1. Causes of WWI• Immediate Cause----June 28, 1914

• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria• Hostile alliances take effect---War declared

Central Powers vs. Allied Powers• Germany Great Britain• Austria/Hungary France• Ottoman Empire Russia

• Trench warfare and the Western Front

3. President Wilson• Calls for neutrality = conflicting sympathies• US belief = right to trade with all nations

• Germany and Great Britain violated this policy.

4. From neutrality to war.• German policy

• Unrestricted submarine warfare = USW• U-Boat, sunk the Lusitania (May 7, 1915)

• Zimmerman Note: Jan. 1917

5. April 8, 1917 US declares war on Germany……• Germans violated our trade and neutrality

• War to end all war• The world must be made safe for democracy

• Side with the Allies

1. President Wilson: The War to End All War· War outlook in Jan. 1917

· Poor for Allies: Why?· U.S. troops in France---American Expeditionary

Forces· Led by General John J. Pershing

· US Troops

2. Actions of Wilson and Congress

3. Women in WWI• worked in the factories

· 19th Amendment----women’s suffrage

4. End of War· Nov. 11th = 11-11-11 = end of the war

· Germans sign an armistice

1. President Wilson’s 14 Points

2. Treaty of Versailles = Big 4 countries· Germany was forced to

· pay war debts = reparations---$53 billion· Remain disarmed· Lost all colonies· Responsible for war

· Created new countries

3. Wilson’s Problems at Home • Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles

• Does not join the League of Nations…….Why? • Lodge vs. Wilson• Draw U.S. into another war• Took away Congress’s power to declare

war.• Americans wanted neutrality

4. Results of Treaty of Versailles· New democracies would fail without US aid· Germany: treaty of revenge = leads to WWII

5. Post war adjustments….

1st World War in history•Great War or War to End

all War•Not called WWI until

after WWII•Total war

•Involved 60 nations and 6 continents

Cost of War•$400 billion

•$10 million dollars an hour16 million deaths

•First war of the Industrial Revolution……

New Weapons vs old tactics of fighting

world map

Howitzer is any short cannon that delivers its shells in a high trajectory. The word is derived from an old German word for

"catapult".

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare“No Man’s

Land”

“Suicide Ditch" was a term used by British soldiers to refer to the front-line trench.

The Zeppelin

The first zeppelin raid on London was on 31 May 1915.  Earlier raids in January 1915 had avoided London.  The London raid resulted in 28 deaths and 60 injuries.

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchers

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Franz Ferdinand Kaiser Wilhem President Wilson Czar Nicholas Gen. John J. Pershing

Sen. Henry Lodge Sergeant Alvin York Eddie Baron Manfred Valadir Leninn Rickenbacker von Richthofen

Central PowersAllied Powers

Emperor Franz Joseph King George V – Great Britain Austria-Hun. Empire

Nationalism•Countries proud of their

heritage and culture•Similar to patriotism

•Ethnic groups of similar heritage wanted to free their oppressed brethren and unite their people into one country

•Germany wanted to expand its culture and political influence

throughout Europe.

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family. Archduke was

heir to the throne in the Austrian Hungarian Empire. His assassination June 28,

1914 eventually led to WWI.

Garvillo Princip, a Serbian nationalist assassinated the

Archduke. He was trying to gain allowances for his fellow Serbs who

lived under Austrian rule.

Franz Ferdinand’s funeral procession

alliances1

• Austrian-Hungarian Empire controlled

several ethic groups.• Serbian nationalists wanted to untie Serbs

who lived in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire with Serbia.• This led to the

assassination of the Archduke Franz

Ferdinand.

Saravejo

Imperialism •France, Great Britain, Germany

and Russia were establishing colonies in Africa and Asia

•economic and political control over other countries……•these countries were in competition for colonies

European nations competing for colonies around the world…..Imperialism

Cartoon-European grab

bag

Cartoon-European grab

bag

Militarism•European nations began an arms race as they competed for colonies around

the world……

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mill

ions

Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 191494 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, British and Russia] in

millions of dollars.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

ExpendituresFrance 10%Britain 13%Russia 39%

Germany

73%By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US Navy into

the 3rd largest naval fleet in the world….

The Great White Fleet

MobilizationHome by Christmas!No major war in 50 years!Nationalism!

Alliances•European nations began forming

military alliances with one another to maintain a balance of

power ……..

Triple Alliance Triple EntenteCentral Powers Allied PowersGermany Great Britain Austria-Hungary Empire FranceBulgaria Russia

alliances1

1. June 28Assassination at Sarajevo

2. July 28Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

3. July 30Russia began mobilization

4. August 1Germany declared war on Russia

alliances2

5. August 3Germany declared war on France

6. August 3Great Britain declared war on Germany

7. August 6Russia and Austria/Hungary at war.

8. August 12Great Britain declared war on Austria/Hungary

Two Armed Camps!Allied Powers Central

PowersGreat Britain

France

Russia

Italy

Germany

Austrian-Hungarian Empire

Turkey

battle fronts

• German invasion in August of 1914, through Belgium to

conquer France.• Gave French and British

militaries enough time to mobilize their army

• Belgium puts up a strong fight.

• 1st Battle of the Marne River, France and Great Britain stop

Germany from capturing Paris.

• France, England and Germany involve itself in

trench warfare from 1914 to 1918

battle fronts

Stalemate By September 1914, the war

had reached a stalemate, a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage.

When a French and British force stopped a German advance near Paris, both sides holed up in trenches separated by an empty “no man’s land.” Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of human casualties.

Both sides continued to add new allies, hoping to gain an advantage.

Modern Warfare Neither soldiers nor officers

were prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines used in WW I.

Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells, and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers who left their trenches to attack the enemy.

As morale fell, the lines between soldiers and civilians began to blur. The armies began to burn fields, kill livestock, and poison wells.

•Panama Canal was completed in August of 1914 just a week before

WWI began in Europe.•Woodrow Wilson became President

in 1912.•Americans were shocked by the

outbreak of war but…………..it was in Europe.

•US was officially NEUTRAL

The Mexican Revolution: 1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910sEmiliano

Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldbe the conscienceof the world.

Spread democracy.

Promote peace.

Condemn colonialism.

Searching for Banditos

General John J. Pershing with PanchoVilla in 1914.

US and Mexico

campaigned for the restoration of village lands confiscated by hacendados. His slogan was "Tierra y Libertad."

Was against Diaz, supported the idealistic Madero. Plan called for the seizure of all foreign owned land, all land taken from villages, confiscation of one-third of all land held by "friendly" hacendados full confiscation of land owned by persons opposed to the Plan of Ayala. Madero lost power to military leader Huerta Huerta lost power Carranza On April 10, 1919, Zapata was tricked into a meeting with one of Carranza's

generals and Zapata was killed as he arrived at the meeting.

“It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees.”

"I wish to die as a slave to principles, not to men"

The effect of the war upon the United States will depend upon what American citizens say and do. Every man who really loves America will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all

concerned.

The people of the United States are drawn from many nations, and chiefly from the nations now at war. It is natural and

inevitable that there should be the utmost variety of sympathy. Some will wish one nation, others another, to succeed in the

momentous struggle. I venture, therefore, my fellow countrymen, the United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days

that are to try men's souls.

notes2

•US believed • It had the right to trade

with the warring nations • Warring nations must

respect our neutrality • in the freedom of the seas

• German submarine warfare and British blockade violated our neutrality

Effects of Allied blockade

• 1914, $70 million in trade with Central powers

• 1916, trade reduced to $1.3 million

Allied trade • Grew from $825 million to

$3.2 billion in same time period

• WWI transformed the US from a debtor to a

creditor nation

•The Germans could not match Great Britain's

superior navy.•Germans introduced

unrestricted submarine warfare with U-Boats

•Germans warned the world they would sink any ship

they believed was carrying contraband to Great

Britain.

U-Boats

• By 1918, Germans had sunk 6,500 allied ships.

Two types• small subs with a crew

of 24 • larger subs with a crew

of 60• 44 by 1918

•May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the Lusitania which was British passenger

liner.•Germans believed it was carrying

contraband (weapons) to the British. •Killed 1,198 civilians including 128 Americans.

•U.S. and other countries outraged towards Germany because of “unrestricted submarine

warfare”.•US believed the Germans had violated

international law of targeting civilians

Lusitania

•After the sinking of the Lusitanian, public opinion of most Americans was to go to war with

Germany.•Germany promised they would not sink anymore ships unless

warning them first and providing safety for civilians.

•BUT, President Wilson was able “keep us out of war” ….

Sussex Sunk: led to Sussex Pledge in March

1916. Germany promised not to sink

anymore ships.

X

If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace.

We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The

details are left to you for settlement....

You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak

of war with

Berlin, January 19, 1917 On the first of February we intend to

begin unrestricted submarine warfare. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United

States of America.

at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the

attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make

peace in a few months. Zimmerman (Secretary of State)

zimmerman notes

with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative,

should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to

this plan;

zimmerman code

zimmerman code

When German submarines sank three American merchant

ships in March 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war.

April 8, 1917, the US declares war on Germany.

The new German policy has swept every restriction aside. Vessels of every kind….have been ruthlessly

sent to the bottom without warning and without thought of help or mercy for those on board….The present

German submarine war…..is a war against all nations….Our motive will not be revenge or the

victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but on the vindication of right, of human right….

We are…..the sincere friends of the German people…..We shall, happily, still have an opportunity to prove that friendship in our daily attitude and actions

towards the millions of men and women of

German birth and native sympathy who live amongst us and share our life…... There are……many months of

fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most

terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance.

But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried

nearest our hearts……democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own

Governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right…..as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the

world safe for democracy.

To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know

that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the

principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured.

•The right is more precious than peace•war to end all war

•The world must be safe for democracy.

•defend human rights•defend our trade

•neutrality • freedom of the seas

• violation of international law

I Dare you to come, 1917……The Kaiser defies American rights, national honor, freedom of the seas and international law……….

The US believed it had the right to trade with the warring nations and they would respect our neutrality…….Didn’t happen! The German submarine warfare and British

blockade violated our freedom of the seas and neutrality.

sandwich man