Cause & Effect Graph

Comparison Testing

Cause & Effect Graph• This is basically a hardware testing technique adapted to software testing.

• It considers only the desired external behavior of a system.

• This is a testing technique that aids in selecting test cases that logically

relate Causes (inputs) to Effects (outputs) to produce test cases.

•

• A “Cause” represents a distinct input condition that brings about an

internal change in the system.

• An “Effect” represents an output condition, a system transformation or a

state resulting from a combination of causes.

• According to Myer Cause & Effect Graphing is done through the

following steps:

Step – 1: For a module, identify the input conditions (causes)

and actions (effect).

Step – 2: Develop a cause-effect graph.

Step – 3: Transform cause-effect graph into a decision table.

Step – 4: Convert decision table rules to test cases.

Each column of the decision table represents a test case.

• Consider each node as having the value 0 or 1 where

– 0 represents the 'absent state' and

– 1 represents the 'present state'.

• Then the identity function states that if c1 is 1, e1 is 1 or we can say if c0

is 0, e0 is 0.

• The NOT function states that if C1 is 1, e1 is 0 and vice-versa.

• The OR function states that if C1 or C2 or C3 is 1, e1 is 1 else e1 is 0.

• The AND function states that if both C1, and C2 are 1, e1 is 1; else e1 is 0.

• The AND and OR functions are allowed to have any number of inputs.

Myer methodology, test cases can be designed for the Triangle Problem

• Step – 1: First of all we need to identify the causes and its effects.

• The causes designated by letter “C” are as under

– C1 : Side “x” is less than sum of “y” and “z”

– C2 : Side “y” is less than sum of “x” and “z”

– C3 : Side “z” is less then sum of “x” and “y”

– C4 : Side “x” is equal to side “y”

– C5 : Side “x” is equal to side “z”

– C6 : Side “y” is equal to side “z”

• The effects designated by letter “e” are as under

– e1 : Not a triangle

– e2 : Scalene triangle

– e3 : Isosceles triangle.

– e4 : Equilateral triangle

– e5 : Impossible

•

• Step – 2: Draw the following cause-effect graph

• Step – 3: Transform cause-effect graph into the following decision table

• Step 4: Since there are 11 rules, we get following 11 test cases

Guidelines for Cause-Effect Functional Testing Technique:

1) If the variables refer to physical quantities, domain testing and equivalence class testing are indicated.

2) If the variables are independent, domain testing and equivalence class testing are indicated.

3) If the variables are dependent, decision table testing is indicated.4) If the single-fault assumption is warranted, boundary value analysis (BVA) and

robustness testing are indicated. 5) If the multiple-fault assumption is warranted, worst-case testing, robust

worst-case testing and decision table testing are identical. 6) If the program contains significant exception handling, robustness testing

and decision table testing are indicated. 7) If the variables refer to logical quantities, equivalence class testing and

decision table testing are indicated.

Comparison Testing• Comparison Testing means comparing your software with the better

one or your Competitor.

• While comparison Testing we basically compare the Performance of the software.

• For ex if you have to do Comparison Testing of PDF converter (Desktop Based Application) then you will compare your software with your Competitor on the basis of:-

1. Speed of Conversion PDF file into Word.2. Quality of converted file.

• Comparing software strength and weakness to competition products

• In comparison testing, we compare the old application with new

application and see whether the new application is working better

than the old application or not.

• Testers will compare the strengths & weakness of the new product

with the existing product which is already in use.

• Also know as parallel testing.

• Comparison Testing is a testing used to compare the new version

of the application to the existing application which works better.

• In another way, compare software weaknesses and strengths to

competing products in the market.

• Some of the key attributes for comparing application are,1. Features2. Ease of use3. Performance4. Price 5. Usability and 6. Reliability

• Comparison test is a very good indicator of how competitive and

useful the software product will be to the end users soon after its

commercial release.