cause of sudden oak death and other diseases

Phytophthora ramorum:Phytophthora ramorum:cause of sudden oak deathcause of sudden oak death

and other diseasesand other diseases

University of California Cooperative ExtensionOregon State University

USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceCalifornia Oak Mortality Task Force

USDA-Forest Service

OverviewOverview

History & description of P. ramorumP. ramorum in wildlandsP. ramorum in nurseries & landscapingRegulationsBest Management Practices: IPMResearch updateCommunication & educationQuestions & answers

SpeakersSpeakers

Janice Alexander, Sudden Oak Death Outreach Coordinator, University of California Cooperative Extension

Jennifer Parke, Plant Pathologist, Oregon State University

Jonathan Jones, National Phytophthora ramorum Program Manager, USDA APHIS PPQ

History of History of Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum in in North AmericaNorth America

Photo: Marin County Fire Department

Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco)

Photo: Marin County Fire Department

Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco), 2000

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum

Photo: UC Davis & UC Berkeley

Phytophthora ramorum in culture

Chlamydospores

Sporangia releasing zoospores

European garden & nursery findsEuropean garden & nursery finds

Photo: Hans DeGruyter, Netherlands Plant Protection Institute

Phytophthora ramorum infection on rhododendron in Europe

Photo: Joseph O’Brien, USDA-Forest Service

Phytophthora ramorum infection on the leaves of California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica)

Two sets of symptoms caused byTwo sets of symptoms caused byPhytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum

Sudden Oak DeathRed oak group hosts and tanoakStem lesions beneath the barkMay bleed or oozeCan kill adult plants

Phytophthora ramorum Foliar BlightNon-oak hostsSpots and blotches on leavesShoot diebackCan kill juvenile plants, occasionally mature plants

Photo: Mike McWilliams, ODF

P. ramorumP. ramorumconfirmations inconfirmations in

North American forestsNorth American forests

Map from www.suddenoakdeath.orgKelly, UC-Berkeley

Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University

Photo: Jonathan Jones, APHIS, PPQ

Trace-forwards and positive detections across the U.S.July 2004

Map: USDA, APHIS, PPQ

Quercus rubra

Infected trees in Infected trees in EuropeEurope

Photo: DEFRAFagus sylvatica

Phytophthora speciesPhytophthora species

Photo: William Fry, Cornell University


Photo: Nina Shishkoff, USDA ARS

Susceptible Species*Susceptible Species*Andrew's clintonia bead lilyArdisiaBigleaf mapleCalifornia bay laurelCalifornia black oakCalifornia buckeyeCalifornia coffeeberryCalifornia hazelnut California honeysuckleCalifornia maidenhair fernCalifornia nutmegCalifornia wood fernCamellia speciesCanyon live oakCascaraChinese witchhazelCoast live oakCoast redwoodDouglas firDrooping leucothoeEuropean ashEuropean beechEuropean turkey oak European yewEvergreen huckleberryEvergreen mapleFalse Solomon's sealFormosa firethorn Fetterbush

*as of February 2006

Goat willowGrand firGriseliniaHolm oakHorse chestnutHybrid witchhazelLaurustinusLilacMadroneMagnolia varitiesManzanitaMicheliaMountain laurelNorthern red oakOregon ashOsmanthusPacific yewPersian ironwoodPieris varietiesPlanetree maplePoison oakPortugese laurel cherryRed firRed tip photiniaRedwood ivyRhododendron species

Roble beechRugosa roseSalalSalmonberryScotch heatherSessile oakShreve oakSouthern red oakSpicebushSpreading euonymusStar magnolia Strawberry treeStriped bark mapleSweet bay laurelSweet chestnutSweet CicelyTanoakToyonViburnum varietiesVictorian boxWestern maidenhair fernWestern starflowerWhite firWinter's barkWitch hazelWood roseYew

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumin North American in North American WildlandsWildlands

True oaks (Quercus spp.)Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus)Chestnut (Castanea) [Europe only]Beech (Fagus) [Europe only]

Symptoms caused by Symptoms caused by P. ramorumP. ramorumdiffer on different hostsdiffer on different hosts

Sudden Oak Deathaffects members of the oak family

(Fagaceae)

Photo: Pavel Svihra, UC Cooperative Extension

P. ramorumP. ramorum on coast live oakon coast live oak


Photos: Mike McWilliams, ODF & Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation

‘Bleeding’ or oozing on the bark

Not associated with cracks in bark or insect holes

Usually on the lower 6 ft. of tree trunks


Photos: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Department of Conservation & Dave Rizzo, UC Davis

Other common diseases & injuriesOther common diseases & injuries

Bacterial wetwood

Boring insects

Mechanical injury

Fungi

Bleeding canker caused by Armillaria

outer bark inner bark

Similar symptoms Similar symptoms –– not not P. ramorumP. ramorum

Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service



Bleeding canker caused by inner-bark boring insect




Bleeding canker caused by Inonotus hispidus


On other plant hosts, On other plant hosts, P. ramorumP. ramorumcauses symptoms of foliar blightcauses symptoms of foliar blight

Mountain laurelViburnumFernsVacciniumConifersetc…

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms onsymptoms onCalifornia bay laurel (California bay laurel (UmbellulariaUmbellularia californicacalifornica))

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on kalmia symptoms on kalmia (mountain laurel)(mountain laurel)

Photo: DEFRA

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on coniferssymptoms on conifers

Photo: Santa Clara Co. (CA) Agriculture Dept. & Dave Rizzo, UC Davis

Grand fir Douglas-fir

Early detection & monitoringEarly detection & monitoring

Forest Service aerial survey

Photo: Ross Meentemeyer, UNC Charlotte


Stream baiting

Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University


Ground surveys

Photo: Dave Rizzo, UC Davis

Management IssuesManagement Issues

Treatment

Photo: Ted Swiecki, Phytosphere Research


Eradication

Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University


Suppression

Photo: Yana Valachovic, University of California Cooperative Extension


Containment

cause of sudden oak death and other diseases

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