecting non-fatal incident data, wouldBy collecting non-fatal incident data, would
we be compromising our perceived safetywe be compromising our perceived safetyrecord?record?
nn Should we include “marginal” cases?Should we include “marginal” cases?–– Cave diver who died at entrance at start of diveCave diver who died at entrance at start of dive
because he forgot to turn air onbecause he forgot to turn air on–– 2 ffw on steps2 ffw on steps–– Rebreather in spring poolRebreather in spring pool
nn Availability of source dataAvailability of source datann Extension to other “technical” penetrationExtension to other “technical” penetration
diving activitiesdiving activities
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
nn NSS-NSS-CDSCDSnn NACDNACDnn IndividualsIndividuals
–– David David DesautelsDesautels–– Steve Steve GerrardGerrard–– Henry NicholsonHenry Nicholson–– Lamar HiresLamar Hires–– Pat WatsonPat Watson–– Jim Jim FishbackFishback
–– Peter Peter HorneHorne–– Juergen BohnertJuergen Bohnert–– Grant GravesGrant Graves–– LeeAnn LeeAnn HiresHires–– Waitomo Waitomo CavesCaves–– Recovery DiversRecovery Divers